面向问题的动态群体决策支持系统框架研究

在先进制造与管理模式下,企业经营过程管理的决策活动具有广泛的分布性和重要的协同性,个人决策逐步向群体决策发展,现代群体决策支持系统应该是能处理各类问题,具有开放、重构、事务处理能力的智能化群体决策。论文提出一种面向决策问题的动态群体决策支持系统框架,该框架通过决策个体内决策功能对象的重组,决策个体之间基于问题分解的组织合作,实现了群体决策要求的分布性、开放性、智能化特点,具有很强的灵活、开放、重构能力。     

应用于控制领域的黑板结构

本文主要研究智能控制系统的框架结构问题。首先总结了黑板模型的两个本质特征,然后分析了控制领域问题求解的特点及其对黑板模型的适用性。在此基础上,提出一种能使控制领域的问题求解与控制作用相结合的黑板结构,并给出了一个基于该结构的应用实例。     

Organizational decision support systems

Decision support systems have traditionally been discussed within the context of individual or group decision making. In this paper we study decision support systems from an organizational perspective. We propose a framework for designing an organizational decision support system that is based on a network of knowledgebased systems. Nodes of this network interact with each other, as well as various other organizational systems, to provide comprehensive decision support. This network is also utilized to provide effective support for formal multi-participant decision making.     

Using programming expertise for controlling software synthesis

Achieving efficient software implementations requires a great deal of knowledge, intelligence, and expertise on the part of programmers. One way to enhance software productivity is to incorporate the knowledge and skills of expert programmers into software synthesis systems to automate software development processes. Although many software synthesis systems have been developed, automatic control of synthesis remains a difficult problem. Understanding the role of expertise in software synthesis, and making it more explicit, can help us not only to gain autonomy in controlling the synthesis processes but also to better justify the design, implementations, selection of data structures or algorithms employed in constructing code. Our project aims at making synthesis as autonomous as possible by advances in intelligent control mechanisms to reduce user interaction in the synthesizer. In our earlier work, a blackboard control framework for controlling synthesis processes was introduced. This paper describes how the control framework language was designed and how knowledge in the knowledge bases of the framework was acquired and constructed. We present an example that shows how programming expertise can be used to increase the degree of autonomy in synthesis control, in particular by automating the selection of an appropriate data structure implementation.     

A BLACKBOARD DATABASE MODEL OF THE DESIGN PLANNING PROCESS IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

The basis for an intelligent decision support system for design process planning within a concurrent engineering (CE) environment is the efficient utilization and coordination of planning knowledge that resides within computerized workgroups of multidisciplinary experts. A systems approach may be taken to derive, represent, and utilize the many models of reasoning that might support a human-centric view of planning in a distributed environment. The blackboard database (BB) provides a suitable framework for utilizing these models in a structured manner by representing the planning problem as a loosely coupled hierarchy of partial problems along with the knowledge needed to progressively solve different parts of this problem. This article discusses the development of such a BB system, which is intended to provide the ability to experiment with various control and domain strategies in order to yield insight into more developed and intelligent methods to assist humans in planning the CE design process.     

A blackboard approach to modeling expertise in corporate settlement decisions*

Abstract: The SKADE system models expertise in corporate settlement decisions using the blackboard approach. The full model has four knowledge sources: General Counsel, Attorney, Manager and Insurance Adjuster. The combined expertise from each of these is required to make the settlement decision. A control component in the model coordinates the activities of the various knowledge sources. Based on the latest data entries on the blackboard, the control selects and executes the next knowledge source. The blackboard model reproduces the experts' opportunistic reasoning processes by the interaction between the various knowledge sources. The results of analyses of a hypothetical case through a series of experiments with the SKADE system indicate that the blackboard is an appropriate model for development of multiple cooperative expert systems in the settlement decision domain. Compared to straight rule-based models, this blackboard provides more efficient problem solving. The initial success with the blackboard model suggests that further work needs to be done to see whether more complex models can be built to incorporate a broader range of determinants of settlement decisions.     

Consensus under a fuzzy context: Taxonomy,analysis framework AFRYCA and experimental case of study

Consensus reaching processes play an increasingly important role in the resolution of group decision making problems: a solution acceptable to all the experts participating in a problem is necessary in many real-life contexts. A large number of consensus approaches have been proposed to support groups in such processes, each one with its own characteristics, such as the methods utilized for the fusion of information regarding the preferences of experts. Given this variety of existing approaches in the literature to support consensus reaching processes, this paper considers two main objectives. Firstly, we propose a taxonomy that provides an overview and categorization of some existing consensus models for group decision making problems defined in a fuzzy context, taking into account the main features of each model. Secondly, the paper presents AFRYCA, a simulation-based analysis framework for the resolution of group decision making problems by means of different consensus models. The framework is aimed at facilitating a study of the performance of each consensus model, as well as determining the most suitable model/s for the resolution of a specific problem. An experimental study is carried out to show the usefulness of the framework.     

Consensus-based decision support for multicriteria group decision making

Consensus decision making is complex and challenging in multicriteria group decision making due to the involvement of several decision makers, the presence of multiple, and often conflicting criteria, and the existence of subjectiveness and imprecision in the decision making process. To ensure effective decisions being made, the interest of all the decision makers usually represented by the degree of consensus in the decision making process has to be adequately considered. This paper presents a consensus-based approach for effectively solving the multicriteria group decision making problem. The subjectiveness and imprecision of the decision making process is adequately handled by using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. An interactive algorithm is developed for consensus building in the group decision making process. A decision support system framework is presented for improving the effectiveness of the consensus building process. An example is presented for demonstrating the applicability of the proposed approach for solving the multicriteria group decision making problem in real world situations.     

非常规突发事件应急决策冲突消解协调方法

针对应急决策冲突性特点和难以形成高一致性决策方案的问题,分析了应急群体决策冲突产生的原因,构建了应急决策冲突消解协调框架,提出了应急决策群体冲突测度方法,以及应急决策冲突消解模型和方法,形成了非常规突发事件应急决策冲突消解协调机制,使应急群决策冲突逐渐收敛以获得冲突程度足够低的应急决策方案。最后通过算例分析验证了冲突消解协调方法和机制的有效性。     

Pluralistic multi-agent decision support system: a framework and an empirical test

Recent research in decision support systems (DSSs) has focused on building active cooperative intelligent systems. Research in agent-based decision support is a promising stream in this direction. This paper proposes a framework for a pluralistic multi-agent decision support system (MADSS). The distinguishing feature of the proposed approach is its organization around human decision making process. The framework builds upon the decision support pyramid with agents organized into groups according to the phases of the problem solving model. We outline the design principles and develop architecture for MADSS. The framework is illustrated through an investment MADSS prototype. The results of the empirical test are presented.     

基于黑板模型的CGF智能决策系统

为了更加有效地实现CGF实体的智能决策，研究了一种智能决策系统的结构和设计，此设计以黑板系统为模型，通过内置的黑板结构、知识源结构及推理控制策略为CGF提供一个简易、友好的智能决策系统。在决策推理决策中，由于不精确推理算法的使用，使得此智能决策系统决策快速而准确，满足了CGF智能决策的需求。     

A blackboard structure for handling engineering design data

With the wide range of computer-based design aids now available there is a need for these to be able to communicate so that design data can be passed between them. One way of doing this is by means of a blakboard, that is, a central data area to which a number of systems has access. A simple blackboard structure is described together with how the idea of constraint modeling can be used to provide some intelligence for decision making to be undertaken.     

一种基于黑板模型的智能决策系统生成器的结构设计

本文介绍了一种智能系统生成品的结构设计，此设计以黑板系统为模型，通过内置的黑板结构，知识源结构及推控制策略，此类生成器可为用户提供一个简易，友好的智能决策系统生成平台。     

无人驾驶坦克自主作战决策系统框架

提出了一个分布式解决无人驾驶坦克自主作战决策的框架，将自主作战、动态任务规划和任务策略的智能评估等思想引入无人驾驶坦克自主作战决策系统。包括以下两个重要内容：主体个体的能力和职责；信息和知识如何在主体之间传播使得他们能准确地完成作战任务。文中重点是无人驾驶坦克自主作战决策系统中主体之间动态知识的交换。主体确保自己的行为是一种动态的经验操作和直接与其他主体交流事实、需求和规则的结合。在各个主体中，知识可以作为事实、规则、需求的结合体来传播交换。     

A tutorial on event-based optimization—a new optimization framework

In many practical systems, the control or decision making is triggered by certain events. The performance optimization of such systems is generally different from the traditional optimization approaches, such as Markov decision processes or dynamic programming. The goal of this tutorial is to introduce, in an intuitive manner, a new optimization framework called event-based optimization. This framework has a wide applicability to aforementioned systems. With performance potential as building blocks, we develop two intuitive optimization algorithms to solve the event-based optimization problem. The optimization algorithms are proposed based on an intuitive principle, and theoretical justifications are given with a performance sensitivity based approach. Finally, we provide a few practical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the event-based optimization framework. We hope this framework may provide a new perspective to the optimization of the performance of event-triggered dynamic systems.     

Group decision making problems in a linguistic and dynamic context

The aim of this paper is to present a new model of decision support system for group decision making problems based on a linguistic approach and dynamic sets of alternatives. The model incorporates a mechanism that allows to manage dynamic decision situations in which some information about the problem is not constant in time. We assume that the set of alternatives can change during the decision making process. The model is presented in a mobile and dynamic context where the experts’ preferences can be incomplete. The linguistic approach is used to represent both the experts’ preferences about the alternatives and the agreement degrees to manage the change of some alternatives. A prototype of such mobile decision support system in which the experts use mobile devices to provide their linguistic preferences at anytime and anywhere has been implemented. In such a way, we provide a new linguistic group decision making framework that is mobile and dynamic.     

渗碳专家系统中的多专家求解问题的研究

本文研究了在渗碳专家系统中的问题求解策略，为了避免系统求解的主观性和片面性，提出了多黑板系统，例如问题黑板，辩论择优黑板，领域黑板和结论黑板作为问题的求解策略。使其非公认的渗碳领域问题通过专家进行辩论择优选出最佳解，为此提出建立基于多元组命题性知识的辩论理论框架，并体现不同策略的辩论算法，对此进行了计算机仿真，结果证明此方法是有效的。     

Application of a new combined intuitionistic fuzzy MCDM approach based on axiomatic design methodology for the supplier selection problem

Evaluating and selecting a suitable supplier is a complex problem which involves a number of different criteria. In literature, there are various multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods available with their own characteristic features. The focus of this study is intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) MCDM methods which have attracted much attention from academics and practitioners in recent years. IF sets are widely used to tackle imprecise and uncertain decision information in decision making due to their capability of accommodating the hesitation in human decision processes. This study proposes a new integrated methodology that is used for the first time in the literature. This approach consists of intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IFAHP), an MCDM technique, for determining the weights of supplier evaluation criteria, and the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy axiomatic design (IFAD) principles for ranking competing supplier alternatives with respect to their overall performance. Decision makers’ assessments and opinions are extended to the IF environment in this approach and furthermore, the group decision making (GDM) approach is utilized in order to overcome uncertainties and vagueness, minimize the partiality of decision process and to avoid bias. This study contributes to supplier selection and IF sets literature by providing a combined framework based on IFAHP and IFAD methodology for the first time. To assess the validity of the proposed integrated IF MCDM approach, a case study from Turkey is provided. This study can be useful to researchers in better understanding the supplier selection problem theoretically, as well as to organizations in designing better satisfying supplier evaluation systems.     

A framework of decision support systems for use on the World Wide Web

Decision making is one of the most important activities for human beings. Complex decision making problems are full of uncertainty and ambiguities. A large amount of data is needed and several strategies must be applied at the same time in order to get a good decision. Research about decision support systems has been proposed to help people effectively solve these kinds of problems. Recently, World Wide Web applications have grown very rapidly and have made a significant impact on computer systems. In this paper, we propose a framework for Internet computing on decision support systems by modifying traditional decision support systems on the World Wide Web. Modules of the proposed framework were also designed to meet the requirements of both decision support and Internet computing. An actual implementation of a travelling schedule domain was conducted to show the feasibility of the proposed framework. The proposed framework provides a feasible solution to building World Wide Web decision support systems in real applications.     

Group decision making in manufacturing systems: An approach using spatial preference information and indifference zone

Decision making is an essential activity in manufacturing systems when designing production lines, scheduling, etc. Many decision making problems are characterized by multiple conflicting criteria and a large number of alternatives. For these complex decision making problems, it is rational to involve a group of decision makers (DM) for considering different aspects of the problem. This paper proposes an approach for supporting the decision making group to reduce disagreement in the group and obtain a common solution. The proposed approach allows the DMs to specify a region of acceptance, known as indifference zone, in the objective space as preference inputs. This makes the proposed approach applicable to problems with a large number of alternatives. The use of indifference zone concept captures the uncertain nature of preference articulation. Moreover, the indifference zone is shown beneficial in reducing the difficulty of reaching a group common solution. The properties of the proposed method are investigated analytically and with numerical experiments. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed method is shown by tackling a real-world packaging line configuration problem with a large alternative set.