INRIM and NIM Cooperation on the Temperature Amplifier

In August 2006, a scientific cooperation agreement between the Italian National Research Institute of Metrology (INRiM) and the National Chinese Institute of Metrology (NIM) was signed. The cooperation will last at least 3 years and has several goals in the field of contact thermometry. First of all, the Chinese Thermometry Division intends to have a temperature amplifier (TA) operative in its laboratories. The cooperation will begin with the manufacture of two new gas-controlled heat pipes by INRiM for NIM: one for lower temperatures and the other for higher temperatures, up to the silver fixed point. The know-how required for the use of those devices will be transferred from INRiM to NIM, since some young Chinese researchers will spend several months working in the Gas-Controlled Heat Pipes Laboratory of INRiM, learning all working principles of the TA and of the involved devices, such as the pressure controller, pressure lines, heater control, and cooling systems. Next, the heat pipes will be filled at INRiM with the working fluids (mercury and sodium) and sent to NIM. NIM will manufacture part of the required accessory devices, such as furnaces, pressure lines, and cooling systems, while a new pressure controller will be manufactured at INRiM for NIM. The acquired and assembled new devices will allow NIM to cooperate in several research activities related to contact thermometry, such as phase transition studies, new temperature standard proposals, and calibration capabilities evaluation. The paper reports all details of this cooperation, the first results achieved, and those expected.     

基于Max-npv的项目进度与支付集成优化

以某房地产项目室外基础设施配套工程为对象,对基于Max-npv的支付进度安排问题进行了研究。首先介绍了工程背景资料;其次构建了资金约束下的Max-npv调度问题优化模型,并求解获得满意支付进度安排;最后对理论求解结果与实际情况进行对比分析,项目净现值提升幅度为17.8%,项目最大化资金缺口得到改善。研究为项目支付进度管理定量化决策提供了依据。     

Special Report on the International Temperature Scale of 1990: Report on the 17th Session of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry

This article summarizes the results of the 17th Session of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie of the Comité International des Poids et Mesures) that met in Sèvres, France, September 12–14, 1989. That session was devoted exclusively to the completion of the International Temperature Scale of 1990, described herein, and to the implications of its adoption.     

坚持科学的发展观,把握材料研究的发展战略

通过对科学发展观内涵及其指导意义的研究,指明在制定材料研究的发展战略时,必须坚持科学的发展观.进而以全面、协调、可持续的发展观为基本出发点,从建立产学研的创新体系、加大发展高科技材料及其产业的力度、加强实验基地建设、加速科技园区发展、重视人才、重视环保等多方面论述了材料研究的发展战略.     

The use of fixed points based on metal-carbon eutectic alloys to increase the accuracy of measurements in the temperature range above 1357.77 K

It is shown that it is possible in practice to use high-temperature models of black bodies based on phase transitions of metal-carbon eutectics for radiometry, radiation thermometry, and photometry. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 51–54, February, 2007.     

13.803 3～273.16 K温度国家基准的不确定度评定

本依据国家质量技术监督局发布的中华人民共和国计量技术规范ＪＪＦ１０５９－１９９９《测量不确定度评定与表示》,对１９９２年完成的１３．８０３－２７３．１６Ｋ温度国家基重新作不确定度评定。     

不同掺杂对Yb半导的（Ba,Sr）TiO3系PTCR材料性能的影响

研究了不同掺杂方式对ＰＴＣＲ材料电学性能的影响,结果表明,Ｙｂ一次掺杂ＢａＴｉＯ３电阻变化“Ｕ”型曲线,低阻区为０．１ｍｏｌ％～０．３ｍｏｌ％,其移峰效率为３～５℃／ｍｏｌ。二次单一掺杂Ｙｂ提高电阻率,降低对升阻比,二次单一掺杂Ｍｎ提高电阻率与升阻经,二次Ｙｂ,Ｍｎ共掺杂可降低电阻率,提高升阻比,并探讨了二者配合作用的机理,Ｙｂ：Ｍｎ＝１：１效果最佳。     

Special Equations of State for Methane,Argon, and Nitrogen for the Temperature Range from 270 to 350 K at Pressures up to 30 MPa

In order to describe the thermodynamic behavior of methane, argon, and nitrogen in the so-called “natural-gas region,” namely, from 270 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa as accurate as possible with equations of a very simple form, new equations of state for these three substances have been developed. These equations are in the form of a fundamental equation in the dimensionless Helmholtz energy; for calculating the pressure or the density, the corresponding equations explicit in pressure are also given. The residual parts of the Helmholtz function representing the behavior of the real gas contain 12 fitted coefficients for methane, 8 for argon, and 7 for nitrogen. The thermodynamic relations between the Helmholtz energy and the most important thermodynamic properties and the needed derivatives of the equations are explicitly given; to assist the user there is also a table with values for computer-program verification. The uncertainties when calculating the density ρ, the speed of sound w, the isobaric specific heat capacity c _p, and the isochoric specific heat capacity c _v are estimated as follows. For all three substances it is Δρ/ρ≤±0.02 % for p≤ 12 MPa and Δρ/ρ ≤ ±0.05% for higher pressures. For methane it is Δw/w≤±0.02% for p≤10 MPa and Δw/w≤+-0.1% for higher pressures; for argon it is Δw/w?-0.1 % for p≤ 7 MPa, Δw/w≤±0.3 % for 7 <p≤30 MPa; and for nitrogen it is Δw/w≤±0.1% for p≤1.5 MPa and Δw/w±0.5% for higher pressures. For all three substances it is Δc _p/c _p≤±1 % and ΔC _v/C _v≤±1 % in the entire range.     

Measurement of the Specific Enthalpy of Vaporization on 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane in the Temperature Range from 180 to 240 K

An apparatus is described which is capable of measuring the enthalpy of vaporization in the temperature range from 100 to 250 K. The sample (R134a; purity, at least 99.999%) is located in the measuring cell at the saturated vapor pressure, p = p _s. A control circuit allows p to be kept constant by opening a motor-operated valve to a weighing cylinder after having switched on the electrical measuring cell heater. During the experiment, the temperature is kept constant within a 10mK. In the range 180 to 230 K, the data for R134a are compared with calculated values from the fundamental equation given by Tillner-Roth and Baehr, which is recommended by Annex 18 of the International Energy Agency (IEA) as an international standard. Good agreement within a standard uncertainty of 1.6×10^–3 is obtained. At temperatures of only 10 K above the triple-point temperature, the enthalpy of vaporization calculated from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation shows considerable uncertainty due to the determination of the small vapor pressure. It is chiefly in this range that it is advantageous to have the new apparatus.     

Dependence of the Melting Temperature on Pressure up to 2000 Bar in Uranium Dioxide, Tungsten, and Graphite

The melting points of uranium dioxide, tungsten, and graphite were measured as a function of the isostatic pressure up to 2000 bar (200 MPa), in a laser-heated autoclave filled with inert gas. The measured melting curves and their slopes were compared with predictions obtained from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and existing thermochemical data of these substances. While for tungsten and graphite the results show reasonable agreement with the equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, the melting point of UO₂ increases with pressure with a slope more than three times larger than expected.     

动态组织可持续性分析及在世博会 国际建设协调中的应用研究

通过分析世博会项目管理的目标体系,揭示了国际参展协调工作所面临的挑战。并以直线制、直线职能制和矩阵制组织结构为基础,结合上海世博会国际参展协调工作的特点,兼顾组织运行效率、组织成本和人力资源配置等组织设计的影响因素,提出了动态演进式的组织结构优化模式。     

ITS—90温标在83.8058—273.16K温区内温标的非唯一性研究

对ＩＴＳ＿９０温标在８３．８０５８－２７３．１６Ｋ温区内的温标的非唯一性进行了研究。在高精度低温恒温槽内对九支套管铂电阻温度计进行分度,分析其非唯一性,并研究此温区与１３．１８－２７３．１６Ｋ温区的非一致性。     

基于最大熵原理的复合形法及其在边坡稳定分析中的应甩

将最大熵原理应用于基本复合形法的优化计算中,旨在提高算法的寻优成功率.具体步骤为选取复形中熵最大的顶点为寻优点;在复形其余各点的加权中心点与寻优点的连线上,搜索比寻优点改善的新顶点;并替换掉寻优点构成新的复形;如此迭代直至复形中的信息被完全利用.采用基本复合形法和基于最大熵原理的复合形法对两个复杂土坡的最小安全系数进行了搜索,结果表明基于最大熵原理的复合形法的全局搜索能力有了明显改善.     

云南省餐饮业发展现状分析及发展对策--基于2013年至2015年组织机构代码数据

本文基于云南省组织机构代码数据库2013年至2015年餐饮业数据,包含企业法人、企业非法人和个体餐饮服务3个机构类型,从经济行业、机构类型、注册资金、职工人数几个方面对云南省餐饮业近年的发展趋势及所形成的原因进行简要分析,并针对云南省餐饮业未来发展提出建议。     

The Use of the RANS/ILES Method to Study the Influence of Coflow Wind on the Flow in a Hot,Nonisobaric, Supersonic Airdrome Jet during Its Interaction with the Jet Blast Deflector

The influence of the coflow wind on the flow in a hot, nonisobaric, supersonic airdrome jet from a biconical nozzle and its interaction with a jet blast deflector (JBD) are studied by the RANS/ILES method. The conditions at the external boundary of the computational domain are formulated for the problem of jet interaction with the JBD. All calculations were performed at the Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences with a MVS-10P supercomputer. The features of method parallelization for the supercomputer with modern architecture are described. The total temperature of the jet at the nozzle output is T₀ = 1050 K and π_с = 4. The wind velocity ranges from 0 to 20 m/s. Two JBD positions are examined: at distances of 5 and 15D_e of the nozzle cross section. The computation grids consist of (6.33–8.53) × 10⁶ cells. Fields of the flow parameters and of their turbulent pulsations near the jet are obtained. The dimensions of the “safety zone” for people and machinery is determined by the temperature, pressure pulsations, and velocity near the airdrome surface. The influence of wind velocity on the size and shape of the safety zone are revealed. The distributions of pressure and temperature and their pulsations over JBD altitude are presented as a function of JBD position and wind velocity.     

First-principles Study on the Ductility Effect of Zirconium and Its Distinct Behavior from Boron to Restrain Hydrogen-induced Embrittlement in Ni-Ni3Al Alloys

By studying a cluster model containing Ni region （phase）, NiaAI region （phase） and Ni/Ni3Al region （interface） with a first-principles method, the occupation behavior and the ductility effect of zirconium in a Ni-Ni3Al system were investigated. It is found that zirconium has a stronger segregation tendency to Ni region than to Ni3Al region. The bond order analyses based on Rice-Wang model and the maximum theoretical shear stress model, however, show that zirconium has different degrees of ductility effect in these three regions, which originates from its different ability to increase the Griffith work of interracial cleavage 2γint and to decrease the maximum theoretical shear stress τmax. In addition, it is revealed in this paper that the distinct behavior of zirconium from boron to restrain hydrogen-induced embrittlement can be attributed to their different influences on the crystalline and electronic structures in Ni-Ni3Al alloys.     

The impact of STEM on the growth of wealth at varying scales,ranging from individuals to firms and countries: The performance of STEM firms during the pandemic across different markets

Researchers have not yet reached consensus on whether there is a difference in performance between STEM and non-STEM firms across different financial markets during economic expansion and through economic downturns, such as pandemics and recessions. It is unclear as to whether STEM or non-STEM firms, but also graduates with STEM or non-STEM education contribute more, less, or equally to economic inequality. By analysing total wealth at varying scales, ranging from individuals, to firms, to entire countries, we demonstrate that the Zipf exponent, serving as a proxy for wealth inequality, persistently ramps up as the scale of a system increases. At an individual level, analysing the Zipf plots separately for the world's richest individuals with STEM and non-STEM graduation degree, we begin by demonstrating that STEM education contributes more to inequality than non-STEM. At a firm level, in contrast to the DAX and CAC40 indexes, for firms comprising the S&P 500 index, the average growth rate of STEM constituents has been significantly higher than those calculated for non-STEM constituents during the most recent economic expansion and the coronavirus pandemic. This insight is particularly useful for the financial sector. Secondly, we demonstrate a functional dependence between a country's number of patents and its STEM graduates. Finally, motivated by the fact that the U.S. heavily surpasses the E.U. in terms of Venture Capital, we model wealth inequality at different scales of the economy.     

The smartphone and its punishment: Social distancing of cellular transgressors in ultra-Orthodox Jewish society,from 2G to the Corona pandemic

Over the past 20 years, the leaders of Israel's ultra-Orthodox (haredi) community carried out an intensive campaign against the diffusion of mobile phones in their enclave society. It included a variety of resistance strategies that escalated in parallel to the consistent increase in mobile phone penetration into the community. If at first the “cellphone danger” was contained by the successful “kosherphone,” a new threat appeared in the form of the smartphone. In this article we explore the severe rabbinic sanctions directed against those who deviate from the communal norm by using a smartphone. We analyze the general “lawfare” strategy of social distancing they adopted, and offer a close reading of the specific religious-law decrees, interpreting them through the historical and legal lens of halakhah (Jewish law). This socio-legal analysis constructs the way haredi leadership understands the role of the smartphone in two contexts. One is the rapidly changing contemporary media environment; the other is the social dynamic affecting this island community, as it encounters the surrounding national and global culture through digital media. The article concludes with a preliminary analysis of the implications of the Corona pandemic on the campaign against the smartphone.     

The impact of changes to the graduated driver licensing program in Queensland, Australia on the experiences of Learner drivers

Purpose

Graduated driver licensing (GDL) has been introduced in numerous jurisdictions in Australia and internationally in an attempt to ameliorate the significantly greater risk of death and injury for young novice drivers arising from road crashes. The GDL program in Queensland, Australia, was extensively modified in July 2007. This paper reports the driving and licensing experiences of Learner drivers progressing through the current-GDL program, and compares them to the experiences of Learners who progressed through the former-GDL program.

Method

Young drivers (n = 1032, 609 females, 423 males) aged 17–19 years (M = 17.43, SD = 0.67) were recruited as they progressed from a Learner to a Provisional driver's licence. They completed a survey exploring their sociodemographic characteristics, driving and licensing experiences as a Learner. Key measures for a subsample (n = 183) of the current-GDL drivers were compared with the former-GDL drivers (n = 149) via t-tests and chi-square analyses.

Results

As expected, Learner drivers progressing through the current-GDL program gained significantly more driving practice than those in the former program, which was more likely to be provided by mothers than in the past. Female Learners in the current-GDL program reported less difficulty obtaining supervision than those in the former program. The number of attempts needed to pass the practical driving assessment did not change, nor did the amount of professional supervision. The current-GDL Learners held their licence for a significantly longer duration than those in the former program, with the majority reporting that their Logbook entries were accurate on the whole. Compared to those in the former program, a significantly smaller proportion of male current-GDL Learners reported being detected for a driving offence whilst the females reported significantly lower crash involvement. Most current-GDL drivers reported undertaking their supervised practice at the end of the Learner period.

Conclusions

The enhancements to the GDL program in Queensland appear to have achieved many of their intended results. The current-GDL Learners participating in the study reported obtaining a significantly greater amount of supervised driving experience compared to former-GDL Learners. Encouragingly, the current-GDL Learners did not report any greater difficulty in obtaining supervised driving practice, and there was a decline in the proportion of current-GDL Learners engaging in unsupervised driving. In addition, the majority of Learners do not appear to be attempting to subvert logbook recording requirements, as evidenced by high rates of self-reported logbook accuracy. The results have implications for the development and the evaluation of GDL programs in Australia and around the world.     

The role of parental alcohol consumption on driving under the influence of alcohol: results from a longitudinal, nationally representative sample

Purpose

Many studies have examined the role of peer and parental alcohol use on drinking behaviors among adolescents. Few studies, however, have examined parental influences on driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol. The current study uses data from a longitudinal study to examine the role of parental alcohol use during adolescence on the risk for DUI among young adult men and women.

Methods

Data were derived from 9559 adolescents and young adults who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves I and III. Survey logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between multilevel risk and protective factors and self-reported DUI. Analyses were stratified by gender and frequency of parental alcohol consumption to understand the role of parental alcohol use on risk for DUI among their youth.

Results

Risk and protective factors for DUI were very similar among men and women. Parental alcohol use significantly predicted DUI among women (OR = 1.39, p < 0.01) and men (OR = 1.33, p < 0.05). When parents did not report alcohol use, peer alcohol use significantly increased risk for DUI for both women (OR = 1.26, p < 0.05) and men (OR = 1.31, p < 0.001). When parents reported alcohol use, however, peer alcohol use was not a significant independent predictor.

Conclusions

Findings suggest remarkable similarities in risk and protective factors for DUI across gender groups. For men and women, parental alcohol consumption was a risk factor for DUI. Peers’ alcohol use predicted DUI only when parents did not use alcohol.