面向碳中和情景的中国跨区域电氢协同优化配置研究

为实现碳中和目标,构建高比例清洁能源电力系统势在必行。绿氢可为难以直接用电的终端用能领域提供零碳解决方案,成为可再生能源和部分终端用能之间的纽带,实现间接电能替代。如何在高比例清洁能源系统中对电能与氢能进行优化配置,是未来电力、绿氢发展中需要面对的重要问题。通过构建的电氢协同系统模型(GTSEP),量化评估电氢耦合的系统性价值,分析输电、输氢之间的关系,以全系统综合用能成本最低为目标,实现全国范围内大规模、跨区域电力与氢能生产、储存和运输的协调优化。将全国划分为七个区域,预计2060年绿氢需求量为7500×104t,全社会用电量需求将达到17×1012kW·h,根据满足绿氢需求的不同方式,共设置4种模式进行对比分析。结果表明,采用电氢协同模式,各区域内利用可再生能源发电就地制氢并利用的总量为4000×104t,跨区输氢总量3500×104t,约占总需求的46%左右,其中直接管道输氢780×104t,输电代输氢1.1×1012k W·h,绿氢平准化成本为9.32元/kg。电氢协同的零碳能源系统可以充分发挥氢易于大规模存储的优点和电能易于传输的特点。     

氢发动机喷氢控制算法设计

在分析喷氢正时和喷氢量对氢发动机工作性能影响的基础上,设计了喷氢控制算法,并基于Pareto秩和决策偏好相结合的全自动标定算法,进行了喷氢提前角和喷氢脉宽电控系统的软硬件设计。实现了随工况变化动态寻优,使氢发动机动力性、经济性与排放等综合性能达到优化的目标。     

氢发动机喷氢控制算法设计

在分析喷氢正时和喷氢量对氢发动机工作性能影响的基础上,设计了喷氢控制算法,并基于Pareto秩和决策偏好相结合的全自动标定算法,进行了喷氢提前角和喷氢脉宽电控系统的软硬件设计。实现了随工况变化动态寻优,使氢发动机动力性、经济性与排放等综合性能达到优化的目标。     

氢燃料电池牵引车动力系统匹配设计

目前,国家对能源战略转型,对“碳达峰、碳中和”的规划,从政策和能源战略层面鼓励和支持氢燃料电池汽车发展。根据氢燃料电池牵引车在港口的应用场景,确定整车总体设计需求,深入研究整车动力系统构架方案,动力系统的动力性仿真计算及校核,电机和变速箱、氢燃料电池系统等零部件的选型,研发一款氢燃料牵引车动力系统完整方案,为氢燃料牵引车设计提供参考。     

氢储能调峰站发展路径探索研究

氢储能是解决可再生能源消纳和缓解峰谷电差的有效方式之一,通过电转氢技术可以实现规模化、长期、广域的储能。借助我国电网基建优势,谷电时段将可再生能源丰富地区电能输送到高纯氢需求中心,在用户端电解制氢,提高输电通道利用率,解决氢气远距离运输成本、安全等关键问题。本文介绍了氢储能现状,给出了氢储能调峰站典型设计方案,分析了在高纯氢需求中心建设氢储能调峰站的技术和经济可行性。同时提出氢储能调峰站潜在的风险与挑战,并给出发展建议。     

氢动力车研究与发展现状

评述了氢动力车的研究与发展现状，主要介绍了氢燃料的特性、燃氢车发动机的特点，随车贮氢技术以及氢动力车的最近发展动态。     

光合细菌小分子酸醇产氢试验研究

以光合产氢混合菌群为研究对象,研究了光合细菌在乙酸、乙醇、乳酸、丁酸几种小分子脂肪酸条件下菌体的生长和产氢特性,详细考察了乙酸和丁酸对光合产氢细菌生长和产氢的影响.研究发现,乙酸、丁酸既是光合细菌良好的生长碳源,也是高效氢供体,光合细菌在乙酸和丁酸条件下产氢率分别达到2.05和2.81molH2/mol.光合细菌以乙酸和丁酸产氢时,乙酸和丁酸的最佳添加浓度均为40mmol/L;光合细菌在乳酸条件下有较高的生长活性,但乳酸并不是光合细菌高效氢供体,光合细菌在乳酸条件下产氢活性较低;乙醇既不是光合细菌良好生长碳源,也不是高效氢供体,乙醇对光合细菌的生长和产氢均有较强的抑制作用.     

国外氢能源经济发展现状及对我国的启示

氢经济已经成为下一代能源经济的首选,世界各国都在不遗余力推进发展,我国作为能源消费大国必须牢牢抓住这次机会.首先,本文概括了国外氢能源经济的发展现状,对美国和加拿大、欧洲、日本和韩国、巴西、冰岛和挪威等不同类型国家的氢经济发展现状进行了分析,并指出了他们各自的特色.其次,回顾并分析了我国氢经济发展历程和现状,并总结不足之处.最后,在上述分析的基础上,对我国氢能源经济的发展提出了建议.     

140×10~4t/a加氢裂化装置循环氢控制分析

对高桥石化140×104t/a加氢裂化装置循环氢的操作和控制操作情况进行探讨。控制合理的氢油比,可以有效确保装置催化剂的长周期运行;合理的压力控制区间,能够在确保目的产品收率的前提下降低装置能耗;在一定压力范围内,裂化反应深度将增加,转化率得到提高,轻组分收率相应增加。但随着压力的上升,这种趋势趋于平缓。在以上分析的基础上,探讨了装置提高循环氢纯度的方法,确认新氢的使用、冷高分和热高分的温度控制,以及循环氢脱硫塔的操作,是影响循环氢纯度的关键因素。使用氢气纯度较高的制氢氢气,对提高循环氢纯度是有利的。高压分离器温度高,对减少氢损耗有利,温度低,对提高循环氢浓度及降低能耗是有利的。当加氢裂化装置加工的原料油硫含量在1.5%以上时,一般都增设循环氢脱硫设施,这样可保证循环氢纯度。列举了目前装置在循环氢运行中存在的主要问题,为石化行业同类装置的平稳操作提供帮助。     

美国掀起"氢经济"革命及对我国的机遇

主要从"氢经济"革命的角度,介绍美国为抢占"氢经济"的制高点而致力于推动"氢经济"的发展,认为这对我国也是一个机遇,应当借鉴美国的基本经验.     

Wind energy and the hydrogen economy—review of the technology

The hydrogen economy is an inevitable energy system of the future where the available energy sources (preferably the renewable ones) will be used to generate hydrogen and electricity as energy carriers, which are capable of satisfying all the energy needs of human civilization. The transition to a hydrogen economy may have already begun. This paper presents a review of hydrogen energy technologies, namely technologies for hydrogen production, storage, distribution, and utilization. Possibilities for utilization of wind energy to generate hydrogen are discussed in parallel with possibilities to use hydrogen to enhance wind power competitiveness.     

The importance of hydrogen for energy diversity of Turkey's energy production: 2030 projection

Hydrogen and hydrogen-related technologies will have an important role in world energy projection in the near future. Interest in hydrogen technologies will also increase, especially due to the smart cities concept and the increase in renewable energy supply. In addition to being a clean energy source, the tendency of hydrogen to 100% renewable energy supply makes it ahead of other alternative fuels. The share of hydrogen and related energy technologies in reducing global warming and emissions will continue to increase day by day. For this reason, projections and investment opportunities should be determined for the coming years. In energy projections, the evaluation of hydrogen in terms of energy diversity until 2030 is carried out with EnergyPlan software. Accordingly, the reduction in the amount of emissions and costs were determined by mixing hydrogen into the natural gas pipelines by 5–10, and 20% by volume by producing electrolyzers with photovoltaic systems and according to the number of vehicles with fuel cells in the transportation sector until 2030.     

A parametric investigation of hydrogen energy potential based on H2S in Black Sea deep waters

In this study, a parametric investigation is carried out to estimate the hydrogen energy potential depending on the quantities of H₂S in Black Sea deep waters. The required data for H₂S in Black Sea deep waters are taken from the literature. For this investigation, the H₂S concentration and water layer depth are taken into account, and 100% of conversion efficiency is assumed. Consequently, it is estimated that total hydrogen energy potential is approximately 270 million tons produced from 4.587 billion tons of H₂S in Black Sea deep waters. Using this amount of hydrogen, it will be possible to produce 38.3 million TJ of thermal energy or 8.97 million GWh of electricity energy. Moreover, it is determined that total hydrogen potential in Black Sea deep waters is almost equal to 808 million tons of gasoline or 766 million tons of NG (natural gas) or 841 million tons of fuel oil or 851 million tons of natural petroleum. These values show that the hydrogen potential from hydrogen sulphur in Black Sea deep water will play an important role to supply energy demands of the regional countries. Thus, it can be said that hydrogen energy reserve in Black Sea is an important candidate for the future hydrogen energy systems.     

Repairing irreversible hydrogen–induced damages using electric current pulse

The synergistic effect of hydrogen and stress will cause various damages to metallic materials, such as hydrogen–induced cracks, blisters, voids, which would cause unpredictable failure of the metallic materials. In this study, the mechanical properties of high–strength steel with hydrogen damages were effectively restored after electropulsing treatment. The reasons are that the hydrogen content was reduced to a lower concentration on the one hand, and the hydrogen damages (microcracks and voids) were partially repaired on the other hand. Essentially, the introduction of an applied electric field increases the free energy of the system and reduces the energy barrier for diffusion of hydrogen, resulting in faster diffusion of hydrogen and lower hydrogen content. Simultaneously, the temperature rises and compressive stress induced by electropulsing are accountable for the healing of hydrogen damages.     

Development of European hydrogen infrastructure scenarios—CO2 reduction potential and infrastructure investment

For the introduction of a hydrogen economy one of the most relevant questions is: what are the suitable feedstocks and production technologies for hydrogen, which is a secondary energy carrier, taking into account the manifold objectives of hydrogen introduction: the cost-effective substitution of oil, increasing the security of energy supply, and reducing CO₂ and other emissions? This study focuses on constructing a hydrogen infrastructure in Europe by 2030. Several hydrogen technologies and their integration into an infrastructure system, including the production, transport and distribution of hydrogen, are analysed on the basis of energy chain calculations and expert judgements and consistent scenarios are developed. It can be shown that under economic and CO₂-reduction objectives, the steam reforming of gas, followed by coal gasification and, to a limited extent, the electrolysis of electricity from renewable energy carriers are the most promising hydrogen production options in this first phase for developing a hydrogen infrastructure. These options result in a significant level of CO₂-reduction. However, the total cost of the infrastructure will account for 0.3% of EU-25 GDP in 2030. This shows the extent of the challenge involved in constructing a hydrogen infrastructure.     

A review of performance and emissions of diesel engine operating on dual fuel mode with hydrogen as gaseous fuel

The urge for cleaner and greener sources of energy is rising day by day. Developed countries are already in process of shifting their energy needs from conventional sources to non-conventional/renewable/green sources of energy. These developed countries are also trying to incorporate developing countries to join the battle against global warming and pollution. Examples, of some non-conventional sources of energy are nuclear energy, wind energy etc. One of such cleaner energy source is hydrogen. The high calorific value, availability in abundance and cleaner nature of hydrogen makes it an appropriate substitute for conventional source of energy. An engine using gaseous hydrogen is in the process of being developed. This may revolutionize the battle against pollution and global warming. Use of hydrogen in a diesel engine working on dual-fuel mode has been the interest of many researchers. However utilization of hydrogen fuel changes the ignition delay, combustion duration, peak mean temperature, peak pressure and other combustion parameters change. In the present work, such research works are examined and analyzed in detail. It is also shown, amount of inducted hydrogen dictates many engine parameters such as engine power, torque etc. a separate section is dedicated to study different emissions from the improvised engine. Lastly, it will be clear from the discussion that introduction of gaseous hydrogen to a diesel engine working on dual fuel mode will have optimistic effect on environment.     

On the feasibility of direct hydrogen utilisation in a fossil-free Europe

Hydrogen is often suggested as a universal fuel that can replace fossil fuels. This paper analyses the feasibility of direct hydrogen utilisation in all energy sectors in a 100% renewable energy system for Europe in 2050 using hour-by-hour energy system analysis. Our results show that using hydrogen for heating purposes has high costs and low energy efficiency. Hydrogen for electricity production is beneficial only in limited quantities to restrict biomass consumption, but increases the system costs due to losses. The transport sector results show that hydrogen is an expensive alternative to liquid e-fuels and electrified transport due to high infrastructure costs and respectively low energy efficiency. The industry sector may benefit from hydrogen to reduce biomass at a lower cost than in the other energy sectors, but electrification and e-methane may be more feasible. Seen from a systems perspective, hydrogen will play a key role in future renewable energy systems, but primarily as e-fuel feedstock rather than direct end-fuel in the hard-to-abate sectors.     

Global hydrogen development - A technological and geopolitical overview

Hydrogen is an energy carrier that will certainly make an important and decisive contribution to the global energy transition and lead to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades. It is estimated that 60% of GHG emission reductions in the last phase of the energy transition could come from renewables, green hydrogen and electrification based on green energy development. Coordinated efforts by governments, industry and investors, as well as substantial investment in the energy sector, will be required to develop the hydrogen value chain on a global scale. This paper summarizes the technical and technological advances involved in the production, purification, compression, transportation and use of hydrogen. We also describe the roadmaps and strategies that have been developed in recent years in different countries for large-scale hydrogen production.     

Photo-stimulated hydrogen desorption from magnesium nanoparticles

Hydrogen remains an attractive energy carrier because it is abundant, environmentally friendly and has the highest gravimetric energy density of any known substance. Despite this high gravimetric energy density, hydrogen suffers from a low volumetric energy density as a room-temperature gas. To maximize volumetric energy density, storing hydrogen as a magnesium hydride is an efficient and economically viable route, owing to the low weight and high earth abundance of magnesium. A long-lasting obstacle for using magnesium is the high temperature required to release hydrogen once absorbed by magnesium. Although nanoscale magnesium is known to have a favorable effect on the hydrogen desorption temperature, it is not sufficient. In this work, hydrogen absorption and release was investigated by measuring optical changes, which correspond to certain hydrogen concentrations in magnesium nanoparticles. Remarkably, hydrogen desorption from the magnesium nanoparticle assembled thin films at room temperature could be achieved by illumination. This photo-stimulated hydrogen desorption introduces an effective and simple method to enable reversible hydrogen storage in magnesium. The sensitivity of the optical method here used is demonstrated by the fact that even hydrogen absorption from ambient air at 1 ppm has been measured. This work demonstrates that hydrogen can be efficiently stored and released from magnesium nanoparticles using only photons.     

Public awareness of hydrogen energy: A comprehensive evaluation based on statistical approach

Climate change and environmental problems, increasing global energy demand, and uncertainties in energy supply have brought the production and use of sustainable energy resources to be crucial. Hydrogen, which is an important energy carrier, is being produced and used globally within the perspective of sustainable energy and environmental technologies. Public awareness is an important step toward the spread of hydrogen energy (HE). In the literature, while public awareness studies focus on renewable energy sources, no study that examines public awareness in the field of HE in a way that addresses different perspectives has come across. This pioneering study aims to explore public awareness of HE by analyzing survey data collected from individuals via basic statistical techniques. Findings indicate that individuals' awareness of hydrogen energy mainly varies according to their knowledge level, education level, and age group. The results of the study will provide an important perspective for all stakeholders on hydrogen energy. Especially the policymakers should consider these results to constitute the frameworks of policy without compromising any perspective of public awareness.