圆柱体闭式镦粗变形力的计算

针对圆柱体镦粗典型的闭式模锻类型,给出了微元体各个面的位置及相应计算公式,列出了微元体各个表面面积的计算展开图,最后利用工程计算方法,分别导出无纵向飞边和有纵向飞边2种类型的圆柱体闭式镦粗的变形力的计算公式。     

纯Mo棒在镦粗过程中的织构和组织对其横向塑性的影响

对锻造纯Mo棒进行不同变形量的镦粗加工,观察其在此过程中的室温横向弯曲性能和织构演变。结果表明:锻造变形85%的纯Mo棒的横向弯曲伸长率仅为0.5%,经镦粗变形其横向塑性得到提高;镦粗变形50%和85%后,伸长率分别达到1.5%和5.0%,其原因是在纯Mo棒中形成的纵向伸长的纤维组织被横向扭曲,且晶粒间相互穿插,这种组织由011织构的组织演变而来;锻造Mo棒中形成011纤维织构,这种织构对Mo棒的横向塑性不利,经镦粗变形,011纤维织构转变为001和111纤维织构;锻态Mo棒的断裂方式为沿晶断裂,镦粗变形后,断裂方式主要为穿晶断裂;断口还发现有"分层韧化"现象出现。     

圆柱镦粗的刚塑性有限元分析

本文假定变形金属为略微可压缩的刚塑性材料,根据节点力平衡的方法,对圆柱镦粗进行刚塑性有限元分析。在两种摩擦条件下,对不同压下量计算了网格畸变、等效应变、应力和轴向载荷。计算结果与实验值进行比较,相当一致。文中还对镦粗过程中变形区的分布及应力状态进行了分析讨论。     

用平衡微分方程求解圆柱体粗糙平板间不均匀镦粗的鼓形方程

引入相对高度系数Ｍ，用平衡微分方程与塑性条件联立建立了圆柱体粗糙平板不均匀镦粗的应力场，求解出了圆柱体镦粗时的鼓形方程和镦粗变形压力数学解析式，并对变形体内应力分布特点及纵向裂纹成因进行了理论探讨。     

外六角管头镦锻成形工艺的理论分析

利用上限法,建立了管坯镦锻成外六角管头时,金属流动可容的速度场及应变速率场,计算了管料变形时等效应速率及总的功率消耗,利用最小功原理,导出了管坯镦锻成外六角管头的单位变形力,并确定了合理工艺参数。     

管坯镦锻变形力的上限解

根据两端约束的厚壁圆管,轴向受压时的变形特点,建立运动学许可的速度场及应变速率场,动用金属塑性成形的上限法理论,计算出管坯变形时的各项功率,导出管料镦锻时的单位变形力。     

管坯镦锻变形力的上限解

根据两端约束的厚壁圆管,轴向受压时的变形特点,建立运动学许可的速度场及应变速率场,动用金属塑性成形的上限法理论,计算出管坯变形时的各项功率,导出管料镦锻时的单位变形力。     

退火温度对镦粗纯钼棒组织和横向塑性的影响

利用锻造镦粗工艺制备高横向塑性纯钼棒,检测其在退火过程中横向弯曲性能和组织结构,并利用SEM对其断口形貌进行分析.结果表明:镦态纯钼棒中形成沿纵向伸长的纤维组织,且晶粒间相互穿插,横向弯曲伸长率达到5%;在退火过程中,纯钼棒横向塑性逐渐增大,经980 ℃退火时,其横向弯曲伸长率达到最大值10%,此时开始发生再结晶.在此过程中,镦态纯钼棒中形成的位错胞亚结构逐渐合并形成许多细小亚晶;纯钼棒经锻造镦粗变形后断口以穿晶断裂为主,具有明显的河流状花样和解理台阶,解理面上出现大量塑性变形的撕裂岭,且形成鱼网状的韧窝.     

高压导电杆冷镦成形工艺及模具设计

顶锻工艺的核心问题主要存于坯料在积聚过程中出现纵向弯曲而导致折纹的产生。镦粗坯料的局部变形部分之长径比为ι/d,一般圆柱体坯料镦粗时高度与直径之比不应超过2.5～3,矩形体坯料镦粗时高度与小边长度之比应小于3.5～4。长径比大于上述允许值后,则将不可避免地产生纵向弯曲。长期以来,生产中用托姆列诺夫的计算式或由此式作出的图1来设计用于顶镦的锥形冲     

液压比例方向阀的选择和计算

1 确定运动质量的加速度和减速度比例方向阀的主要任务是控制液压系统运动质量的加速、恒速和减速运动过程以及运动方向,在选用时,应确定希望达到的加速度和减速度值。但是,加、减速度是由许多因素决定的,不能任意选取,确定时要考虑以下问题: 1.1 加速和减速时间t_B 对于等加速运动,加速时间t_B的计算公式为: t_B=v/a(s) 式中 v——运动质量的速度,m/s a——运动质量的加速度,m/s~2 例如:v=1m/s 当 a=10m/s~2时,t_B=0.1s a=20m/s~2时,t_B=0.05s a=0.1m/s~2时,t_B=10s 由上述计算可知,a选得太大没有意义,运动质量加速度a从10m/s~2提高到20m/s~2,只     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.