PAN基碳纳米微球的制备及表征

通过种子乳液聚合得到聚丙烯腈/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PAN/PMMA)核壳结构的纳米微球。将经冷冻干燥后得到的PAN/PMMA纳米微球进行预氧化和炭化处理,成功制备出粒径为50 nm的碳纳米微球(Carbon Nanospheres,CNSs)。并利用光散射、傅立叶红外线光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)等技术对所合成的PAN/PMMA纳米微球和CNSs进行分析。实验结果表明,PMMA的加入有利于降低PAN基CNSs的粒径,且炭化温度在500～600℃之间得到的CNSs的分散性最好。     

溶胶-凝胶法介孔沥青炭微球的制备及电化学性能研究

以水性中间相沥青(AMP)为前驱体,阳离子表面活性剂(CTAB)为结构导向剂,通过控制AMP的凝胶化和自组装过程,采用溶胶-凝胶法来制备介孔沥青炭微球。利用SEM、HRTEM、SAXRD、FT-IR等分析手段,对产物的形貌及结构进行表征,并研究了介孔沥青炭微球的形成机理和电化学性能。结果表明:在制备介孔沥青炭微球的过程中,CTAB与离子化的AMP可通过S+I-静电力作用形成凝胶球,经炭化后得到介孔沥青炭微球。当CTAB/AMP=1.2时(CTAB为2 g),炭化后得到的介孔炭微球之间界面明显,表面光滑,球体粒径为300~500 nm,当增加CTAB胶束在溶液中的浓度时,炭化产物中得到纳米炭棒。所得介孔沥青炭微球C-AMP1.2-800有序度差、石墨化度低,球体为乱层石墨结构,其在50 mV.s-1下的比电容为103.5 F/g。     

固相合成纳米炭球

首次用乙炔黑为碳源,利用高温炭化的方法制备出了纳米炭球,其直径为20～50 nm,并伴随有直径约为200～500 nm的炭空心球生成.结合SEM和XRD分析手段,研究了预处理时间、催化剂和降温速度对纳米炭球形成的影响.研究表明:用浓硫酸和浓硝酸(体积比3∶1)的混酸处理100 h的乙炔黑,在较快的降温速度下易生成分散较好的纳米炭球.     

炭化温度对掺杂改性树脂炭结构及其抗氧化性能的影响

研究了炭化温度对掺杂改性树脂炭结构及其抗氧化性能的影响。借助于X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热仪对掺杂改性树脂炭化后的炭结构及其抗氧化性能进行了表征。结果表明:在埋炭条件下,炭化温度对掺杂改性树脂炭化后的炭结构有显著影响:随炭化温度升高,掺杂改性树脂炭化后的炭结构逐渐向石墨化碳结构方向演化;当炭化温度为600℃时,掺杂物表面开始有大量碳晶须生成,晶须的直径约为50~100nm,长度约为几百纳米,随炭化温度升高,碳晶须长径比提高,但碳晶须的产量逐渐下降;当炭化温度为1 000℃时,掺杂物表面生成大量的碳微球,碳微球的直径约为100~500nm。与树脂炭相比,掺杂改性树脂炭化后碳产物的氧化峰值温度提高了约80℃。     

金属共掺杂对树脂炭结构及抗氧化性能的影响

以热固性酚醛树脂和金属铝粉为原料、纳米镍为催化剂,采用机械搅拌法制备了金属铝和纳米镍共掺杂酚醛树脂,研究了金属铝和纳米镍共掺杂对树脂炭结构及其抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:在埋炭气氛下,树脂材料内部CO分压较高而无氮化物存在,体系属于Al-C-O系统;随着温度的升高,氧分压增大,Al2O3(s)相的稳定区间增大。900℃炭化后体系中生成纳米碳管和Al3C4晶须,1 000℃处理后有Al3C4晶须和Al2O3颗粒同时存在。当温度升高到1 200℃时,Al3C4相消失,Al2O3晶须生成量增加。随着热处理温度升高,纳米碳管的直径从60 nm增大到100 nm。添加金属铝粉和纳米镍后,掺杂改性树脂炭化后炭产物的氧化峰值为664.6℃,相比单一掺杂,氧化峰值温度提高了约122℃,增幅达到22%。     

纳米AlN增强C/C复合泡沫材料制备及机理研究

融合韧带网络型泡沫炭与微球型泡沫炭的结构特点,并结合同质复合材料与异质复合材料的互补优点,用填充了纳米AlN的酚醛树脂胶作韧带网络将酚醛树脂微球六角密排,再经过炭化、石墨化处理,成功地制备了纳米AlN/C复合泡沫样品。对该样品进行扫描电镜和X射线衍射测试,结果表明生成的直径在400～500 nm范围的炭纤维和尺寸在150～200 nm之间的纳米AlN颗粒共同增强韧带网络。同时,对纳米AlN增强C/C复合泡沫材料的机理进行了分析解释。     

葡萄糖水热炭化制备单分散炭微球的工艺优化研究

为制备出分散性好、粒径分布均匀且产率高的炭微球,运用正交试验,采用水热炭化法,以葡萄糖为碳源、聚丙烯酸钠为分散剂,对炭微球的制备工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:反应温度是影响炭微球粒径和产率的主要因素;当反应温度为180℃,反应时间为12 h,葡萄糖浓度为0.7 mol·L~(-1)以及分散剂加入量为0.5%(w)时,可制备出平均粒径约为420 nm,产率高达91%的单分散炭微球。     

炭化条件对聚丙烯腈炭膜性能的影响

采用浸渍法在煤基炭管上制备出聚丙烯腈基复合炭膜,考察了炭化条件对聚丙烯腈基炭膜性能的影响.结果表明,炭化温度和升温速率对炭膜的孔结构及分离性能的影响较大,而惰性气体流率和恒温时间的影响则相对较小.通过优化这些实验参数可以制备出复合效果好、表面光滑无缺陷的聚丙烯腈炭膜.     

聚丙烯腈基炭膜的制备及气体分离性能的研究

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)作为前驱体,经过溶解、成膜、预氧化及炭化等步骤得到无缺陷炭膜。通过热质量损失、红外光谱、x射线衍射和电子显微镜等技术分析了前驱体的热稳定性与微结构演变,研究了PAN交联结构及预氧化温度与炭化温度对炭膜微观结构与气体分离性的影响。由结果可知:PAN膜最佳预氧化温度为230℃。较低的炭化温度或渗透压力有利于获得较高的气体渗透性。在预氧化温度230℃及炭化温度650℃所制备炭膜对O2/N2选择性达2.7。     

氧化铈纳米中空球的制备及表征

以聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)微球为模板制备PS/CeO2复合颗粒,然后煅烧去除PS模板形成CeO2纳米中空球。用X射线衍射、透射电镜、场发射扫描电镜、选区电子衍射、能谱分析、Fourier转换红外光谱、热重分析表征样品的相组成、形貌和微观结构。将所制备的CeO2纳米中空球用于甲基橙模拟染料废水的脱色处理。结果表明:CeO2中空球粒径在200～250nm,壳层是由粒径为5～10nm的纳米CeO2颗粒紧密堆积组成,其厚度为15～20nm。经CeO2纳米中空球脱色处理90min后,甲基橙溶液的脱色率可达99%以上,对甲基橙模拟染料废水表现出良好的脱色能力。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。