涡轮平面叶栅变几何试验研究

通过建立变几何平面叶栅试验台,测量了平面叶栅在不同安装角下的叶片表面静压分布、出口总压分布和出口气流角.详细分析各种气动参数随叶片安装角的变化规律,并将试验测得的叶栅各种损失随转角的变化与3种损失模型的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明:在测量的转角范围内,随着安装角的增大,叶片表面扩压断明显增加,叶栅出口气流角也会随之增大,叶栅总损失不断减小.其中,叶型损失先减小后增大,端部二次流损失和叶顶间隙损失都是减小的.     

高负荷涡轮扇形叶栅变攻角气动试验研究

为了探究不同出口马赫数、进口攻角对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响,本文在进口气流偏离轴向23°的条件下,试验出口马赫数分别为0.7、0.8、0.9,并在出口马赫数为0.8的条件下,攻角分别为0、±7.5°与±15°,对某型涡轮扇形静叶栅进行了吹风试验。试验结果表明:随着出口马赫数的增加,叶片载荷增大,出口总压损失增加,出口气流角减小;随着进口气流攻角从负到正的变化,叶片前缘压力载荷增加,出口气流角增加,总压损失先减小再增大,且攻角为0时,总压损失最小。     

叶片相对高度对涡轮喷嘴叶栅内损失的影响

据《Теплознергетика》2005年6月号报道，大量试验结果表明，叶栅内气流的转折角、槽道的气动力收敛度、叶型的安装角、叶栅的相对高度以及叶型和叶片间槽道的形状对端部损失具有明显的影响。     

向心涡轮可调导向叶栅内流动损失机理的分析

通过对向心涡轮可调导向叶栅三维流场数值模拟,分析在不同叶片安装角下,可调叶片表面静压系数和出口总压损失系数的变化规律。导叶安装角从21°增加到44°,通流面积调节范围为50%～116%设计通流面积。结果表明:叶栅开度减小时,叶片的气动负荷增加,总压损失增加。与设计工况相比,导叶关小15°总压损失增加了1倍多。叶栅端部间隙增加了导向叶栅的流动损失,间隙增加2%,损失增加1.5%,端部损失范围从20%叶高增加到40%叶高。叶栅开度减小,端部损失与叶型损失的变化较小,而间隙损失无论是数量还是占总压损失的比重都明显增加,是非设计工况下总压损失增加的主要原因。     

基于LES的压气机叶栅通道非定常流动结构研究

为了进一步理解压气机叶栅通道内的非定常流动结构,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法研究了来流附面层厚度和稠度变化对叶栅通道内涡系结构及总压损失系数的影响。研究表明：来流附面层增厚将导致端壁处流体的轴向动能降低,使得马蹄涡压力面分支更早地流向相邻叶片吸力面;来流附面层越厚,通道涡在叶栅尾缘沿展向抬升的高度越高,角区分离的范围也越大;叶栅的总压损失随附面层增厚而增加,附面层损失增加显著,二次流损失有所增大;稠度较低时叶栅吸力面表面存在分离,会对通道涡及角区分离产生影响;稠度增大,横向压力梯度减小,叶栅流道的速度分布更均匀,通道涡的强度和尺度减小,角区分离的范围减小;稠度增大使叶表不再分离时,总压损失显著降低,但稠度继续增大会使气流与叶片表面的摩擦损失增加。     

大小叶片扩压叶栅气动性能与流动结构实验研究

针对45°叶型转折角扩压叶栅及增加小叶片后组成的大小叶片叶栅,分别测量了其在设计工况及不同气流攻角下的叶栅气动性能,通过PIV实验获得了对应工况下的叶栅内部流动状态.结果表明：增加小叶片后,叶片压力面至吸力面的压力梯度明显降低,大叶片载荷降低;在设计工况下,叶栅气流落后角仍可参考霍威尔半经验公式进行计算,但偏离设计工况后,该公式存在较大误差;大小叶片叶栅的气流落后角仅在小气流攻角下明显减小,在其余工况下变化不大;不同气流攻角下小叶片对大叶片表面气流流动分离起到约束作用;在设计工况至大气流攻角工况变化过程中,叶栅扩压损失有所降低.     

冲角对不同掠型压气机叶栅扩压因子的影响

对直、前掠、弯掠和后掠叶片组成的压气机叶栅进行了实验研究,结合叶栅出口能量损失分布和叶片表面静压系数的分布及叶片负荷的变化,讨论了冲角变化对不同掠型压气机叶栅扩压因子的影响以及叶栅扩压因子与叶栅能量损失和叶片负荷的相互关系。结果表明,前掠和弯掠叶栅显著改善了叶栅根部的流动．能够有效防止气流减速造成流动分离的可能;这两种叶栅轴向逆压梯度长度和叶片负荷大小的综合作用是其扩压因子在叶片两端部小于直叶栅的原因。     

涡轮叶片气动性能影响因素的实验与数值研究

本文利用实验与数值模拟的方法研究航空发动机涡轮叶栅在改变节距时,其总压损失、出口气流角及叶栅表面静压系数的变化。通过实验和数值计算的结果对比,验证了数值计算的准确性。数值模拟结果显示：相对节距t在0．5—1．0范围内变化,叶栅的总压损失在t=0．9时达最小;叶栅人口攻角从-10°逐渐增加至＋10°时,总压损失呈现递增的趋势;随着相对节距每增加0．1,气流出口角相应增加大约2°;随着叶栅相对节距的增加,附面层增厚、脱离,叶型损失增大。     

汽轮机静叶设计技术的实验研究

在环形叶栅低速风洞上,对超临界600 MW汽轮机高压第8级静叶栅进行了吹风实验。实验结果表明采用后部加载叶型和弯叶片设计可以有效地减少叶型损失和二次流损失;同时变冲角性能得到极大改善,在±10°冲角范围内总流动损失系数变化不超20%,可以肯定该叶片改型设计是成功的。     

轴向掠对涡轮静叶栅气动性能的影响

选用涡轮静叶栅作为原型叶片,通过对原型叶栅改变轴向掠角和掠高,构造不同掠型的叶片,研究轴向掠对涡轮静叶栅气动性能的影响.改型计算的掠角包括前后掠10°和30°,掠高包括10%和30%叶片高度,用CFD数值仿真软件对轴向掠叶栅的气动性能进行模拟.结果表明;与原型叶片比较,静叶栅轴向前掠增大了低能流体在端壁角区的集聚,增加了端壁横向二次流,引起损失增大,而叶展中部的损失减小;静叶栅轴向后掠减小了低能流体在端壁的堆积,减小了端壁二次流,低能流体被卷入到主流区内,减小了端壁损失,而增大了主流区的损失.     

带有冷气掺混的三级透平气动性能数值研究

借助NUMECA数值仿真软件,以某型燃气轮机的三级透平作为计算模型,对其在冷却气体掺混前后的流场进行了数值模拟。考虑到工质物性的影响,采用了变比热高温燃气作为计算工质。同时,针对燃气轮机透平进口的变工况问题,选取不同的透平进口总压值进行数值计算。结果表明,冷却气体的加入使得级损失增大,每列叶片流道出口速度或相对速度减小,下游叶片进口气流角减小;在三级透平冷气掺混时改变进口总压值,每列叶片流道的进口气流角几乎不变,除第三级动叶的激波损失与尾迹损失增大外,其余叶片流道的能量损失变化不明显。     

用CFD研究涡轮静叶栅的二次流损失

利用CFD软件Fluent对大转折角涡轮叶栅三维流场进行了数值模拟。采用静叶栅前移动的圆柱列替代上游动叶,发现圆柱尾迹进入叶栅流道的位置不同,对叶栅总压损失有较大影响。同时,通道内逐渐增大的横向压力梯度对二次涡发展产生了显著的影响,引起沿流向叶栅总压损失的急剧增大,认为叶高的减小会极大提高叶栅的二次流损失。     

Aerodynamic performance of bowed compressor cascades with different camber angles

The effects of a positively bowed blade on the aerodynamic performance of annular compressor cascades with different camber angles were experimentally investigated. The distributions of the exit total pressure loss and secondary flow vectors of the compressor cascades were analyzed. The static pressure was measured by tapping on the cascade surfaces, and the ink-trace flow visualizations were conducted. The results show that the value of the optimum bowed angle and optimum bowed height decrease because of the increased losses at the midspan with the increase of the camber angle. The C-shape static pressure distribution along the radial direction exists on the suction surface of the straight cascade with larger camber angles. When bowed blade is applied, the larger bowed angle and larger bowed height will further enhance the accumulation of the low-energy fluid at the mid-span, thus causing the flow behavior to deteriorate. Under 60° camber angle, flow behavior near the end-wall region of some bowed cascades even deteriorates instead of improving because the blockage of the separated flow near the mid-span keeps the low-energy fluid near the endwalls from moving towards the mid-span region. As a result, a rapid augmentation of the total loss can easily take place under a large bowed angle. __________ Translated from Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2007, 28(2): 170–175 [译自: 推进技术]     

大转折角涡轮静叶栅二次流的数值模拟

对大转折角涡轮静叶栅三维流动进行了数值模拟,并详细分析了叶栅沿流向各截面二次流及叶栅的气动特性.结果表明:由压力面向吸力面运动的二次流强度沿流向逐渐增大,引起吸力面附近的端壁附面层不断壮大且在后部卷起,并导致沿叶高总压损失系数和沿叶高出口气流角的剧烈变化.通过对不同高度的叶栅进行比较发现,叶高的减小会扩大二次流所占叶高区域,从而导致叶栅的二次流损失急剧增加.     

Aerodynamic performance of bowed compressor cascades with different camber angles

The effects of a positively bowed blade on the aerodynamic performance of annular compressor cascades with different camber angles were experimentally investigated. The distributions of the exit total pressure loss and secondary flow vectors of the compressor cascades were analyzed. The static pressure was measured by tapping on the cascade surfaces, and the ink-trace flow visualizations were conducted. The results show that the value of the optimum bowed angle and optimum bowed height decrease because of the increased losses at the mid-span with the increase of the camber angle. The C-shape static pressure distribution along the radial direction exists on the suction surface of the straight cascade with larger camber angles. When bowed blade is applied, the larger bowed angle and larger bowed height will further enhance the accumulation of the low-energy fluid at the mid-span, thus causing the flow behavior to deteriorate. Under 60° camber angle, flow behavior near the end-wall region of some bowed cascades even deteriorates instead of improving because the blockage of the separated flow near the mid-span keeps the low-energy fluid near the end-walls from moving towards the mid-span region. As a result, a rapid augmentation of the total loss can easily take place under a large bowed angle.     

Factors affecting small axial cooling fan performance

Many factors such as outer diameter,hub ratio,blade numbers,shape and stagger angle affect the performance of small cooling fans.A small cooling fan was simulated using CFD software for three blade stagger angles (30.5°,37.5°,44.5°)and obtained the internal flow field and the static characteristics.Research indicated that the stagger angle has an obvious effect on the static characteristics of a fan.For flow rates below 0.0104 m3/s,total pressure is the greatest when the stagger angle is 37.5°;flow rates higher than 0.0104 m3/s,the total pressure is greatest when the stagger angle is 44.5° For the same flow rates,the velocity at inlet of pressure surface increases with increasing stagger angle,but the change of velocity on the suction surface is very small.For one model,vortices and the speed of revolution surfaces decrease with tip clearance increasing.But for other three models,increasing the stagger angle,the vortex intensity and speed of revolution surfaces at same height tip clearance increases,simultaneously,the position of vortex offset from the top of the rotor blade to the suction surface.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of circularly lobed ejector with bend mixers

The vent pipe for a turbo shaft engine may be required to have a lobed nozzle installed and to bend for the purpose of infrared stealth. The experimental setup was a circular 12‐lobed nozzle with bend mixers to study the effects on the pumping performance of the lobed bend mixer parameters. The experimental results show that the pumping ratio of the secondary mass flow to the primary mass flow for a mixer bend angle equal to 40^° is the same as that for the same lobed nozzle with the same diameter cylindrical mixer that was used in the author's previous papers. There is a great decrease of the pumping ratio for a mixer bend angle larger than 40^°. The higher the bend angles, the lower the pumping ratios. The pumping ratios initially increase and then decrease with the increasing of the cross‐area ratio of mixer to lobe. The optimal cross‐area ratio that corresponds to the maximum pumping ratio is strangely nearly equal to the optimal cross‐area ratio of a cylindrical mixer, although the maximum pumping ratio is less than that for a cylindrical mixer. The pumping ratios increase approximately linearly with the cross‐area ratio of the secondary inlet to the lobed nozzle. To investigate the flow characteristics and the pumping ratio changing mechanism, the flow field inside the ejector is numerically simulated. The numerical results show that the main reason for the great decrease of the pumping ratio when the mixer bend angle is larger than 40^° is due to the great static pressure around the bend part, which is caused by the primary flow jet. The great static pressure around the bend section chokes back the exhausted secondary fluid flow. There is a good agreement between the calculated and the measured wall static pressure coefficients in the mixer wall along the lobe crest symmetry plane of the lobed ejector. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(7): 387–397, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20175     

小流量旋流喷嘴喷雾性能影响因素的试验研究

在超高压燃油喷雾试验台上测试分析了不同环境背压及喷射流量对适用于斯特林发动机的小流量压力旋流喷嘴燃料喷射性能的影响。结果表明:喷嘴的喷雾形态受燃烧室背压的影响最明显,背压升高,喷雾锥角减小;喷射流量的影响受背压的限制,中高背压下,流量增大到一定程度后锥角开始变小,流量继续增大,雾化效果变差。喷嘴设计流量的影响为:增大设计流量,相同工况下的喷雾锥角有增大的趋势,但有效雾化的最小临界流量值变大;设计锥角的影响和设计流量类似:较大喷射流量工况下,大设计锥角喷嘴对高背压的适应性较好。研究认为:小流量工况只能采用小设计流量的喷嘴,且对高背压的适应性较差;在大流量工况下,设计流量和设计锥角均较大的喷嘴对高背压工况具有更好的适应性。     

叶片包角对低比转速离心泵固液两相非定常流动的影响

为了探索叶片包角在固液两相流下对低比转速离心泵非定常特性的影响,利用ANSYS CFX软件采用Mixture多相流模型对4种不同叶片包角离心泵的固液两相湍流进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了叶片包角对离心泵瞬时扬程、压力及压力脉动的影响。研究表明:随着叶片包角的增大,瞬时扬程会降低,并且降低速度越来越快;叶片包角每增大10°,瞬时扬程的波动时间延迟0. 000 52 s。随着叶片包角的增大,叶片工作面与叶片背面的压力会降低。叶片包角每增加10°,固液两相流时离心泵的压力脉动时间均向后延迟0. 007 s。不同包角下的主要脉动幅值均出现在转频处。颗粒浓度为0. 02和0. 05时,压力脉动最小值均出现在叶片包角值为140°时;当颗粒浓度为0. 1时,脉动幅值随着叶片包角的增大而减小,叶片包角从130°增加到160°时,此时的压力脉动受到叶片包角的影响最为严重,脉动幅值减小了14. 52%。因此,在高颗粒浓度下适当增加叶片包角可以改善固液两相离心泵的压力脉动。