Thermophysical researches at Leningrad Institute of fine Mechanics and Optics

Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 327–334, August, 1988.     

Development of vacuum metrology in National Institute of Metrology

Overview of the vacuum metrology development at the National Institute of Metrology, China is presented, including the different vacuum standards established years ago, the recently developed static expansion system and its characterization and the new compensated micro-manometer. Recent research of the performance of capacitance diaphragm gauges (CDGs) in Knudsen flow region, as well as the ongoing project on the constant pressure flow meter, micro-conductance measurement are also outlined.     

The Establishment of China National Institute of Standardization

China National Institute of Standardization, reorganized from the former China National Research Centre of Standardization, was set up on June 6th, 2003 with the approval of relevant department of the State Council and inaugurated by Li Chuanqing, party group secretary of General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China (AQSIQ), and Li Zhonghai, director of Standardization Administration of China (SAC), and leaders from AQSIQ,SAC and other units were present to deliver their congratulations.     

China National Institute of Standardization （CNIS）

Affiliated with the General Administration of Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ), China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS) is a nonprofit national research body engaging in standardization research.The main responsibilities of CNIS are to conduct all-round, strategic, and comprehensive research of standardization during the development process of economy and society, to research and develop comprehensive fundamental standards,as well as to provide authoritative standards information services.     

中国标准化研究院院长王忠敏

Mr.Wang Zhongmin is the President of CNIS, and also a research fellow.He had ever served as the President of Large State-owned Metallurgical Corporation, Deputy General Director of Liao Ning Provincial Bureau of Metallurgical Industry,Deputy Commissioner of Liao Ning Provincial Commission of Economics and Trade, Vice Executive Mayor of Hu Ludao City in Liao Ning Province, General Director of Liao Ning Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, Director of Northeast Metrology & Testing Centre, the President of Metallurgical Society of Financial Accounting in Liao Ning Province, Vice President of Liao Ning Provincial Law Society, Executive Director of China Certification and Accreditation Association, Vice President of CAS, etc.Starting from the year 2002, he successively became the Vice Administrator of SAC, General Director of China Logistics Standardization Technical Committee, Vice President of China Special Equipment Inspection institute, Vice Chairman of China Special Equipment Inspection Association.     

National Institute of Standards and Technology high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer

A high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to serve as a primary standard for optical power measurements. This instrument is an electrical-substitution radiometer that can be operated at cryogenic temperatures to achieve a relative standard uncertainty of 0.021% at an optical power level of 0.8 mW. The construction and operation of the high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer and the uncertainties in optical power measurements are detailed.     

中国科学院光电技术研究所的变形反射镜研究进展

变形反射镜是自适应光学系统的核心部件,也是开展自适应光学技术研究的首要研究对象。本文首先介绍了中国科学院光电技术研究所从事自适应光学特别是变形反射镜技术研究的历史背景,简述了光电所变形反射镜技术早期的发展脉络。然后介绍了光电所研制的变形反射镜在我国历代惯性约束聚变系统中的应用情况,也介绍了在天文光学观测领域典型的多单元变形镜技术及应用成果,随后还介绍了应用于生物医学等领域的紧凑型变形反射镜的发展情况和研究现状。最后介绍了光电所在变形反射镜技术新方向的研究情况。

     

让环保成为包装业的主旋律

近年来,我国包装工业的迅速发展引起全球瞩目,但是,包装业在快速发展的同时,也成为污染源,是资源浪费型行业之一.据有关资料显示,目前美国城市垃圾中包装垃圾占35%以上,日本高达45%,欧盟各国分别在30%～50%之间,我国估计至少在20%左右,并且随着商品的丰富、外包装的超标和人们购买力的增强,今后将会呈上升趋势.由此可见,包装行业注重环保投入已成当务之急,同时也成为企业树立声誉和提高产品知名度的一个重要的措施.     

试论包装污染与环境保护

从包装弃物对环境的污染，防治包装污染的意义以及怎样防治包装污染等方面进行了探讨，认为要防治包装污染，保护环境应大力发展绿色包包装，加强包装设计，包装生产和包装废话弃物回收利用等方面的管理。     

The National Effective Teaching Institute: Assessment of Impact and Implications for Faculty Development

Background The National Effective Teaching Institute (NETI) is a three‐day teaching workshop that has been given annually since 1991 in conjunction with the Annual ASEE Conference. Its goals are to improve the participants' teaching effectiveness, promote their engagement in scholarly teaching and educational scholarship, and motivate them to engage in instructional development on their campuses. To evaluate the impact of the NETI on its participants, a Web‐based survey was administered to alumni of NETI offerings from 1993 to 2006. Purpose (Hypothesis ) The study was designed to test the hypothesis that the NETI met its stated goals, and to the extent that it did, to identify factors in the workshop's structure and delivery that might have contributed to its success. Design /Method An online survey collected information regarding the participants' awareness and use of selected teaching strategies, their students' and their own ratings of their teaching, and their engagement in scholarly teaching, educational research, and giving their own teaching workshops and seminars. The validity of the survey structure is supported by several published studies that compared self‐assessments of teaching with external evaluations by trained observers. Results The NETI has motivated many of its participants to adopt or increase their use of proven teaching strategies known to correlate with improved student learning; made them more student‐centered, scholarly, and reflective in their teaching practice; and induced many of them to engage in instructional development and educational scholarship. Conclusions The NETI has satisfactorily met its goals. When interpreted in the light of a theory of adult motivation, the results support the effectiveness of discipline‐specific faculty development for engineering educators.     

中科院物理所拓扑绝缘体研究取得重要进展

最近,中国科学院物理研究所、北京凝聚态物理国家实验室张海军博士、戴希研究员、方忠研究员在拓扑绝缘体研究取得重要突破,提出了室温下只存在一个狄拉克点的新的拓扑绝缘体系列材料的理论预测.本工作研究成果发表在英国的<自然物理>(Nature Physics 5,438-442(2009))杂志上.     

Thermal comfort analysis of hostels in National Institute of Technology Calicut,India

Thermal comfort study was carried out in the hostels of National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, which is located in a warm humid climatic zone of India. Measurements of ambient temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and illuminance were carried out in eight hostels, and in parallel a paper-based survey was conducted among students to know about their Thermal Preference Vote (TPV) and Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) based on an ASHRAE seven-point scale. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) have been evaluated based on Fanger’s theory of thermal comfort by utilizing the field measurements. Preferred operative temperature and neutral effective temperature were obtained based on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Similarly the preferred operative temperature and neutral effective temperature were identified, for both Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and Thermal Preference Vote (TPV). Thermal comfort conditions for 80% satisfaction were also determined in each case. Correlations between the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) as well as between the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Thermal Preference Vote (TPV) were obtained.