Microstructural modifications in an explosively welded Ti/Ti clad material: II. Deformation structures around bonding interface

The residual deformation structures around the bonding interface in an explosively welded Ti/Ti clad material have been studied by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microstructures around the bonding interface in the clad material welded at flyer plate speed of 420 m/s were consistent with the deformation structures of pure titanium under conventional quasistatic deformation around ambient temperature, except for the development of c + a dislocations just near the bonding interface and the presence of {10-13} twinning. The latter has been newly observed in pure titanium. The deformation modes within 50 μm from the bonding interface in system IV were essentially the same as those in pure titanium under conventional quasistatic deformation at elevated temperatures. The {13-41} twinning has been newly confirmed experimentally and was defined as an active twinning mode under high strain rate and/or at elevated temperatures. The microstructural aspects of adiabatic shear band (ASB) were also described. H. MINATO, formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Resource Engineering, Kumamoto University.     

钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术研究进展

通过爆炸焊接技术制备的钛/铝复合板可兼具钛合金耐腐蚀性和铝合金低成本的优点。对钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接技术的研究进展进行介绍,论述了炸药种类、质量比R、基覆板间距及爆炸焊接窗口等主要工艺参数对钛/铝复合板组织和性能的影响;分析了影响钛/铝复合板结合界面的主要因素——金属间化合物种类、扩散层和界面波形;对钛/铝复合板硬度、抗剪切强度、抗拉强度及拉伸断口的研究进行了汇总分析。最后,指出了钛/铝复合板爆炸焊接工艺研究的重点发展方向。     

相控阵技术在爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板检测中的应用

国内某化工项目使用爆炸焊接钛/钢复合板,除了对结合性能有高于标准要求的指标外,对界面结合的均匀性也提出要求.目前,对界面结合均匀性的判定采用常规的超声脉冲回波法难以实现,采用常规超声C扫检测速度较慢,无法满足大批量的生产进度要求.国内首次将相控阵技术应用到爆炸焊接层状金属复合板产品检测和验收中.相控阵检测通过电子扫查技...     

Interface-correlated Characteristics of Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Plate Fabricated by AAWIV and Hot Rolling

Stainless steel （S S）/carbon steel （C S） clad plates were generated by means of the all-around weld of interface and vacuuming （AAWIV） followed by hot rolling, wherein AAWIV was utilized for controlling the interface oxidation during hot rolling. The structure near the interface was analyzed by optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron mi- croscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The mechanical properties of SS/CS clad plates were investigated by tensile and shear as well as bend tests. The SS/CS interface is relatively flat and no visible separation appears. Line scanning analysis shows that diffusion of Cr and Ni from SS to CS and C from CS to SS occurred during bonding. Higher dislocation densities are observed in both layers of parent plates adhering to the interface. The SS/ CS clad plates reveal higher yield, tensile and shear strengths. Both macroscopic delamination at the interface and fracture of base CS as well as intergranular fracture appearance of flyer plate are observed in the tensile test. The shear specimen fails in a ductile manner and the bend specimen tested shows no visible crack at the interface. Taking both interracial structure and mechanical properties into account, the SS/CS clad plates exhibit sound bonding by the process of AAWIV and hot rolling.     

Structure and Properties of Explosive Clad HSLA Steel with Titanium

The present work pertains to the study of microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively clad high strength low alloy steel with commercially pure titanium. The clad interface was characterized by metallography, hardness, shear bond strength and bend tests. The present study revealed that the clad interface was wavy in nature. Shear bond strength of clad interface was in between substrate and clad material. The three point bend tests were conducted on clad joint in such a way that cladding layer was subjected to tension and compression which have not shown any cracks at the interface. The mechanism and reasons for the observed behaviour have been discussed correlating microstructure, mechanical properties, fracture features and diffusion across the interface.     

爆炸焊接装药方式对钛/钢复合板组织及性能的影响

分别采用等厚度装药及分段装药两种不同的装药方式制备了钛/钢复合板,研究了金属复合板在爆炸焊接过程中爆炸压力分布及覆层金属变形规律,并对所制备的Gr1/Gr70爆炸复合板结合界面的微观组织特征和力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,采用分段装药工艺所制备的大面积钛/钢复合板界面无分层、夹杂等缺陷,且各项力学性能均符合ASTM B898—2005标准,能够满足装备的使用要求。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electroslag Strip and Explosively Clad Low Alloy Steel: Stainless Steel Joints

The surface properties such as wear, corrosion, oxidation resistance etc., can be improved by using suitable cladding technique. The most commonly used cladding material is stainless steel for cladding on carbon and low alloy steel base materials. Mechanical properties are considered important for satisfactory performance of clad joints used in several defence applications. In this work, cladding of a high strength low alloy steel with stainless steel was carried out using explosive cladding and electroslag strip cladding processes. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure of clad materials was evaluated. The bond interface in explosively clad material shows a wavy interface compared to strip clad interface. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that inter-diffusion of elements was significant in strip clad joints and insignificant in explosively clad joints. Shear strength, notch tensile strength and impact toughness of explosive clad joints are much superior compared to those in strip clad joints.     

Dynamic compaction of titanium aluminides by explosively generated shock waves: Experimental and materials systems

Different approaches to compact cylinders of titanium aluminide powders by explosively generated shock waves were explored. Two basic compositions of the titanium aluminide powders produced by the rapid solidification rate (RSR) technique were used: Ti-21 wt pct Nb-14 wt pct Al and Ti-30.9 wt pct Al-14.2 wt pct Nb. A double-tube design utilizing a flyer tube was used in all experiments. Experimental parameters that were varied were initial temperature, explosive quantity, and explosive detonation velocity. The major problem encountered with shock consolidation of titanium aluminides was cracking. Titanium aluminide powders were also mechanically blended with niobium powders in one case and elemental mixtures of aluminum and titanium powders in the other case. Enhanced bonding and decreased cracking were observed in both cases. In the former case, the addition of niobium powder provided a ductile binder medium which assisted in consolidation. In the latter case, due to the additional heat generated and melting produced by the shock-induced reactions between Ti and Al, significant improvements in bonding of the titanium aluminide powders were observed.     

高应变速率下钛-钢复合板界面组织特征及变形机制

在高应变速率下,钛-钢复合板不同材料以不同的变形机制协调变形,结合界面起到至关重要的作用.本文分析研究了高应变速率下钛-钢复合板的界面组织特征和变形机制.结果表明:在钢侧,随着应变速率的提高,小角度(3°~10°)晶界含量增多,织构组分{112}〈241〉逐渐演变为织构{665}〈386〉和{111}〈110〉.在钛侧,随着应变速率的提高,出现了明显的形变孪晶组织,三种形变孪晶如{1121}〈1100〉拉伸孪晶、{1122}〈1123〉压缩孪晶和{1012}〈1011〉拉伸孪晶产生的难易程度不一样,变形机制由常规的"孪生变形为主"转变为"位错滑移与孪生变形共存"的复合变形模式.在结合界面处,随着应变速率的提高,需要适应由两侧产生的不同变形抗力,才能够实现连续变形而不致使材料发生破坏,其主要的协调机制依靠结合界面及附近晶粒的滑移实现变形.      

真空热轧Q345B碳钢-304不锈钢复合板界面Cr、Ni扩散行为研究

研究了 60 mm Q345B碳钢/10 mm 304不锈钢复合板坯在1 200℃仅加热不轧制及进行2倍压缩比轧制后30 mm Q345/5 mm 304复合界面Cr、Ni的扩散行为.试验结果表明,加热过程中,界面是否贴合并未影响扩散的进行,真空状态下不锈钢侧Cr、Ni发生蒸发逸出不锈钢并向碳钢侧发生了扩散,Cr扩散距...     

Microstructural and Phase Composition Differences Across the Interfaces in Al/Ti/Al Explosively Welded Clads

The microstructure and phase composition of Al/Ti/Al interfaces with respect to their localization were investigated. An aluminum-flyer plate exhibited finer grains located close to the upper interface than those present within the aluminum-base plate. The same tendency, but with a higher number of twins, was observed for titanium. Good quality bonding with a wavy shape and four intermetallic phases, namely, TiAl₃, TiAl, TiAl₂, and Ti₃Al, was only obtained at the interface closer to the explosive material. The other interface was planar with three intermetallic compounds, excluding the metastable TiAl₂ phase. As a result of a 100-hour annealing at 903 K (630 °C), an Al/TiAl₃/Ti/TiAl₃/Al sandwich was manufactured, formed with single crystalline Al layers. A substantial difference between the intermetallic layer thicknesses was measured, with 235.3 and 167.4 µm obtained for the layers corresponding to the upper and lower interfaces, respectively. An examination by transmission electron microscopy of a thin foil taken from the interface area after a 1-hour annealing at 825 K (552 °C) showed a mixture of randomly located TiAl₃ grains within the aluminum. Finally, the hardness results were correlated with the microstructural changes across the samples.

     

真空热轧法制备不锈钢复合板组织和力学性能

 为了研究轧制温度对复合板界面结合强度的影响,采用真空热轧法制备了不锈钢复合板,利用OM、EPMA观察分析了不锈钢复合板界面组织和合金元素扩散。结果表明,碳钢中碳、铁元素向不锈钢扩散,不锈钢中铬、镍等元素向碳钢扩散,界面处出现Si-Mn-O三元化合物,合金元素扩散随轧制温度的升高而趋于严重。远离界面碳钢的组织为铁素体和珠光体组织,靠近界面碳钢的组织为铁素体组织。碳钢至界面处硬度先减小后升高,界面至不锈钢内部硬度先升高后下降,距界面约40 μm碳钢侧的维氏硬度值最低约为121.8HV,距界面约20 μm不锈钢侧的维氏硬度值最高约为245.5HV。从1 100到1 300 ℃,剪切强度随轧制温度的升高而升高,1 300 ℃轧制获得的界面剪切强度为463 MPa,远远超过基体的剪切强度。     

轧制复合厚钢板的界面组织及力学性能

摘要：以Q345钢为原料，采用组坯抽真空热轧复合的方法制备了55mm的厚板，利用OM和SEM观察界面微观组织，结果表明，基体和复合界面组织均为珠光体+铁素体，再结晶细化晶粒效果显著。随累计压下率的增加，界面缺陷减少，界面结合强度提高，当累计压下率达到66.0%时，界面剪切强度达到321MPa，Z向抗拉强度达到520MPa，断后伸长率最高达到39.5%，满足GB/T 1591—2008《低合金高强度钢》的要求。但复合界面经强酸深度腐蚀后，即使经多道次轧制变形，其仍然存在被强酸腐蚀的痕迹；同时，冲击试验结果表明，复合界面的冲击功低于母材的冲击功。     

The diffusion bonding of Zr-2.5 pct Nb to steel

The diffusion bonding of zirconium-2.5 pct niobium to carbon steel with an interlayer of platinum has been investigated. Bonds were produced by heating samples in a furnace under compressive loading. Metallography of the bonds revealed that at both the Fe-Pt and the Pt-Zr/Nb interfaces, interdiffusion and the formation of thin bands of intermetallic phases occurred during bonding. The presence of FePt₃ was detected at the former interface and several intermetallics including Pt₃Zr at the latter. In both cases, intermetallic compound formation resulted in an increase in microhardness in the bond region; this was particularly severe at the Pt-Zr/Nb interface where cracking was observed to occur during, metallographic sample preparation. Bonding at temperatures above 1150 °C caused eutectic melting at the Pt-Zr/Nb interface.     

4不锈钢-碳钢复合板多道次小变形轧制温度场的数值模拟

基于弹塑性热力耦合有限元法研究了72mm Q235钢基板和14mm 304不锈钢复板11道次变形至12mm复合板的热轧过程,并应用有限元MARC软件二次开发技术建立了温度场模型。模拟结果表明,变形区内,复合板表面温度持续下降,界面温度略有升高;变形区外,表面温度有所回升;随轧制过程进行,轧件高度方向温度梯度逐渐减小;界面处温度呈“S”形,变形区温度变化显著,且随轧制速度提高,升温明显。     

真空制坯热轧钛/钢复合板工艺及性能

钛/钢复合板的需求量日益增多，真空制坯热轧复合法（VRC）是制备高性能钛/钢复合板的有效工艺。介绍了钛/钢复合板制备工艺的国内外现状和工艺特点。依托863重点项目“钛/钢复合板研究与生产技术开发”和十三五重大课题“容器板轧制复合原理与关键技术”，利用真空制坯热轧复合法（VRC）在实验室和钢厂进行了一系列钛/钢复合板的轧制试验，对复合板的界面组织与力学性能进行了分析。实验室制备的钛/钢复合板，界面生成了明显的TiC层，未发现氧化物等杂质，断口有大量韧窝生成，复合界面平均拉剪强度达到了230MPa。钢厂试生产的钛/钢复合板，宽幅达到3500mm，界面生成连续的β- Ti层，拉剪断口未检测到氧化物，拉伸、冲击、弯曲等力学性能均满足国家标准，剪切强度均在196MPa以上，已达国内领先水平。     

不锈钢-碳钢复合板多道次小变形轧制温度场的数值模拟

基于弹塑性热力耦合有限元法研究了72 mm Q235钢基板和14 mm 304不锈钢复板11道次变形至12 mm复合板的热轧过程,并应用有限元MARC软件二次开发技术建立了温度场模型。模拟结果表明,变形区内,复合板表面温度持续下降,界面温度略有升高;变形区外,表面温度有所回升;随轧制过程进行,轧件高度方向温度梯度逐渐减小;界面处温度呈“S”形,变形区温度变化显著,且随轧制速度提高,升温明显。     

非对称热轧单面不锈钢-碳钢复合板生产工艺研究

釆用“电子束真空焊接制坯+热轧”的工艺在钢厂热连轧生产线上进行了“316L不锈钢+Q345C碳 钢”的单面不锈钢复合板热轧生产。采用非对称制坯及异步轧制的手段生产出了高品质单面不锈钢复合板,所生 产的不锈钢复合板界面剪切强度大于320 MPa、屈服强度大于370 MPa、抗拉强度大于520 MPa、断后伸长率大于 30%,各项指标均达到GB/T8165-2008的要求。不锈钢层和碳钢层结合度良好,复合界面平直,无明显缺陷,不锈 钢与碳钢之间实现了良好的冶金结合,结合率达100% 。     

钛钢复合板的组织与结合界面研究

进行了TA1/Q235的累积叠轧焊试验,研究了TA1/Q235复合板结合界面组织和Ti,Fe元素的扩散情况.研究结果表明:在实际轧制中要严格控制夹杂的含量,并要采用低温大变形加工、低温累积叠轧的钢-钢结合完全接近基体组织,TA1/Q235的结合机制为裂口结合机制,Ti元素比Fe元素扩散强烈.