刺槐豆多糖硒酸酯的制备及表征

在HNO3-BaCl2催化作用下,利用亚硒酸钠合成刺槐豆硒酸酯,以硒含量为指标对合成工艺进行优选,利用紫外、红外及热重分析等方法对合成产物进行表征。结果表明,刺槐豆多糖硒酸酯最佳合成条件为硝酸浓度为0.3%,反应时间14h,反应温度60℃,此条件下用ICP-AES测出产物硒含量约为9.48mg/g,合成产物中硒以Se=O的形式存在,且与纯多糖比较,硒酸化多糖热稳定性稍有降低。     

硒化红枣多糖制备工艺优化

在硝酸催化下,以亚硒酸钠为硒化剂合成硒化红枣多糖,并以硒含量为考察指标,采用正交设计方法优化了硒化红枣多糖合成工艺。结果表明,硝酸浓度对红枣多糖硒化修饰的影响最大,其次是反应温度,反应时间的影响最小,其最佳工艺条件为:硝酸浓度0.6%、反应温度65℃、反应时间24h,在此条件下制备得到的硒化红枣多糖中硒含量可以达到96.98mg/g。紫外光谱和红外光谱分析表明,红枣多糖与亚硒酸基形成了稳定的亚硒酸酯化合物。     

黑木耳β-葡聚糖/纳米硒复合物（DNT-Se）的制备工艺优化及活性评价

探索黑木耳β-葡聚糖/纳米硒复合物(DNT-Se)的最佳制备条件，并探究其安全性。以多糖(DNTs)浓度、维生素C(VC)与亚硒酸钠配比、亚硒酸钠浓度、反应时间、反应温度作为实验因素，采用双波长比色法及马尔文粒径测定法表征DNT-Se中Se NPs的粒径变化，以Se NPs的粒径大小为评价指标，采用单因素及正交试验设计的方法考察DNT-Se的制备工艺，并采用CCK-8法评价DNT-Se对293T人胚胎肾细胞和AML-12小鼠正常肝细胞的毒性。DNTs浓度1.0 mg/mL，维生素C与亚硒酸钠配比为6:1，亚硒酸钠浓度为1.0 mg/mL、反应时间12 h、反应温度25℃为制备DNT-Se的最佳条件。该条件下制备的DNT-Se中Se NPs的粒径大小均值为34.50 nm，细胞增殖实验结果表明，DNT-Se对293T人胚胎肾细胞和AML-12小鼠正常肝细胞在200μg/mL时细胞存活率仍高于82%，同时DNT-Se能够抑制HepG2细胞的增殖，在72 h时对HepG2细胞的IC₅₀值为42.54μg/mL。本研究成功确定了DNT-Se的最优制备工艺，所得纳米硒粒径较...     

乳酸菌LA4还原亚硒酸钠形成红色单质硒

通过从实验室保藏的乳酸菌中筛选出1株对亚硒酸钠耐受性较高的菌株LA4,经分光光度法测定得知在69.28 mg(4 mmol/L)亚硒酸钠浓度下,亚硒酸钠的还原量为32.42 mg(1.87 mmol/L),还原效率为46.79%。并将其亚硒酸钠还原产物通过X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试,发现乳酸菌LA4能将亚硒酸钠还原为红色单质硒,观察透射电镜(TEM)图发现,添加亚硒酸钠的发酵液中细胞表面以及培养基中出现大量纳米尺寸的球状颗粒,粒径基本在50²00 nm。     

硒化天麻多糖的制备、结构表征及其抗氧化活性评价

本文以天麻多糖(Gastrodia elata Blume polysaccharides,GEP)和亚硒酸钠为原料,以硒含量为指标,利用单因素实验和响应面试验优化硝酸-亚硒酸钠(HNO₃-Na₂SeO₃)法制备硒化天麻多糖(Selenated Gastrodia elata polysaccharides,SeGEP)的工艺。采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、粒径和Zeta电位、刚果红试验、碘-碘化钾试验、扫描电镜等对GEP和SeGEP进行结构表征分析;并采用体外抗氧化活性试验研究硒化修饰对天麻多糖的活性影响。结果表明,硒化天麻多糖最佳制备工艺条件为：反应温度74℃、硝酸浓度0.041%、反应时间8.4 h,在此条件下SeGEP的硒含量为3891.05±10.86μg/g;结构表征结果显示天麻多糖被成功硒化修饰,硒化修饰后可使GEP粒径降低、Zeta电位的绝对值变大、多糖溶液的稳定性改善,同时发现GEP和SeGEP可能具备三股螺旋结构,且含有较长的侧链和支链结构;扫描电镜分析显示硒化修饰可改变GEP的微观形态。体外抗氧...     

蛹虫草基质多糖纳米硒复合物的制备研究

以多糖为软模板,可以制备高效低毒的纳米硒-多糖复合物。本文以废弃的蛹虫草培养基质中提取的水溶性多糖为原料,研究了蛹虫草基质多糖纳米硒复合物的制备工艺及抗肿瘤活性。实验结果表明,在多糖浓度为10 mg/m L、亚硒酸浓度为0.4 mol/L、混合时间为4 h、滴加速度为1.5 r/min的条件下,可以制备出形貌理想、粒径适宜、稳定性良好的蛹虫草基质多糖纳米硒复合物。该复合物对Caco-2肿瘤细胞的生长具有一定抑制效果,且对细胞毒作用呈现出剂量依赖效应。     

硒化甘露低聚糖制备工艺研究

以甘露低聚糖和亚硒酸为原料制备硒化甘露低聚糖。以硒含量和硒转化率为考察指标,通过单因素实验,考察了亚硒酸量、硝酸量、反应时间、反应温度对产物的影响,运用紫外(UV)和红外(IR)光谱对产物进行了表征。最后通过正交实验确定最佳工艺条件为:亚硒酸0.5 g、10%HNO3 2 mL、反应时间10 h、反应温度70℃。     

多糖-纳米硒复合物的合成方法、稳定性及生物活性研究进展

纳米硒生物利用度高且研究发现它是毒性最小的硒补充剂。纳米硒具有抗氧化、抗菌功能,可以提高机体的免疫力,具有抗肿瘤作用,可作为癌症预防剂。然而纳米硒在水溶液中容易聚集失活,限制它的生物活性。如何最大限度地保持纳米硒的活性和稳定性成为当前纳米硒的研究热点之一。具有抗氧化性、生物黏附性、无毒性的多糖可作为某些抗菌、抗氧化或营养因子的载体,形成活性复合材料,与纳米硒复合能够有效地增强纳米硒的稳定性,降低硒和多糖应用的局限性。本文综述了当前多糖和纳米硒复合的方法、多糖-纳米硒复合物稳定性的作用机制,并且探讨了多糖-纳米硒复合物的生物活性及应用趋势,为多糖-纳米硒复合物的应用提供了参考依据。     

石榴皮多糖硒酸酯制备工艺参数优化及其结构分析

以石榴皮多糖与亚硒酸钠为原料制备石榴皮多糖硒酸酯,以产物硒含量和收率为指标,原料配比、硝酸体积分数、反应温度和反应时间为单因素,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计方法对工艺条件进行优化,并对产物结构进行分析。结果显示：石榴皮多糖硒酸酯最佳制备工艺条件为原料配比1∶1.0（g/g）、硝酸体积分数0.61%、反应温度77.0 ℃、反应时间11.3 h,在该工艺条件下,制得石榴皮多糖硒酸酯中硒含量为4.48 mg/g,产物收率为41.87%;紫外光谱、红外光谱和热重分析充分证实石榴皮多糖硒酸酯中含有Se＝O键、Se-O键和Se-C键。优化后的石榴皮多糖硒酸酯制备工艺条件实现了石榴皮多糖的硒化,为石榴皮资源的充分开发利用提供良好条件。     

藏黄连多糖-硒纳米颗粒的制备、结构表征及体外抗炎活性

该研究通过绿色合成中药多糖-硒纳米颗粒,筛选具有抗氧化、抗炎功能的富硒中药多糖保健食品,满足人们生活水平不断提高的要求和养生保健的愿望。通过藏黄连多糖（CTP）绿色还原亚硒酸钠成功构建藏黄连多糖-硒纳米颗粒（CTP-SeNPs）,表征其结构,并探索其体外抗氧化与抗炎活性。结果表明,通过FT-IR和XRD验证该研究中成功构建了CTP-SeNPs;EDS-SEM和DLS显示,CTP-SeNPs呈现厚片状,边缘圆润,硒含量为11.66%,粒径约101.96 nm;体外抗氧化试验显示,在0~10 mg/mL浓度范围内,随CTP-SeNPs浓度的增加,其清除自由基能力逐渐增大,最大清除率均能达到60%以上,且体外抗氧化效果优于CTP组;体外细胞试验显示,在250~500 μg/mL浓度范围内,CTP-SeNPs促进RAW264.7细胞增殖的能力显著优于CTP,在250~1 000 μg/mL浓度范围内,CTP-SeNPs抗炎效果显著高于CTP。综上所述,藏黄连多糖绿色还原亚硒酸钠成功构建的藏黄连多糖-硒纳米颗粒具有抗氧化、促抗炎的活性,可为研发富硒中药多糖保健食品提供理论依据。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。