湿热循环对CCF300/QY8911复合材料界面性能的影响

通过对CCF300/QY8911复合材料试样进行循环吸湿-脱湿处理,绘制吸湿和脱湿曲线并用Fick第二定律进行拟合,采用层间剪切强度(ILSS)表征不同湿热条件对纤维/树脂界面性能的影响,再通过SEM观察试样剖面和侧面的微观形貌.结果表明:CCF300/QY8911复合材料的吸湿和脱湿行为符合Fick第二定律,试样水浸(水温71℃)14天后达到饱和吸湿率;水对CCF300/QY8911复合材料纤维/树脂界面的破坏分为可逆和不可逆,脱湿处理会消除可逆破坏,使干态ILSS有所回复;湿热循环次数增加会进一步引起纤维/树脂界面产生不可逆破坏,使CCF300/QY8911复合材料ILSS降低,但吸湿是引     

Effect of Moisture and Temperature on the Compressive Failure of CCF300/QY8911 Unidirectional Laminates

CCF300/BMI composites are relevant materials for supersonic aircraft due to their high specific properties. However in aeronautical applications, the composites are exposed to severe environmental conditions, and it is known that hot and humid environments can degrade some aspects of the material performance especially the compressive strength. In this paper, the effect of moisture and temperature on the compressive failure of unidirectional CCF300 carbon fiber reinforced bismaleimide(BMI) matrix composites were studied. Also scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed for fractographic investigations. It is observed that the plastic deformations at the fiber/matrix and interlaminar interface as well as residual stresses lower the compressive strength of the material. The failure of specimens tested in hot and wet conditions always occurs as a result of out-of-plane microbuckling that is attributed to the reduction of matrix strength. In addition, the fiber microbuckling model, fiber kinking model and combined model were employed for the compressive strength prediction of the UD CCF300/QY8911 composites subjected to different environment conditions. The comparison was done between these models. Results show that the combined model is more suitable for the compressive strength prediction of CCF300/QY8911 composite systems when suffering severe environment conditions.     

国产炭纤维CCF300与T300炭纤维复合材料剪切载荷下的失效模式研究

对国产炭纤维与T300炭纤维复合材料层合板在常温干态、常温湿态、高温干态与高温湿态四种环境条件下进行了短梁剪切实验.采用宏观和微观相结合的方法,对其剪切性能、失效模式与损伤机理进行了对比研究.结果表明:界面性能是影响纤维树脂基复合材料剪切性能与失效模式最为重要的因素,而国产炭纤维复合材料在界面性能的控制上还有待改进.因此,国产炭纤维复合材料要进一步推广应用,还需进一步改善其界面性能,尤其是高温高湿条件下的界面性能.     

T300/QY8911层合板低速冲击试验及有限元模拟

对T300/QY8911复合材料层合板进行了低速冲击试验研究及数值仿真模拟。通过自由落体装置对层板进行冲击,并使用超声C扫描技术检测了层板冲击后的损伤状态,获得了不同能量下层板内部的损伤面积。建立了用于预测复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下损伤演化的3D有限元模型,模型包含了用于模拟分层损伤的界面元和用于模拟纤维断裂、纤维挤压、基体开裂、基体挤裂等面内损伤形式的3D实体单元。该模型考虑了面内基体损伤对层间强度的影响。本文中的数值仿真结果和试验结果的对比验证了模型的合理性和有效性,文中还分析了影响低速冲击后层板内部分层面积的主要因素。     

燃气环境中碳/碳复合材料循环载荷下的损伤机理

将覆有SiC涂层的C/C材料置于甲烷燃气风洞中进行了循环载荷试验.应力-应变迟滞回环面积和棘轮应变的变化同时表明材料受到的损伤大部分发生在前50次循环,之后随着循环次数的增加,损伤的积累逐渐趋于稳定状态.材料在风洞环境下受到氧化,呈现出层状氧化形貌,这是由于碳纤维和碳基体之间不同的氧化速率所致.经过循环加载而未断裂的试样的残余强度比原始强度降低了19%,仅遭受氧化而未循环加载的试样强度相对原始值降低了38%.对试样的横截面微结构进行观察发现材料受到循环载荷后纤维/基体界面发生脱粘现象.拉伸实验中的实时声发射信号表明,只有当拉伸应力大于材料遭受的最大历史载荷时,试样才会发生明显的损伤.     

湿热、紫外环境对T300/QY8911复合材料孔板静力性能的影响

采用试验方法研究了湿热、紫外环境对T300 碳纤维/QY8911双马树脂复合材料静力拉伸和压缩性能的影响。针对 T300/QY8911复合材料层板的中心开孔试件,进行了常温干态、湿热环境、紫外辐射以及湿热和紫外共同作用下的静力拉伸和压缩试验。吸湿试验的结果表明,T300/QY8911复合材料试件的平衡吸湿率在0.6%左右。静力试验的结果表明：孔板的拉伸强度受到环境的影响较小;湿热会降低由基体性能主导的压缩强度、刚度等复合材料性能,吸湿后75℃ 和105℃ 环境下试验件压缩强度分别下降6.8%和20.3%;而紫外使复合材料孔板的压缩强度有所升高,300 MJ/m2 以上的紫外辐射量使试验件的压缩强度提高了10%左右,显示其对复合材料的性能有着更为复杂的影响规律,并且可能与湿热的影响存在交互作用。     

T700/5224复合材料在湿热环境和化学介质中的老化行为

研究T700/5224复合材料在湿热环境和15#液压油、4010#合成航空润滑油、RP-3航空煤油和AHC-1水基型清洗剂4种飞机上常用的化学介质中的老化行为、实验不同时间后的吸湿量及力学性能。采用红外光谱(IR)和动态力学(DMA)分析T700/5224复合材料在介质老化过程中的化学变化和玻璃化转变温度Tg。结果表明:在80℃-85%RH的湿热环境中实验1000h后吸湿量为1.05%,在80℃-100%RH的湿热环境中实验1000h后的吸湿量为1.35%;T700/5224复合材料湿热老化后,剪切性能随老化时间变化不大,弯曲性能下降较大,开孔拉伸性能变化较大,但总体上并没有降低,而开孔压缩性能一直缓慢下降。介质老化对T700/5224复合材料的力学性能影响不大,AHC-1水基型清洗剂对其影响大于其他3种介质,T700/5224复合材料在AHC-1水基型清洗剂中浸泡45天后其玻璃转变温度Tg下降10℃。     

Infrared Image Processing to Guide the Identification of Damage and Dissipative Mechanisms in 3D Layer-to-Layer Woven Composites

Applied Composite Materials - This article discusses techniques that aim at facilitating the identification of dissipative mechanisms activated in woven composites under cyclic loadings. The focus...     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Conduction in Red Mud/Epoxy and Red Mud/Polyester Composites

Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements, and its global production generates an immense amount of industrial waste, which is the red mud. Thus, it is necessary to develop technologies aimed to reusing red mud. In this context, this work aims to experimentally examine variations in the effective thermal conductivity of polymers, modified with the addition of different amounts of red mud. To accomplish this goal, composites with (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) % w/w of red mud waste were manufactured using epoxy and unsaturated polyester resin as matrices. Effective thermal conductivities were measured and quantified. The data found experimentally showed a significant increase of the effective thermal conductivity as the concentration of red mud and temperature increase. The glass transition temperature was not significantly influenced by the red mud waste. Traditional theoretical models underestimate the effective thermal conductivity when compared to experimental data.     

Investigation of Progressive Damage and Fracture in Laminated Composites Using the Smeared Crack Approach

The smeared crack approach (SCA) is revisited to describe post-peak softening in laminated composite materials. First, predictions of the SCA are compared against linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) based predictions for the debonding of an adhesively bonded double cantilever beam. A sensitivity analysis is performed to establish the influence of element size and cohesive strength on the load-deflection response. The SCA is further validated by studying the in-plane fracture of a laminated composite in a single edge bend test configuration. In doing so, issues related to mesh size and their effects (or non-effects) are discussed and compared against other predictive computational techniques. Finally, the SCA is specialized to orthotropic materials. The application of the SCA is demonstrated for failure mechanics of the open hole tension test, where fiber/matrix fracture is predominant and predicted well by the present approach.     

SAFBM of Softer Materials: An Investigation into the Micro-Cutting Mechanisms and the Evolution of Roughness Profile

Swirling Fluidized Bed Machining (SAFBM) is a nontraditional machining process and novel variant of Fluidized Bed Machining (FBM) in which the former has overcome certain drawbacks of the latter such as roughness variation and shading effect. SAFBM generates significant material removal and surface finish on the workpiece surface during the machining process with consistency and flexibility. The present detailed study emphasizes on the machining of softer materials such as brass and aluminum using abrasive particles such as silicon carbide in order to analyze the effect of various micro-cutting mechanisms on the generation of surface texture. This study examines the evolution of surface roughness profile after progressive machining with abrasives ranging from coarse, medium and fine grades of SiC with the help of optical microscopic images of the machined surface. The research concludes that using SAFBM, flat and uniform surface finishing with modification ratio in terms of roughness parameters ranging from 5 to 7 is possible within 7–8 hours of processing.     

An Experimental Investigation into the Feed Rate Capacity of Rotary Valve and Blow Tank Feeders

Industry widely uses rotary valves and blow tanks for the pneumatic conveying of products, each having their pros and cons depending on the specific application. This article shows the differing results obtained when low-velocity conveying a product through a common pipeline using both a drop-through rotary valve and a bottom-discharge blow tank feeder. A number of issues arise in the rotary valve system, the main one being rotary valve air leakage. A blow tank system, on the other hand, does not leak, as it is an enclosed system. The experimental results show dramatic differences in product throughput. Further exploration leads to a novel modification being made to the rotary valve system in an attempt to increase its capacity. The result of this modification shows a slight increase in output tonnage, but still significantly less than that obtained from the blow tank.     

An Experimental Investigation into the Feed Rate Capacity of Rotary Valve and Blow Tank Feeders

Industry widely uses rotary valves and blow tanks for the pneumatic conveying of products, each having their pros and cons depending on the specific application. This article shows the differing results obtained when low-velocity conveying a product through a common pipeline using both a drop-through rotary valve and a bottom-discharge blow tank feeder. A number of issues arise in the rotary valve system, the main one being rotary valve air leakage. A blow tank system, on the other hand, does not leak, as it is an enclosed system. The experimental results show dramatic differences in product throughput. Further exploration leads to a novel modification being made to the rotary valve system in an attempt to increase its capacity. The result of this modification shows a slight increase in output tonnage, but still significantly less than that obtained from the blow tank.     

Investigation into the Corrosion Behavior of Copper/Aluminum Associated with Electric/Electronic Devices in Marine Environment

Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention - Corrosion behavior of copper/aluminum was investigated using cyclic wet/dry corrosion test in natural seawater by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy...     

On the Variation of Clamping Force in Bolted Double Lap Joints Subjected to Longitudinal Loading: A Numerical and Experimental Investigation

Abstract: This study investigates the variation of clamping force and its concomitant effects on the performance of bolted double lap joints subjected to longitudinal loading. Two different amounts of clamping force were applied to bolted double lap joints made of Aluminium 2024‐T3, and variations of clamping force were measured under the application of longitudinal loading. Finite element modelling was also performed to compare with experiments. The results unanimously revealed a gradual initial reduction of clamping force followed by a significant increase as the longitudinal load was increased. Also affected, was the load transfer mechanism in the joint resulting in variation of friction force between the plates, but in a different trend compared to clamping force. Finally, the key parameters have been discussed and highlighted pertaining to the performance of the joint.     

An Experimental Investigation into the Influence of Fillers on the Development of Normal Stresses and Stress Relaxation in Asphalt Mixtures Due to Torsion

This study documents the measurement of normal stresses and stress relaxation in sand-asphalt mixtures fabricated with different fillers and asphalts during torsion. Hydrated lime and limestone fillers and asphalts graded as PG64-22 and AC-30 (from Sinclair (Wyoming), Crown (Nevada), and Crown (Canada)) are used in the fabrication of the sand-asphalt mixtures. The specimens are tested in a torsional rheometer. The experimental results clearly show that the normal stresses that are developed are quite significant even for specimens tested at very low rotational rates. Also, asphalts from different sources show differences in peak normal stresses and in their relaxation pattern. The measurement of significant normal stresses is a reflection of the nonlinear character of the material and warrants the development of nonlinear constitutive models for describing their behavior.     

An Investigation of the Effects of Layer Architecture on Tensile Damage Mechanisms in a Silicon Carbide (SiC) Fiber-Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composite

This paper presents the results of recent studies of the effects of layer architecture (±45° and 0/±45°) on deformation and cracking phenomena in Ti-15-3/SCS-6 (SiC) composites. Deformation and cracking phenomena were elucidated by microscopic observations during incremental loading to failure. The initial damage occurred early via debonding between the fibers and the predominantly TiC reaction layer. This was followed by a complex sequence of damage that included: matrix cracking, sub-grain formation, stress-induced alpha phase precipitation, microvoid nucleation and coalescence, fiber fracture and catastrophic failure. Fracture in the [±45°]_2s composite occurred by shear mechanisms. However, an axial failure mode was observed in the [0±45°_2s composite. The composite strengths are compared with empirical estimates obtained from the Tsai–Hill criterion.     

An investigation into the mixed-mode delamination growth in unidirectional T800/924C laminates

This study presents the results of experimental investigations and numerical simulation on mixed-mode I/II delamination growth initiated from an artificial transverse notch. Specimens made of unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy (T800/924C) composite have been tested under three-point-bend condition. A finite element procedure has been introduced to model 3-D stable delamination growth in the specimen to generate numerical growth data including loads, displacements, delamination lengths, and the growing crack front shapes. The simulation method uses strain energy release rate criterion in conjunction with a moving mesh facility. It is shown that very good compatibility exists between experimental and numerical results. A finite element-based data reduction method is then described as an application of the simulation procedure. Based on the obtained results, it is stated that this bending specimen can effectively be used in practice to study the mixed-mode crack growth and to measure interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional laminates.     

An Experimental Investigation of the Dynamics of On-State Propagation in Low-Voltage Laser Thyristors Based on AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs Heterostructures

Technical Physics Letters - A method of determining the spatiotemporal dynamics of current in semiconductor heterostructures is proposed that is based on the modulation of external probing...     

An Experimental Investigation of the Electrical Resistivity of Titanium in the Temperature Range from 77 to 1600 K

Results are given of experimental measurements of the electrical resistivity of commercial-grade titanium with a purity of 99.7% by mass and of polycrystalline iodide titanium with a purity of 99.91% by mass in the temperature range from 77 to 1600 K. At temperatures of 77–350 K, the electrical resistivity of commercial-grade titanium is higher than that of iodide titanium; however, as the temperature increases, ρ of commercial-grade titanium becomes lower than ρ of pure titanium in the entire temperature range of the α- and β-phases. The temperature range of inversion is 360–380 K.__________Translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2005, pp. 548–555.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by E. A. Bel’skaya.