Surface modification of polypiperazine-amide membrane by self-assembled method for dye wastewater treatment☆

Polypiperazine-amide membranes were modified with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) by self-assembled method, through which PEI molecules were fixed on the membrane surface by ionic interaction. In the experiments, the PEI concentration ranged from 50 to 2000 mg·L?1 while the depositing time was fixed at 20 min. The results showed that low PEI concentration resulted in a slight increase of pure water flux, which was attributed to the enhanced membrane surface hydrophilicity. The PEI adsorption on membrane surface had less effect on the re-jections to neutral PEG and sucrose, but improved the rejections to divalent cationic ions and methylene blue as the result of reversion of the membrane surface charge from negative to positive according to the XPS analysis and zeta potential measurements. The membrane modified at PEI=1500 mg·L?1 exhibited high rejection to methylene blue (MB) and is potential to be applied in the treatment of effluents containing positively charged dyes.     

烧结气氛对对称氧化钛膜微结构及表面性质的影响

The effects of sintering atmosphere on the properties of symmetric TiO2 membranes are studied with regard to sintering behavior, porosity, mean pore size, surface composition, and surface charge properties. The experimental results show that the symmetric TiO2 membranes display better sintering activity in the air than in argon, and the mean pore diameters and porosities of the membrane sintered in argon are higher than those of the membrane sintered in the air at the same temperature. The surface compositions of the symmetric TiO2 membrane sintered in the air and in argon at different temperatures, as studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are discussed in terms of their chemical composition, with particular emphasis on the valence state of the titanium ions. The cor-relation between the valence state of the titanium ions at the surface and the surface charge properties is examined. It is found that the presence of Ti3+, introduced at the surface of the symmetric TiO2 membranes by sintering in a lower partial pressure of oxygen, is related to a significant decrease in the isoelectric point. TiO2 with Ti4+ at the interface has an isoelectric point of 5.1, but the non-stoichiometric TiO2-x with Ti3+ at the interface has a lower isoelectric point of 3.6.     

Coagulation behavior of polyaluminum chloride:Effects of pH and coagulant dosage☆

Coagulation mechanisms of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) at various dosages were studied using a conventional jar test at different final and initial pH values during treating kaolin suspension. The optimal final pH and dosages for PACl were obtained based on residual turbidity and zeta potential of flocs. The coagulation zones at various PACl dosages and solution pH values were developed and compared with those of alum. It is found that the optimal mechanism under acidic condition is charge neutralization, while alkaline condition wil facilitate the coagulation of PACl. Both charge neutralization coagulation and sweep coagulation can achieve high coagulation efficiency under the alkaline condition ranging from final pH 7.0 to 10.0. Stabilization, charge neutralization destabilization, restabilization and sweep zones occur successively with increasing PACl dosages with the final pH values fixed at 7.0 and 8.0, but restabilization zone disappears at final pH 10.0. When the final pH is not controlled and consequently decreases with increasing PACl dosage, no typical sweep zone can be observed and the coagulant efficiency decreases at high PACl dosage. It seems that the final pH is more meaningful than the initial pH for coagulation. Charge neutralization coagulation efficiency is dominated by zeta potential of flocs and PACl precipitates. The charge neutralization and sweep coagulation zones of PACl are broader in the ranges of coagulant dosage and pH than those of alum. The results are helpful for us to treat water and wastewa-ter using PACl and to understand the coagulation process of PACl.     

A CYCLING PERFORMANCE MODEL FOR THE ZINC/FERRICYANIDE BATTERY

A model is presented for the charge and discharge cyele of a zine-redox battery, based on the available steady-state cell performance model. The cycling model makes use of a quasi-steady-state assumption and includes the effects of crystallization and membrane water transport on the volume of electrolyte during a cycle, as well as variable IR-drop due to conductivity changes. Performance predictions of this model are compared with selected experimental charge/discharge data. Small adjustments to the equilibrium cell potential and cell resistance are made to make the model suitable for design optimization.     

电化学界面处离子分布、静电势和ξ势的研究

Density functional theory is applied to predicting the structures and electrostatic potentials of planar electrochemical surfaces within the framework of the restricted primitive model where small ions are represented by charged hard spheres of equal diameter and the solvent is assumed to be a continuous dielectric medium. The hard-sphere contribution to the excess Helmholtz energy functional is evaluated using the modified fundamentalmeasure theory and the electrostatic contribution is obtained from the quadratic functional Taylor expansion using the second-order direct correlation function from the mean-spherical approximation. Numerical results for the ionic density profiles and the mean electrostatic potentials near a planar surface of various charge densities are in excellent agreement with molecular simulations. In contrast to the modified Gouy-Chapman theory, the present density functional theory correctly predicts the second layer formation and charge inversion of charged surfaces as observed in simulations and in experiments. The theory has also been tested with the zeta potentials of positively charged polystyrene particles in aqueous solutions of KBr. Good agreement is achieved between the calculated and experimental results.     

离子在电解质溶液-荷电膜界面的分配平衡

Ionic partition equilibrium in charged membrane immersed in solution of single electrolyte with monovalence or multi-valence is systematically investigated and several expressions are established for determination of partition coefficients. On this basis, the effects of the ratio of membrane charge density to hulk electrolyte solution concentration, the charge sign and valence of electrolyte ions and the type of membrane on the partition equilibrium were analyzed and simulated with in chosen parameters. It is revealed that ion partition is not related solely withthe respective concentrations but also definitely with the concentration ratio of fixed group to bulk solution in addition to the charge sign and the valence. For a counterion, the partition coefficient increases with this ratio and the valence; while for a coion, the partition coefficient decreases with this ratio and the valence. The theoreticalcal culations were compared with the experimental data and a good agreement was observed.     

密度泛函理论在非极性纯流体表面性质研究中的应用

The density functional theory, simplified by the local density approximation and mean-field approximation, is applied to study the surface properties of pure non-polar fluids. A reasonable long rang correction is adopted to avoid the truncation of the potential. The perturbation theory is applied to establish the equation for the phase equilibrium, in which the hard-core chain fluid is as the reference fluid and the Yukawa potential is used as the perturbation term. Three parameters, elk, d and ms, are regressed from the vapor-liquid equilibria, and the surface properties, including density profile, surface tension and local surface tension profile are predicted with these parameters.     

Influence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+on filterability and settleability of drilling sludge

Solid–liquid separation is a vital step in drilling sludge disposal, and the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge are the main evaluating indicators for the separation process. The influence of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) on drilling sludge filterability and settleability was investigated in our research. The water content,filtration rate, supernatant volume and supernatant turbidity were measured to evaluate the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge. Meanwhile, the zeta potential, specific surface area of sludge flocs, particle size distribution and Fourier-transformed infrared spectra were employed to clarify the influencing mechanism.The experimental results showed that the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge were related to concentration and types of cations. Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) performed better than Na~+, K~+, and the cations with smaller hydrated radius got superior solid–liquid separation behavior at same valence. Finally, the spectra indicated that no chemical adsorption occurred between inorganic cations and drilling sludge flocs. The variation of surface charge and flocs growth after adding different inorganic cations were the reasons for the changes of the filterability and settleability.     

压力驱动微流道内流动电势及壁面滑移效应

This study investigated the streaming potential and wall slip effects on pressure-driven liquid flow in hydrophobic microchannels.The Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electrical double layer(EDL)and Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible viscous fluid were established.For those microchannels with high wall zeta potential, the traditional Debye-H點kel linear approximation for solving the potential distributions of EDL would produce big error, therefore, analytical expression for potential distributions and Navier slip boundary condition were introduced to solve the N-S equation analytically, then analytical solution of streaming potential could be obtained by using the electrical current balancing condition.The influences of electrokinetic parameter(K), wall zeta potential and slip coefficient on streaming potential and velocity distributions were discussed in detail.The results showed that streaming potential decreased with increasing electrokinetic parameter, while increased significantly with increasing slip coefficient.It also tended to reach a maximum value at a certain zeta potential and then decreased rapidly with increasing zeta potential.Streaming potential and wall slip both affected fluid flow in microchannels, the former retained the development of liquid flow, but the latter accelerated flow velocity.Wall slip effect played a major role at lower zeta potentials, that is, flow velocity increased at lower zeta potentials when the combined effects of streaming potential and hydrodynamic slippage appeared in microchannels.Wall slip velocity gradually reduced to zero at higher zeta potential, then wall slip effect on pressure-driven flow in microchannels could be ignored.     

气体透过碳膜的非平衡动力学模拟研究

The permeation of various pure gas （H2, He, Ne, CH4 and At） through carbon membranes is investigated using a dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics method. A two-dimensional slit pore is employed instead of the one-dimensional pore. Compared with the experiments, simulation results show that the improvement of pore model is very necessary. The effects of membrane thickness, pore width and temperature on gas permeance and ideal separation factor are also discussed. Results show that gas permeates through membrane according to Knudsen diffusion in large pore, while Knudsen diffusion is accompanied by molecular sieving in small pore. Moreover, methane is easily adsorbed on the membrane surface due to strong attractive interactions of membrane and shows higher permeance than that of Knudsen flow. In addition, it is noted that when membrane thickness is thin enough the permeance of gas does not decrease with the increase of membrane thickness due to the strong adsorption until membrane resistance becomes dominant.     

膜形态、膜污染和浓差极化对流动电位的影响

引　言膜与水溶液接触后 ,由于自身所具有的固定荷电基团的静电吸附或膜表面ｖａｎｄｅｒＷａａｌｓ力对溶液中某些反离子的不等量吸附作用 ,使被吸附的离子紧贴在固体表面 ,形成一个固定的吸附层 ,叫Ｓｔｅｒｎ层 ,同时从Ｓｔｅｒｎ层到液体内部又形成了扩散层 ,带电膜的表面与电解质溶液相对移动时在Ｓｔｅｒｎ层和扩散层之间形成一个剪切面 ,剪切面与溶液体相的电位差即 ζ电位 ,其大小与膜表面吸附离子的性质与数量有关 ,反映出膜表面荷电性能 .多年来 ,许多关于膜荷电性能的研究工作表明膜表面的荷电会影响膜的通量和对溶液中带电微粒…     

纳滤膜流动电位及Zeta电位的研究

应用自主研发的测试装置对荷电纳滤膜的荷电性能进行了研究。根据流动电位的测试原理,以不同浓度、不同成分的盐溶液为荷电纳滤膜表面流动电位的测量介质,研究了不同浓度、不同的压力条件下对纳滤膜表面流动电位及Zeta电位测量的影响。     

流动电位和通量法表征中空纤维超滤膜的污染程度及清洗效果

用流动电位和通量法表征PS中空纤维膜，研究离子强度、离子种类及pH值对膜的流动电位和通量的影响，同时测量了膜的等电点，结果表明流动电位系数（v）随浓度的增大而减小，等电点随电解质中阳离子价态增大而升高.对0.001mol/L的CuCl2，FeCl3和AlCl3溶液，在pH=6.8时的污染实验，发现污染后流动电位和通量值都有所下降，等电点则有所上升，且通量下降到一定值以后几乎不再下降，经过有效清洗后，流动电位和膜通量恢复到了原来的99%以上，这表明污染只发生在膜表面.     

聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）络合一超滤处理水中Cu舢过程中的膜污染

该文依据膜流动电位及zeta电位的测定原理设计了一套试验装置,可对中空纤维膜的流动电位进行测定。通过该装置研究了聚偏氟乙烯（PvDF）中空纤维超滤膜的动电现象在聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）络合一超滤处理水中Cu^2＋过程中的作用及规律,以此分析膜污染发生的过程与机理,为如何减轻和清洗超滤膜污染提供了依据。     

Electrochemical and electrokinetic characterization of cellulose acetate polymeric membranes

The electrochemical and electrokinetic aspects of cellulose acetate membranes of varying pore structure and desalting abilities have been investigated. The electrochemical studies included measurement of conductance and membrane potential for various membrane electrolyte systems. The electrokinetic characterization was made from streaming potential measurements. The data obtained are explained in terms of interfacial double layer phenomena prevalent in porous permselective barrier systems. The average pore diameter evaluated independently is also presented and an attempt has been made to understand the solute–water transport in terms of weak ionic character of membrane surface.     

Electrokinetic characterization of the Al2O3 ceramic MF membrane by streaming potential measurements

The alumina microfiltration(MF) membrane was modified with nanocrystalline TiO₂ in the pore wall. The electrokinetic properties of unmodified and modified alumina membranes were characterized by streaming potential measurements during tangential filtration at various conditions of pH, ionic concentration and ionic species in solutions. The modified membrane reveals a more acidic characteristic. The influence of pH value on the streaming potential of both membranes is explained by the shifting of the proton equilibrium that occurs at the surface of the membrane. The modification of the alumina membrane with TiO₂ leads to the decrease of its isoelectric point (IEP) from 6.1 to 4.0 when filtered with NaCl solution. The ionic concentration and electrolyte species also have influence on the streaming potential of both membranes. The reversal of the streaming potential sign and the change of the isoelectric point of the membrane when filtered with CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ solutions show specific adsorption of Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2- ions onto the surface.     

不同电解质溶液及其离子浓度和pH值对改性微滤膜流动电势的影响(英文)

采用商品级α-Al2O3微滤膜.由均质共沉淀法制备了TiO2改性α-Al2O3微滤膜.研究了不同的电解质溶液、溶液的离子浓度和pH值对TiO2 改性的α-Al2O3微滤膜流动电势的影响规律.结果表明:对于NaCl溶液,膜流动电势随溶液离子浓度的增大向降低,其等电点在4.3左右:随着溶液的pH值由3增加到10.膜流动电势由值逐渐变为负值.而对于FeSO4,CaSO4,Na2SO4,NaCl和CaCl2溶液,当溶液的离子浓度固定时,膜流动 电势则随溶液的电导率的增加而降低.     

An experimental investigation of streaming potentials through homogeneous ion-exchange membranes

Streaming potentials through homogeneous ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) were studied with several anion-exchange membranes prepared in our laboratory. Discussions are mainly concentrated on the effects of the chemistry, concentration and pH of the outer solution as well as the thickness and ion-exchange capacity of the IEMs. Results show that except for the membrane thickness hardly affecting the streaming potential coefficient, the remaining factors influence it more or less. The difference of the streaming potential coefficient for different electrolyte solutions with equal concentrations is due to different mobilities of the cations or anions of those electrolytes; the pH of outer solution only alters the magnitude of the streaming potential coefficient, but has no influence on its sign; and the streaming potential coefficient increases with increasing IEC and with decreasing concentration of the outer solution. The desalination rate of the IEMs can be also roughly estimated by the difference of the electrical potential in two opposite pressure directions including the pressure-increase direction (+) and the pressure-reduced direction (−).     

Influence of Surface Roughness on Streaming Potential Method

Zeta potential itself has become a very important parameter for the characterization of all kinds of filter media. To those actually involved in zeta potential measurement it is obvious to not compare quantitative numbers received by different measurement principles, since the location of the shear plane might differ between measurement principles, and measurement devices even. Additional to this well known issue, it is not always possible to condone measurements within the boundary conditions of the theory behind zeta potential measurement. The sample itself might influence measurement, for example by swelling. If one wants to determine the zeta potential of filter media using the streaming potential method, he will find himself confronted with the surface structure of the media, and its influence on flow within the measurement zone. This work is dealing with the influence of surface roughness on the flow field within a measurement cell used for streaming potential measurement and its effect on the determined values of zeta potential for polyester plates and polyester multifilament fabrics.     

ZrO_2/堇青石微滤膜表面荷电性能及其对膜通量的影响(英文)

采用挤压成型和流铸法制备了ZrO2/堇青石微滤膜,并通过错流方式下的流动电势测量对所制备微滤膜的表面荷电性能进行了表征.研究了过滤介质溶液的pH值、电解质种类和浓度等对膜的表面荷电性能和渗透通量的影响.结果表明:膜流动电势大小取决于过滤溶液的pH值、电解质种类和浓度.溶液浓度为10-3 mol/L时,膜等电点随着电解质种类改变而在4.2和5.4之间变化.膜的流动电势随NaCl溶液浓度提高而逐渐减小,但等电点不变;而CaCl2和Na2SO4溶液中的Ca2+和SO42-/在膜孔表面存在特定吸附,导致膜的等电点和表面净电荷符号改变.制备的ZrO2/堇青石微滤膜在等电点附近出现最大离子溶液过滤通量.