Model of diffusion of sulfur in soda-lime-silicate glass: An experimental and comparative study

The diffusion property of sulfur on the soda-lime-silicate float glass surface was studied by using secondary ion mass spectroscopy(SIMS). According to the Fick`s Second Law, two models of diffusion of sulfur on the glass surface were built. When the diffusion of sulfate (S⁶⁺) is considered uniquely, the concentration-depth profile of sulfur can not be fitted very well, especially on the top surfaces of the air side and tin side of float glass. So the diffusion of sulfide (S^2-) on the profile of sulfur can not be ignored. The concentration-depth profile of sulfur on both sides of glass can be fitted more exactly when both S⁶⁺ and S^2- are considerd. Based on the above-mentioned fitting results, it is concluded that the diffusion coefficents of S⁶⁺ and S^2- of tin side are larger than those of the air side. Moreover, the diffusion coefficents are related to the contacted medium.     

CdS quantum dots-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for solar cells

CdS quantum dots(QDs) sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrodes were investigated for their photovoltaic performance of quantum dots-sensitized solar cells. The highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays(TNAs) were synthesized on Ti foils by anodic oxidation method. Then CdS quantum dots were deposited onto the TiO2 nanotube arrays by successive ionic layer absorption and reaction(SILAR) method to serve as the sensitizers. Cd(NO3)2 and Na2S were used as the precursor materials of Cd+ and S2- ions, respectively. It is found that the CdS QDs sensitizer may significantly increase the light response of TiO2 nanotube arrays. With increasing CdS QDs deposition cycles, the visible light response increases. Maximum photocurrent was obtained for the QDs that have an absorption peak at about 500 nm. Under AM 1.5 G illuminations(100 mW cm-2), a 4.85 mA/cm2 short circuit current density was achieved, and the maximium energy conversion efficiency of the as-prepared CdS QDs-sensitized TNAs solar cells was obtained as high as 0.81 % at five SILAR cycles.     

Study on the most early glass eye-beads in China unearthed from Xu Jialing Tomb in Xichuan of Henan Province,China

The eye-beads dating to the early Warring States Period unearthed from Xu Jialing Tomb in Xichuan County of Henan Province, China are studied. The structure and the chemical composition of the samples are analysed by the undestructive methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The results show that these eye-beads are of glass state. Its chemical composition indicates that they belong to the glass of soda lime silicate system (Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂). By comparing the decorative design and the chemical composition of the samples with those from ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt, we think that these ancient eye-beads in Xichuan were most possibly imported from the West. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50672106) and the Intellectual Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJCX3-SYW.No.12)     

碳源对反硝化脱硫工艺碳氮硫同步脱除效果的影响

针对碳源对反硝化脱硫工艺运行效能影响不明问题,实验采用UASB反应器,考查两种不同碳源(乙酸钠和苯酚)条件下反硝化脱硫工艺碳氮硫去除效果及单质硫累积率,在此基础上,通过批次试验进一步探究碳氮硫降解及转化规律.结果表明:乙酸钠为碳源,HRT为2.5~10 h,NO_3~--N、S~(2-)和Ac~--C去除率分别保持在93%、90%和99%以上,单质硫积累率稳定在41%以上;而苯酚为碳源,HRT为10 h,NO_3~--N、S~(2-)和C_6H_5O~--C去除率分别达67%、85%和50%,但硫化物均转化为硫酸盐,无单质硫累积.批次试验表明,乙酸钠为碳源时,S~(2-)氧化速率(qS~(2-))乙酸盐氧化速率(qAcetate)S~0的氧化速率(q_S~0);而苯酚为碳源时,S~(2-)氧化速率(qS~(2-))S0的氧化速率(q_S~0)苯酚氧化速率(qPhenol),从而使得硫化物的氧化产物有所差异.     

The effect of Bi2O3 on the structure and properties of float glass

CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system float glasses were melted at an elevated temperature, and about 60% of the total energy was occupied by melting and clarification stage. In order to reduce the melting temperature of the float glasses, Bi₂O₃ was added as fluxing agent. The structure and some melting properties such as the influence of the addition of the oxidation bismuth on the properties of float glass melt, melting temperature, and the structure of glass were studied. The results showed that the basic structure was not changed with the addition of Bi₂O₃ from 0.5% to 2%. The viscosity of the glass melt decreased with the addition of Bi₂O₃ obviously, as the viscosity of the glass melt was 1.35 Pa·s, the temperature was reduced by about 30 °C from sample A₁ to sample A₅. With the increasing of Bi₂O₃, the bending strength of glass was reduced and the transmisivity of glass samples had no change in visible light range, and the transmissivity of the glass samples was more than 88%. The ultraviolet cut-off length showed red shift with the addition of Bi₂O₃. With the increasing of Bi₂O₃, the water resistance of the glass samples was improved.     

Preparation of AgSnO2 composite powders by hydrothermal process

Silver-tin oxide powders were synthesized by the hydrothermal method with Ag（NH3）2^＋ solution and Na2SnO3 solution as raw materials and Na2SO3 as reductant. The precipitation conditions of Na2SnO3 solution and the reduction conditions of Ag（NH3）2^＋ were also investigated. The powders prepared were characterized by differential thermal analysis （DTA）, X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy spectrum analysis, The results show that pH value of the solution is a key parameter in the formation of Sn（OH）4 precipitate and the reduction reaction of Ag（NH3）2^＋ can release H^＋ ions, which results in synchronous precipitation of Sn（OH）6^2- as Sn（OH）4. The reduction of Ag（NH3）2^＋ and precipitation of Na2SnO3 occur simultaneously and the coprecipitation of silver and tin oxide is reached by the hydrothermal method. The silver-tin oxide composite powders have mainly flake shape of about 0.3 μm in thickness and there exists homogeneous distribution of tin oxide and silver in the powder synthesized.     

Preparation and optical properties of Er<Superscript>3+</Superscript>: Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> transparent glass-ceramics

Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass-ceramics doped with Er³⁺ ions were synthesized by the conventional melt quenching technique at a low melting temperature. The samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis-NIR scanning spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectrometry. The results show that the main crystalline phase of glass-ceramics is nepheline.The best heat-treatment process is at 520 °C for 2 h. Because the up-conversion luminescence and near infrared luminescence properties of glass doped with Eu³⁺ are studied in detail.     

Preparation and characterization of CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Sb films deposited on glass substrates by R.F. sputtering

CeO2-TiO2 films and CeO2-TiO/SnO2：Sb （6 mol%） double films were deposited on glass substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering （R.F. Sputtering）, using SnO2：Sb（6 mol%） target, and CeO2- TiO2 targets with different molar ratio of CeO2 to TiO2 （CeO2：TiO2-0：1.0; 0.1：0.9; 0.2：0.8; 0.3：0.7; 0.4：0.6; 0.5：0.5; 0.6：0.4; 0.7：0.3; 0.8：0.2; 0.9：0.1; 1.0：0）. The films are characterized by UV-visible transmission and infrared reflection spectra, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）, respectively. The obtained results show that the amorphous phases composed of CeO2-TiO2 play an important role in absorbing UV, there are Ce^3-, Ce^4- and Ti^4- on the surface of the films; the glass substrates coated with CeO2-TiO2 （Ce/Ti=0.5：0.5; 0.6：0.4）/SnO2：Sb（6 mol%） double films show high absorbing UV（〉99）, high visible light transmission （75%） and good infrared reflection （〉70%）. The sheet resistance of the films is 30-50 Ω/□. The glass substrates coated with the double functional films can be used as window glass of buildings, automobile and so on.     

Microstructure and thermal properties of (1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>) As<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript>−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>CdCl<Subscript>2</Subscript> glassy system

The homogenous glass samples of the (1−x) As₂S₃−xCdCl₂ where x=0 and 0.05 were prepared by the conventional melt-quenched method. The addition of 5 mol% CdCl₂ enhanced the glass transition temperature of pure As₂S₃ glass sample by about 30°C. Based on the experimental data, the microstructure is considered to be that the discrete molecule species of AsCl₃ and nanocrystal CdS is homogeneously dispersed in the disordered polymer network formed by AsS₃ pyramids interconnected by sulfur bridges. TAO Hai-zheng : Born in 1973 Funded by the Foundation for Excellent Youth of China.     

Composite semiconductor quantum dots CdSe/CdS Co-sensitized TiO2 nanorod array solar cells

CdSe/CdS semiconductor quantum dots co-sensitized TiO2 nanorod array was fabricated on the transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate using the hydrothermal and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that CdSe/CdS QDs are uniformly coated on the surface of the TiO2 nanorods. The shift of light absorption edge was monitored by taking UV-visible absorption spectra. Compared with the absorption spectra of the TiO2 nanorod array, deposition of CdSe/CdS QDs shifts the absorption edge to the higher wavelength. The enhanced light absorption in the visible-light region of CdSe/CdS/TiO2 nanorod array indicates that CdSe/CdS layers can act as co-sensitizers in quantum dots sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). By optimizing the CdSe layer deposition cycles, a photocurrent of 5.78 mA/cm2, an open circuit photovoltage of 0.469 V and a conversion efficiency of 1.34 % were obtained under an illumination of 100 mw/cm2.     

Luminescent properties of BaO-La2O3-B2O3 glasses with dopant

The luminescent properties of glasses synthesized in air atmosphere by conventional high temperature process were stud{ed. The emissions spectra of Eu^2 and Eu^3 were observed in BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3 glasses.The results show that the broad emission peaks at 430 nm correspond to 5d→4f emission transition of Eu^2 , the sharp emission peaks at 592, 616, 650 and 250 nm correspond to 5^D0→1Fj(j=1--4) emission transition of Eu^3 ,respectively, which indicates that the BaO-La2O3a-B2O3-Eu2O3 glass can convert ultraviolet and green omponents of sunlight into blue and red light so as to increase the intensity of blue and red light, respectively. The luminescent in--tensity of Eu^2 increases with increasing the molar ratio of Tb^3 in BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3a-Tb4O3 glasses, whereas the luminescent intensity of Eua^3 decreases. So the luminescent intensity of Eu(Ⅲ,Ⅱ) is influenced by Tb^3 .These phenomena can be explained by electron transfer mechanism; Eu^3 (4f6) Tb^3 (4f^8)→Eu^2 (4f′) Tb^4 (4f′). Taking advantage of the luminescent properties of BaO-La2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3 glasses, light-conversion glass for agriculture can be produced.     

Improved visible transparency of SIO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/ZNO:AL /CEO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-TIO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/SIO<Subscript>2</Subscript> multilayer films with high UV absorption and infrared reflection rate

New visible transparent, UV absorption, and high infrared reflection properties have been realized by depositing multilayer SiO₂/ZnO: Al/CeO₂-TiO₂/SiO₂ films onto glass substrates at low temperature by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Optimum thickness of SiO₂, ZnO: Al (ZAO) and CeO₂-TiO₂ (CTO) films were designed with the aid of thin film design software. The degree of antireflection can be controlled by adjusting the thickness and refractive index. The outer SiO₂ film can diminish the interference coloring and increase the transparency; the inner SiO₂ film improves the adhesion of the coating on the glass substrate and prevents Ca²⁺, Na⁺ in the glass substrate from entering the ZAO film. The average transmittance in the visible light range increases by nearly 18%-20%, as compared to double layer ZAO/CTO films. And the films display high infrared reflection rate of above 75% in the wavelength range of 10-25 μm and good UV absorption (> 98%) properties. These systems are easy to produce on a large scale at low cost and exhibit high mechanical and chemical durability. The triple functional films with high UV absorption, antireflective and high infrared reflection rate will adapt to application in flat panel display and architectural coating glass, automotive glass, with diminishing light pollution as well as decreasing eye fatigue and increasing comfort.     

Effects of Substrate Temperatures on the Structure and UV-shielding Properties of TiO2-CeO2 Films Deposited on Glass by Radio-frequency Magnetron Sputtering

TiO2-CeO2 films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates at varied substrate temperatures by rf magnetron sputtering using 40% molar TiO2-60% molar CeO2 ceramic target in Ar：O2=95：5 atmosphere.The structure,surface composition,UV-visible spectra of the films were measured by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,respectively.The experimental results show that the films are amorphous,there are only Ti^4＋ and Ce^4＋ on the surface of the films,the obtained TiO2-CeO2 films shou a good uniformity and high densification,and the films deposited on the glass can shield ultraviolet light without significant absorpition of visible light,the films deposited on substrates at room temperature and 220℃ absorb UV effectively.     

Stabilization of lanthanum sulfides with different dopants

By introducing different dopants into the lattice, lanthanum sulfides with higher stability were prepared via the sulfurization of lanthanum oxides using CS2 gas at 1 000 ℃. The sulfurizing time of 8 hours was optimized for La/Ca=2 at 1 000 ℃ and its sulfurization mechanism to form CaLa2S4 was via the reaction of β-La2S3 with CaS. As the increase of the La/Ca and La/Na ratio, longer sulfurizing time was required to get cubic phase. The investigation indicates that Na+ ions were more effective to stabilize cubic structure comparing with Ca2+ ions.     

Scintillation properties of Gd doped β-PbF2 crystal

A single crystal sample of cubic lead fluoride doped with gadolinium (β-PbF₂:Gd) was prepared by use of the Bridgman-Stockbarger method. The crystal samples for testing with dimension of ø20 mm×20mm long were all polished. The dopant level of gadolinium is 0.15wt%. The light output and decay time of the samples were measured in the lab using¹³⁷Cs source and 1 GeV test beam at AGS respectively. Experimental results indicated that β-PbF₂:Gd crystal produces a weak scintillation emission at room temperature corresponding to a light output of ～6 photoelectrons per MeV and most of the light is collected within a gate of 30 ns. There is no evidence of any significant slow component extending out of 1 μs. In the X-ray excited emission spectra of β-PbF₂:Gd at room temperature, two emission peaks, 277 nm and 312 nm, were found and corresponded to the transition of⁶I_J→⁸S_7/2 and⁶P_J→⁸S_7/2 of Gd³⁺ ions, respectively.     

PROPERTY AND METALLOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ALKALI-RICH PORPHYRY IN WESTERN MARGIN OF YANGTZE PLATFORM

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Effect of corrosive solutions on C-S-H microstructure in portland cement paste with fly ash

By means of ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) combined with deconvolution technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray system(EDX), the effect of 5 wt% corrosive solutions (viz. 5 wt% Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, Na2SO4+NaCl and Na₂SO₄+NaCl+Na₂CO₃) on C-S-H microstructure in Portland cement containing 30 wt% fly ash was investigated.The results show that, in MgSO₄ solution, Mg²⁺ promotes the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- ,increasing silicate tetrahedra polymerization and mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H. However, the substituting degree of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺ (Al[4]/Si) in the paste does not change evidently. Effect of Na²SO⁴ solution on C-S-H is not significantly influenced by NaCl solution, while the MCL and Al[4]/Si of C-S-H in fly ashcement paste slightly change. However, the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- and CO ₃ ^2- attack, as well as the activation of fly ash by SO ₄ ^2- attack will increase the MCL and Al[4]/Si, which are both higher than that under Na₂SO₄ corrosion, MgSO₄ or Na₂SO₄ +NaCl coordination corrosion.     

Electrochemical preparation of V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> from NaVO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and its reduction mechanism

Vanadium trioxide (V₂O₃) was directly prepared by NaVO₃ electrolysis in NaCl molten salts. Electrolysis products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The existing state and electrochemical behavior of NaVO₃ were also studied. The results indicated that V₂O₃ can be obtained from NaVO₃. VC and C were also formed at high cell voltage, high temperature, and long electrolysis time. During electrolysis, NaVO₃ was dissociated to Na⁺ and VO₃ ^? in NaCl molten salt. NaVO₃ was initially electro- reduced to V₂O₃ on cathode and Na₂O was released simultaneously. Na₂CO₃ was formed due to the reaction between Na₂O and CO₂. The production of C was ascribed to the electro-reduction of CO₃ ^2?. VC was produced due to the reaction between C and V₂O₃.     

Effect of Network Modifiers on Spectroscopic Properties of Erbium-doped Phosphate Glasses

The integrated absorption cross section ∑abs, peak emission cross section σemi , Judd-Ofeld intensity parametersΩ1 ( t = 2,4,6), and spontaneous emission probability AR of Er3 ions wre determined for Erbium doped alkali and alkaline earth phosphate glasses. It is found the compositional dependenee of σemi is almost similar to that of ∑abs , which is determined by the sum of Ω1 (3Ω2 10Ω4 21Ω6 ). In addition, the compositional dependence of Ω1, was studied in these glass systems. As a result, compared with Ω4 and Ω6 , the Ω2 has a stronger compositional dependence on the ionic radius and content of modifiers. The covalency of Er-O bonds in phosphate glass is weaker than that in silicate glass, germanate glass, aluminate glass, and tellurate glass,since Ω6 of phosphate glass is relatively large. AR is affected by the covalency of the Er3 ion sites and correspands to the Ω6 value.     

Microstructural Probing of （1-x） GeS2- x Ga2S3 System Glasses By Raman Scattering

Roman scattering measurement of （ 1 - x ） GeS2-x Ga2S3 system glasses was conducted in order to understand the microstructural change caused by the addition of Ga2S3 . According to the change of Raman spectra with the addition of Ga2S3, two main structural transformations were deduced ： the gradual enhancement of ethane- like structural units S3 Ge- GeS3 （ 250 cm ^- 1） and S3 Ga- GaS3 （270 cm ^- 1 ） and the appearance of charge imbalanced units [ Ga2 S2 （ S1/2 ）4 ]^2- and [Ga（ S1/2 ）4 ]^- . And this change of structural aspect seems to give as a clue to understanding the cause of the increased rare-earth solubility.