Approaches to deductive object-oriented databases

The paper is concerned with the problem of combining deductive and object-oriented features to produce a deductive object-oriented database system which is comparable to those currently available under the relational view of data modelling not only in its functionality but also in the techniques employed in its construction and use. Under this assumption, the kinds of issues that have to be tackled for a similar research strategy to produce comparable results are highlighted. The authors motivate their terms of comparison, characterize three broad approaches to deductive object-oriented databases and introduce the notion of language convergence to help in the characterization of some shortcomings that have been perceived in them. Three proposals that have come to light in the past three years are looked into in some detail, in so far as they exemplify some of the positions in the space of choices defined. The main contribution of the paper is towards a characterization of the language convergence property of deductive database languages which has a key role in addressing critiques of the deductive and object-oriented database research enterprise. A basic familiarity with notions from deductive databases and from object-oriented databases is assumed.     

统一多维数据模型的后关系数据库体系结构

随着面向对象编程技术的推广和Web技术的广泛应用,迫切需要在数据库领域提供对这些新技术的高效支持,而传统的关系数据库由于其本身的局限性在这些方面表现不佳。针对这一问题,并结合对象数据库及XML数据库的发展现状,提出了一种基于应用驱动的多接口混合型后关系数据库体系结构的概念模型,并在理论上加以验证。     

FOOD：一个面向对象数据库系统

本文介绍一个面向对象数据库系统ＦＯＯＤ，重点描述ＦＯＯＤ的数据模型，应用编程语言，查询语言，授权模型和模式管理，并简要说明了系统的实现方法以及各功能模块，文末还对进一步的工作作了展望。     

一种元数据处理的多媒体联邦数据库

当前基于联邦数据库方向的多媒体联邦数据库系统已经取得较大发展。然而，在大多数项目研究中．很少有项目将重点放在元模型的研究上。反过采说，标准数据库系统（关系，对象关系，面向对象）没有定义了一种多媒体和联邦特点的元数据模型。在这篇文章中，提出了一种多媒体联邦数据库的元数据结构的规范。这种规范的鲒构是基于一种新的面向对象的元模型。而这种元模型是支持多媒体类型和联邦元数据的。通过使用这种元模型，联邦多媒体的管理者和用户能够准确的确定出数据是如何构成的．以及操作类型是如何允许实现的。     

ConceptBase — A deductive object base for meta data management

Deductive object bases attempt to combine the advantages of deductive relational databases with those of object-oriented databases. We review modeling and implementation issues encountered during the development of ConceptBase, a prototype deductive object manager supporting the Telos object model. Significant features include: 1) The symmetric treatment of object-oriented, logic-oriented and graph-oriented perspectives, 2) an infinite metaclass hierarchy as a prerequisite for extensibility and schema evolution, 3) a simple yet powerful formal semantics used as the basis for implementation, 4) a client-server architecture supporting collaborative work in a wide-area setting. Several application experiences demonstrate the value of the approach especially in the field of meta data management.     

A pattern-based object calculus

Several object-oriented database management systems have been implemented without an accompanying theoretical foundation for constraint, query specification, and processing. The pattern-based object calculus presented in this article provides such a theoretical foundation for describing and processing objectoriented databases. We view an object-oriented database as a network of interrelated classes (i.e., the intension) and a collection of time-varying object association patterns (i.e., the extension). The object calculus is based on first-order logic. It provides the formalism for interpreting precisely and uniformly the semantics of queries and integrity constraints in object-oriented databases. The power of the object calculus is shown in four aspects. First, associations among objects are expressed explicitly in an object-oriented database. Second, the nonassociation operator is included in the object calculus. Third, set-oriented operations can be performed on both homogeneous and heterogeneous object association patterns. Fourth, our approach does not assume a specific form of database schema. A proposed formalism is also applied to the design of high-level object-oriented query and constraint languages.     

从关系数据库到面向对象数据库的发展概述

该文主要论述了在数据库技术发展的过程中起主导作用的关系数据库的特征及其发展历程,同时阐述了面向对象数据库的特征以及其必然取代关系数据库成为数据库技术发展和研究的新的热点.     

Intelligent databases: Old challenges and new opportunities

The evolution of existing information systems and a new wave of data-intensive applications are creating a strong demand for database-centered programming environments much more sophisticated and intelligent than those supported by current database systems. In this paper, we describe the contributions that deductive databases offer to the evolution of databases and information systems to satisfy said demands. In addition to all database essentials, deductive databases support rule-based logic-oriented languages that allow terse formulations of complete applications, along with reasoning and queries. Thus, they support a rule-based interface that eliminates the impedance mismatch problem (between programming language and query sublanguage) and elevates the design and development of database applications to the level of declarative, knowledge-based specifications. In this paper, we review the evolution of the enabling technology and architectures of deductive database prototypes; then we focus on their applications, as seen by the author through his experience with theLDL/LDL++ project. In particular, the paper describes the languages and the (bottom-up) execution technology used by the first generation of deductive database prototypes. Then the paper discusses how the experience with a first-generation system (LDL) guided the design and implementation of a second-generation prototype (LDL++).     

面向对象的数据库设计中的应用

主要探索一种将面向对象分析应用到数据库系统设计的方法，利用此方法实现一个管理系统，这一方法是把类的整体与部分关系，一般与特殊关系和实例连接应用到数据库设计中，此方法利用了数据库的基本且简单的功能，因而适应性强，可靠性高。     

Supporting production rules using ECA rules in an object-oriented context

This paper presents an approach to implementing production rules for object-oriented databases (OODBs). The approach builds upon earlier work on production rule algorithms for relational databases, and exploits fundamental differences in the structuring mechanisms employed by OODBs. An implementation is described whereby the production rules are mapped onto eventcondition action rules for execution. It is shown how the resulting implementation has minimal space overheads, and a time performance close to that of the widely used TREAT algorithm which uses significantly more space.     

Intelligent SQL

Intelligent SQL is an intelligent database engine interface language which incorporates object-oriented, inferencing, and multi-media constructs. It is intended to be a powerful extension of existing SQL dialects. It also provides querying capabilities for object-oriented databases. Intelligent SQL was prototyped at Ashton-Tate. This paper discusses the main features of Intelligent SQL.     

面向对象数据库系统的代数模型

区别于传统的关系数据库，面向对象的数据库系统需要全新的理论及方法上的基础。我们希望能够并面向对象的数据库系统与软件工程中的形式化方法，尤其是抽象数据类型、系统的代数规范等结合起来。类似于代数数据类型理论，本文提出了对象、对象类型及抽象对象类型的代数模型。     

Overview of emerging database architectures

A database system is a miniworld data repository representing some aspects of the real world. In a database system, information is well organized and has some inherent meaning. In recent years, the emergence of new types of computer applications, such as multimedia and computer-added manufacturing, have resulted in demands to manage complex data types that are beyond the capabilities of existing relational databases. At the same time, new developments in network technologies, artificial intelligence, semantic modeling, and object-oriented programming have inspired research in database topics such as distributed, deductive, object-oriented, active, and deductive and object-oriented databases (DOOD). Essentially, the most promising new database technologies combine the merits of different kinds of database architectures. Starting with the relational database architecture, this paper will review the emerging database technologies, and thereby, provide insight into current and future directions in database technologies.     

A logic programming framework for modeling temporal objects

We present a general approach for modeling temporal aspects of objects in a logic programming framework. Change is formulated in the context of a database which stores explicitly a record of all changes that have occurred to objects and thus (implicitly) all states of objects in the database. A snapshot of the database at any given time is an object-oriented database, in the sense that it supports an object-based data model. An object is viewed as a collection of simple atomic formulas, with support for an explicit notion of object identity, classes and inheritance. The event calculus is a treatment of time and change in first-order classical logic augmented with negation as failure. The paper develops a variant of the event calculus for representing changes to objects, including change in internal state of objects, creation and deletion of objects, and mutation of objects over time. The concluding sections present two natural and straightforward extensions, to deal with versioning of objects and schema evolution, and a sketch of implementation strategies for practical application to temporal object-oriented databases     

Extending Datalog with Declarative Updates

The semantics of static deductive databases is well understood based on the work in logic programming. In the past decade, various methods to incorporate update constructs into logic programming and deductive databases have been proposed. However, there is still no consensus about the appropriate treatment of dynamic behavior in deductive databases. In this paper, we propose a language called DatalogU, which is a minimal but powerful extension of Datalog with updates to base relations. DatalogU allows the user to program set-oriented complex database transactions with concurrent, disjunctive and sequential update operations in a simple and direct way. It has a simple and intuitive declarative semantics that naturally accounts for set-oriented updates in deductive databases.     

The CCUBE Constraint Object-Oriented Database System

Constraints provide a flexible and uniform way to represent diverse data capturing spatio-temporal behavior, complex modeling requirements, partial and incomplete information etc, and have been used in a wide variety of application domains. Constraint databases have recently emerged to deeply integrate data captured by constraints in databases. This paper reports on the development of the first constraint object-oriented database system, CCUBE, and describes its specification, design and implementation. The CCUBE system is designed to be used for the implementation and optimization of high-level constraint object-oriented query languages as well as for directly building software systems requiring extensible use of constraint database features. The CCUBE data manipulation language, Constraint Comprehension Calculus, is an integration of a constraint calculus for extensible constraint domains within monoid comprehensions, which serve as an optimization-level language for object-oriented queries. The data model for the constraint calculus is based on constraint spatio-temporal (CST) objects that may hold spatial, temporal or constraint data, conceptually represented by constraints. New CST objects are constructed, manipulated and queried by means of the constraint calculus. The model for the monoid comprehensions, in turn, is based on the notion of monoids, which is a generalization of collection and aggregation types. The focal point of our work is achieving the right balance between the expressiveness, complexity and representation usefulness, without which the practical use of the system would not be possible. To that end, CCUBE constraint calculus guarantees polynomial time data complexity, and, furthermore, is tightly integrated with the monoid comprehensions to allow deeply interleaved global optimization.     

Object data MODEL = object-oriented + semantic models

The term ‘object-oriented database’ has been used to refer to different characteristics and mechanisms supported by semantic databases and (behaviorally) object-oriented ones. While this indicates the current confusion due to the lack of a common model, it also suggests the potential desirability of combining these two kinds of modeling facilities into the same nutshell. This paper summarizes from these two paradigms the features common to both, the features influenced/adopted by each other, and the features which are presented in one paradigm but missing from the other. After a brief analysis and discussion of these features, we conclude this paper by proposing our major theme: a complete object data model should take the union of the facilities offered by these two kinds of models.     

A Hybrid Fragmentation Approach for Distributed Deductive Database Systems

Fragmentation of base relations in distributed database management systems increases the level of concurrency and therefore system throughput for query processing. Algorithms for horizontal and vertical fragmentation of relations in relational, object-oriented and deductive databases exist; however, hybrid fragmentation techniques based on variable bindings appearing in user queries and query-access-rule dependency are lacking for deductive database systems. In this paper, we propose a hybrid fragmentation approach for distributed deductive database systems. Our approach first considers the horizontal partition of base relations according to the bindings imposed on user queries, and then generates vertical fragments of the horizontally partitioned relations and clusters rules using affinity of attributes and access frequency of queries and rules. The proposed fragmentation technique facilitates the design of distributed deductive database systems. Received 4 August 1999 / Revised 30 March 2000 / Accepted in revised form 6 October 2000     

基于IEC61970的电力系统仿真数据库研究

随着电力系统的发展和软件工程技术的革命，电力系统仿真软件的更新和发展越来越快，这就对支撑仿真软件的仿真数据库提出了更高的要求。而现行开发的仿真数据库大多采用关系数据库系统，不能很好地满足面向对象编程的需要。该文利用ORACLE8i中先进的面向对象特性，提出了一种对象-关系型仿真数据库，能较好地满足面向对象编程的需要，具有良好的可扩充性和可维护性。同时，为了便于仿真软件之间或仿真软件与其它电力系统软件间的数据交换和共享，该文又利用了1EC61970标准中的电力系统资源公用信息模型(CIM)对电力系统器件进行建模，从而为仿真软件间的集成提供了平台。总之，该文提出了一种支持多种仿真软件集成的对象-关系型电力系统仿真数据库。     

Modeling and Management of Fuzzy Information in Multimedia Database Applications

In this paper, we firstly present a conceptual data model for multimedia database applications based on ExIFO₂ model. The ExIFO₂ data model is chosen as the conceptual model since it handles complex objects along with their uncertain and imprecise properties. We enhanced this conceptual model in order to meet the multimedia data requirements. In addition to uncertain and imprecise information, we present a way of handling relationships among objects of multimedia database applications. Events that might be extracted from video or audio are also considered in this study. Secondly, the conceptual model is mapped to a logical model, which the fuzzy object-oriented data (FOOD) model is chosen, for storing and manipulating the multimedia objects. This mapping is done in a way that it preserves most of the information represented at the conceptual level. Finally, in this study videos of football (soccer) games is selected as the multimedia database application to show how we handle crisp and fuzzy querying and retrieval of fuzzy and crisp data from the database. A program has been developed to draw ExIFO₂ schemas and to map the schema to FOOD code automatically.