含N-非取代葡糖胺残基肝素四糖的制备与表征

生物体内含有N-非取代葡糖胺残基（GlcNH₃⁺）结构的硫酸类肝素（HS）具有重要的生物和病理生理学功能。但这种HS在生物体内的含量较少、获得困难,而采用化学方法制备与生物体内结构相似的这种寡糖,有助于研究HS在生物体内的功能作用。本实验以高硫的肝素四糖为原料,用部分脱N位硫酸根的方法,制备了含1个和2个GlcNH₃⁺的肝素四糖,并采用液相色谱-离子阱-飞行时间质谱（LC/MS-IT-TOF）法对其进行结构检测。通过分析（EIC）-MS和MS²提取离子流图发现,含不同GlcNH₃⁺数目的肝素四糖具有不同的裂解规律,含GlcNH₃⁺数目越多,生成的碎片离子越多,这为MS方法进一步鉴定和定量测定含GlcNH₃⁺结构的寡糖奠定了基础。     

漂移时间离子淌度-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析寡糖同分异构体

分析糖类分子的结构是研究生物功能的必要前提，然而一种糖类常存在多种同分异构体，传统方法难以实现快速有效鉴别。本研究使用漂移时间离子淌度-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法将乙腈-水-甲酸溶液中的寡糖同分异构体分子经过电喷雾电离源电离，在漂移管内实现基于离子分子结构和带电荷数的分离，离子在四极杆中碎裂，最终被飞行时间质谱检测。寡糖同分异构体离子到达检测器的时间相差0.15~0.66 ms，能实现部分分离。此外，探讨了离子淌度-质谱（IM-MS）谱图分析时存在的多聚体碎片离子干扰问题。二级质谱使用注射泵直接进样，研究寡糖金属加合离子的裂解方式用于辨别同分异构体。最后，计算了两个寡糖系列的平均碰撞横截面积，可据此使用线性拟合预测同系列更长糖链离子的平均碰撞横截面积值。研究结果表明，漂移时间离子淌度-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法能有效实现寡糖同分异构体的定性分析。     

反相液相色谱-电喷雾-离子阱-飞行时间质谱法定量分析N-非取代肝素/硫酸乙酰肝素

肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素由重复的二糖单元组成,其组分和结构与重要的生物病理、生理作用息息相关。这些二糖单元包括含量较高的N-硫酸化葡萄糖胺、N-乙酰化葡萄糖胺和含量较低的N-非取代葡萄糖胺残基。本研究采用2-氨基吖啶酮标记二糖,结合反相液相色谱-电喷雾-离子阱-飞行时间质谱法(RP-LC-ESI-IT-TOF MS)分析肝素/硫酸乙酰肝素中N-非取代二糖。通过优化检测条件,实现了12种肝素/硫酸乙酰肝素二糖的基线分离,并采用外标法相对定量分析各二糖组分。该方法适用于分析含有N-非取代二糖的肝素衍生物,可为进一步研究N-非取代葡萄糖胺的结构与功能提供检测方法,有助于更好地理解N-非取代葡萄糖胺残基在人类健康与疾病管理中的重要作用。     

硫酸类肝素二糖的质谱裂解规律探析

硫酸类肝素结构决定了它与蛋白之间的相互作用,对硫酸类肝素结构的解析,能够进一步阐明结构与功能之间的关系。本实验采用电喷雾离子阱-多级质谱技术（ESI-MSⁿ）在负离子模式（ESI^-）下探析了12种硫酸类肝素二糖的裂解规律。实验发现：二糖中亚硫酸根的位置和数量对其在质谱分析中的稳定性起着决定作用,所含亚硫酸根越多越不稳定;N-位亚硫酸根比C-2位和C-6位亚硫酸根更容易丢失。此外,二级质谱表明,同分异构体有其特定的裂解规律。该质谱裂解规律有助于硫酸类肝素二糖同分异构体的鉴定,可为多级质谱在硫酸类肝素结构研究中的应用提供理论依据。     

在线能量分辨质谱结合量子化学计算解析牛膝中甾酮类同分异构体

甾酮是牛膝的活性成分之一,其同分异构体的难以区分给牛膝化学成分的精准鉴定带来了巨大挑战。在线能量分辨质谱(online energy-resolved mass spectrometry, Online ER-MS)被证明是一种区分同分异构体的有效方法。本研究首先采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-串联飞行时间质谱(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)技术初步鉴定牛膝中的甾酮类化合物,为了进一步区分甾酮类同分异构体,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆线性离子阱-串联质谱(UHPLC-Q-trap-MS/MS)的多反应监测模式采集各化合物拟离子对(pseudo-ion transitions, PITs)的碰撞能量(collision energy, CE)及相对离子强度,通过逐级改变CE绘制裂解曲线,定义裂解曲线顶点为最佳碰撞能(optimal collision energy, OCE),分别计算各化合物不同离子对的OCE。同时,结合量子化学计算各候选分子化学结构断裂的键能,建立化学结构与OCE的关系。结果表明,从牛膝中共鉴定到包括3组同分异构体的12个甾酮类化合物,并通过与标准品比对验证了该方法的...     

巴戟天中环烯醚萜苷和蒽醌在电喷雾离子源负离子模式下的质谱裂解行为

利用电喷雾-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱（ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS）技术,在负离子模式下,探讨巴戟天中4种环烯醚萜苷和2种蒽醌成分的质谱裂解途径。通过［M-H］^-获得化合物的相对分子质量信息,进一步对［M-H］^-进行碰撞诱导解离,获得相应化合物的裂解途径。结果表明,环烯醚萜苷主要的裂解途径是首先脱去母环上的功能基团,如中性丢失H₂O、CO₂、CH₃COOH和糖单元等部分;其次是二氢吡喃环和糖环的断裂,m/z 113、101为环烯醚萜苷母环断裂的特征碎片离子。蒽醌类化合物的裂解行为是连续失去CO,也可以失去CO₂。这些质谱裂解行为的研究有助于环烯醚萜苷和蒽醌类化合物的结构解析,也可为其他同类化合物的鉴定提供依据。     

GC/MS/MS法在头发中毒品及代谢物的筛选分析中的应用

本文建立了头发中常见滥用药物的GC/MS/MS筛选分析体系。结果表明MS/MS技术通过选择性地采集特定的母离子而避免了基质的干扰.具有质谱SIS的高灵敏度特征和scan提供结构信息的功能。方法回收率为68～101％,最低检出限为0.01～2ng/mg。     

仿刺参皂苷类化合物的电喷雾负离子质谱裂解规律研究

采用电喷雾-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（ESI-Q-TOF MS）在负离子检测方式下,对仿刺参中４种皂苷类成分的裂解途径进行研究。通过ESI MS产生的[M-H]^-获得相应化合物的相对分子质量信息,对[M-H]^-进行碰撞诱导解离（CID）获得相应化合物的裂解途径信息。研究发现,4种皂苷化合物的ESI-MS/MS裂解规律相同,首先断裂苷元上的18(20)内酯键,然后连续丢失糖链的末端单糖,最后生成苷元的特征碎片离子 m/z 423,这些特征有助于皂苷类化合物的结构解析。     

利尿剂甲基衍生物质谱行为的研究

利尿分析检测的主要仪器为 GC/ MS,但质谱的解析存在相对的不确定性。 GC/ MS/ MS通过对碎片离子的二次质谱分析技术 ,可以准确地判断被分析药物分子离子的碎裂机理。本文的工作研究重点是使用该分析测试技术对有代表性的部分利尿剂药物的甲基衍生物进行分析 ,使其质谱的解析更为准确可靠。     

内源性甾体激素GC/MS分析中酮基衍生规律的研究

本实验以甲氧胺（MOX）和N-甲基-N-(三甲基硅烷)三氟乙酰胺（MSTFA）为衍生化试剂,采用肟化 硅烷化方法对12种内源性甾体激素进行衍生,通过GC/MS解析鉴定衍生产物结构,研究甾体激素的衍生规律。结果表明,肟化-硅烷化反应可以提高甾体激素的信号,但孕酮（P）、雄烯二酮（ASD）、雌酮（E1）、睾酮（T）、皮质甾酮（B）、可的松（E）受共轭结构影响,产生多种同分异构体。［M-31］⁺和［M-15］⁺,［M-90］⁺和［M-72］⁺可分别作为肟化和硅烷化反应的鉴定依据。在80 ℃,加热40 min,酮基与MOX的摩尔比为1∶20是肟化反应的最佳条件。采用单反应离子检测（SRM）模式,衍生后甾体激素的检测灵敏度可达1 μg/L,线性范围为1~200 μg/L。该方法可为相关激素类成分的分析提供检测技术支持。     

Mass spectrometric glycan rearrangements

Mass spectrometric rearrangement reactions have been reported for a large variety of compounds such as peptides, lipids, and carbohydrates. In the case of carbohydrates this phenomenon has been described as internal residue loss. Resulting fragment ions may be misinterpreted as fragments arising from conventional glycosidic bond cleavages, which may result in incorrect structural assignment. Therefore, awareness of the occurrence of glycan rearrangements is important for avoiding misinterpretation of tandem mass spectra. In this review mass spectrometric rearrangements of both derivatized and underivatized (native) oligosaccharide structures are discussed. Similar phenomena have been reported for glycopeptides, labeled glycan structures and other biomolecules containing a carbohydrate part. Rearrangements in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates have been observed with different types of mass spectrometers. Most of the observed carbohydrate rearrangement reactions appear to be linked to the presence of a proton. Hence, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of alkali adducts or deprotonated ions often prevents rearrangement reactions, while they may happen with high efficacy with protonated glycoconjugates.     

Structure elucidation of native N- and O-linked glycans by tandem mass spectrometry (tutorial)

Oligosaccharides play important roles in many biological processes. However, the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides remains a major challenge due to the complexities of their structures. Mass spectrometry provides a powerful method for determining oligosaccharide composition. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) provides structural information with high sensitivity. Oligosaccharide structures differ from other polymers such as peptides because of the large number of linkage combinations and branching. This complexity makes the analysis of oligosaccharide unique from that of peptides. This tutorial addresses the issue of spectral interpretation of tandem MS under conditions of collision-induced dissociation (CID) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). The proper interpretation of tandem MS data can provide important structural information on different types of oligosaccharides including O- and N-linked.     

应用气相色谱-质谱分析土壤中芥子气及其降解产物

建立了土壤样品中的芥子气(HS)及其降解产物硫二甘醇(TDG)气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)分析方法。选择二氯甲烷为土壤中HS的萃取剂,亚氟蒸馏水为TDG的萃取剂,HS和TDG的萃取率分别为89.4％和93.2％,相对标准偏差为4.18％和4.32％。土壤样品中HS和TDG含量分别为0.38～0.48μg/g和3.04～3.88 μg/g,最低检出限为0.004μg/g和0.02 μg/g(3σ,n=5)。应用GC/MS对染毒土样品中HS和TDG进行了检测,初步探讨了其质谱裂解特点和规律。结果表明:该方法操作简便、准确、灵敏度高。     

Application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to oligosaccharides

The application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) to the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides is described. This review covers the analyses of oligosaccharides in the context of the unique features of FTICR MS and the improvements in instrumentation that make it possible to study this class of compounds. It consists of work performed initially to understand the fundamental aspects of oligosaccharide ionization and unimolecular fragmentation. More recent investigation includes the application of the technique to samples of direct biological origin. Chemical and enzymatic degradation methods in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and the use front-end methods with FTICR MS are also discussed. The current applications including the characterization of bacterial lipooligosaccharides and phosporylated carbohydrates are described.     

碰撞诱导解离和高能碰撞解离方式在褐藻胶寡糖结构分析中的比较和应用

利用组合式高分辨质谱仪（LTQ Orbitrap XL）对均一褐藻胶寡糖,包括甘露糖醛酸寡糖和古洛糖醛酸寡糖进行二级质谱分析,比较了常规的碰撞诱导解离（CID）和高能碰撞解离（HCD）在寡糖结构分析中的差异,并应用HCD技术分析甘露糖醛酸寡糖和古洛糖醛酸寡糖的结构差异。研究发现,HCD可避免CID中的1/3效应,而且可以提供更多的糖环断裂碎片信息,如^2,5A₂（m/z291）、^2,4A（m/z 235、411）、^2,5A脱水（m/z 101、277、453）以及Z₂脱羧碎片（m/z 307、483、659）等,进一步验证了Z₂脱羧碎片是区别甘露糖醛酸与古洛糖醛酸的特征碎片。同时,HCD能够提供丰富的裂解碎片信息,这为褐藻胶寡糖的结构解析提供了依据。     

Fragmentations of (M-H)- anions of underivatised peptides. Part 2: Characteristic cleavages of Ser and Cys and of disulfides and other post-translational modifications, together with some unusual internal processes

In a previous review (Bowie, Brinkworth, & Dua (2002); Mass Spectrom Rev 21:87-107) we described the characteristic backbone cleavages and side chain fragmentations which occur from (M-H)(-) parent anions of underivatized peptides. This work is briefly summarized in the present review. Cys was not described in the previous review: here we describe the Cys characteristic side chain loss of H(2)S, together with its gamma backbone cleavage. These processes are compared with those of the related Ser. All experimental observations are backed up with theoretical studies at the HF/6-31G(d)//AM1 level of theory, a level of theory which we have shown gives good geometries and acceptable relative energies. The negative ion cleavages of a number of post-translational modifications are described. Negative ion mass spectrometry is the method of choice for identification of disulfides in both peptides and proteins. Intramolecular disulfides are identified by the presence of the fragment anion [(M-H)(-)-H(2)S(2)], and CID MS2 of this fragment normally identifies the positions of the two Cys residues and often the full sequence of the peptide. An unsymmetrically substituted intermolecular disulfide can give up to eight characteristic fragment anions, and CID MS2 of some, or all of these often provides the full sequence of those peptides which form the initial intermolecular disulfide linkage. Negative ion cleavages of disulfides are the most energetically favored of all peptide negative cleavages studied to date. Negative ion mass spectrometry is also valuable for the identification of pyroglutamates, sulfates and phosphates. Finally, some unusual fragmentations are described which involve cyclization/elimination reactions which require the decomposing (M-H)(-) parent anions to adopt the same helical conformation that these peptides have in solution.     

大肠杆菌O77中wabD基因编码的β-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶产物结构的质谱表征

The O77 antigens of Escherichia coli contains a Man-β-1,3-GlcNAc linkage within the repeating unit. A synthetic substrate analog of the natural acceptor substrate undecaprenol-pyrophosphate-lipid [GlcNAc-α-PO₃-PO₃-(CH₂)₁₁-O-phenyl] was used as an acceptor and GDP-Man as a donor substrate. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry(ESI-MS/MS) is applied for the detailed structural characterization of the enzyme product. A systematic study was conducted on enzyme product to allow rationalization of the fragmentation processes. The major fragments observed in the ESI-MS/MS spectra result from cleavage of glycosidic bond and diphosphate moiety. The fragment originating from the nonreducing end of the product yields information on sequence. Cross-ring cleavages, which are very informative of the linkages of the monosaccharide residues constituting the product, and ‘internal’ cleavage ions which are derived from elimination of substituents from around the pyranose ring, were also observed. This extensive fragmentation shows the expected Man-β-1,3-GlcNAc linkage in the product, confirming that wabD is form of GDP-Man: GlcNAc-pyrophosphate-lipid β-1,3-mannosyltransferase.