空心薄壁细长轴旋转锻造过程材料流动规律研究

目的 为了准确地设计带内台阶的薄壁细长轴类零件的旋转锻造用管坯,研究缩径过程中金属材料的流动规律.方法 针对薄壁细长轴内台阶孔,采用有限元模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,研究管坯旋转锻造过程中,毛坯外径/内径之比、模具入角和摩擦条件对缩径过程金属流动的影响规律.结果 管料外径和内径之比越大,金属的厚向应变越小;摩擦因数越大...     

变速箱长柄法兰轴工艺分析及模具关键结构设计

目的 根据长柄法兰轴的结构特点,制定一套产品的成形工艺方案并投入到生产中。方法 法兰轴是双离合器变速器输出端与差速器连接的重要零件,其形状复杂,成形难度较大,根据产品的特点,制定温锻–冷锻联合成形的工艺方案。针对温锻工序中锻件内腔难以充满的问题,利用DEFORM对工艺中的关键步骤进行模拟仿真,并根据模拟结果对模具进行补偿设计,使锻件内腔底部与模具之间的间隙降至0.3 mm以下。考虑到金属的剧烈流动会加重模具的磨损,设计一套模具润滑系统,以提高模具的使用寿命。而锻造过程中模腔内形成密闭空间,压缩的空气会阻碍金属充填型腔,因此,在凹模与凸模上设计出一套模具排气系统,以避免塌角缺陷的产生。结果 实现了长柄法兰轴工件的工业化生产,生产效率可达每分钟12.5只。结论 根据数值模拟的结果对模腔面进行优化,设计了一套模具的润滑结构与排气结构,避免了锻造缺陷的产生,为双离合器变速箱长柄法兰轴产品的温冷锻工艺生产提供了经验依据。     

带阻尼台叶片多向模锻过程场量分布规律研究

为了提高带阻尼台叶片的综合机械性能,采用多向模锻技术来实现带阻尼台叶片的精净成形,通过确定带阻尼台叶片多向模锻分模形式及分模面位置,基于UG建立了带阻尼台叶片多向模锻模具的几何实体模型;在此基础上,采用DEFORM3D建立了该类叶片多向模锻过程的三维有限元模型,确定了模具的加载方式和加载顺序,实现了带阻尼台叶片多向模锻过程有限元模拟,获得了该成形过程中不同加载方式下坯料的速度场、等效应变场和温度场分布规律及载荷-行程曲线,揭示了带阻尼台叶片多向模锻过程中金属充填模具型腔的情况及温度场、应变分布以及载荷随行程的变化规律.该成果可应用于带阻尼台叶片的实际生产过程中,对采用多向模锻工艺来实现带阻尼台叶片的精锻具有指导作用.     

Aktivlöten von keramischen Segmenten für den Einsatz in verschleißkritischen Bereichen von Schmiedegesenken

Active brazing of ceramic inlays for the application in wear critical areas of forging dies The use of reinforcing ceramic segments in forging tools is investigated and has been successfully tested with model of dies recently. With reinforcing ceramic segments, however, the thermal widening of the steel tool is a major problem for forging dies. Further, only rotationally symmetrical ceramic inserts can be used as reinforcements which restricts the shape capabilities in tool design significantly. A considerably greater design flexibility is possible if the ceramic segments are brazed into the die body material. To this end, reactively brazed ceramic‐metal composites are to be developed and tested for feasibility in the forging process.     

Experimental and finite element simulation methods for rate-dependent metal forming processes

An experimental procedure and a finite element simulation method for rate-dependent metal forming processes are developed. The development includes the formulation of a tangential stiffness matrix for an axisymmetric solid finite element with four node, eight degree of freedom, quadrilateral cross-section. The formulation includes the effects of elasticity, viscoplasticity, temperature, strain rate and large strains. The solution procedure is based on a Newton-Raphson incremental-iterative method which solves the non-linear equilibrium equations and gives temperatures and incremental stresses and strains. Three examples are studied. In example 1, finite element simulation for the upsetting of a cylindrical workpiece between two perfectly rough dies is performed and the results are compared with alternative finite element solutions. In examples 2 and 3, both experimental and finite element studies are performed for the upsetting of a cylindrical billet and the forging of a ball, respectively. Annealed aluminium 1100 workpieces are used in both examples. For the finite element analysis, uniaxial compression tests are first performed to provide the material properties. The tests generate elastic moduli and two sets of stress-strain curves (quasi-static and constant strain rate), which are used to establish a rate-dependent material model for input. For both examples 2 and 3, comparisons between the experimental and finite element simulation results for the forming force vs. die displacement relations and also for the deformed configurations show good agreement. The versatility of finite element methods allows for displaying detailed knowledge of the metal forming process, such as the distributions of temperature rise, yield stress, effective stress, plastic strain, plastic strain rate, forming forces and deformed configurations, etc. at any instance during the forming process.     

轨道交通用减震器座锻造成形工艺改进

目的针对原有锻造工艺在终锻时易出现折叠和材料利用率较低的问题,改进锻造成形工艺,消除缺陷并提高材料利用率。方法以某型号轨道交通用减震器座为研究对象,对减震器座进行工艺分析、计算和有限元模拟。在原有工艺上增加拍扁工步,并设计了两种一模两件式的锻造工艺。对改进后的工艺方案进行有限元数值模拟,对比两种方案的金属流动、载荷、应力应变的分布情况。结果改进后的成形方案在避免折叠缺陷的前提下,材料利用率分别从70%提高到82%和86%。结论锻件型腔非对称放置时,载荷较低,速度更均匀,整体等效应变较小,有利于模具寿命。一模两件锻造的方式虽然增加了设备吨位,但是改善了金属流动,避免了汇流、折叠的缺陷,提高材料利用率和生产率,对于类似形状锻件的锻造工艺开发具有指导作用。     

局部加载约束分流冷锻直齿轮工艺研究

针对直齿轮冷锻过程中齿腔充填困难、成形载荷大、模具寿命低的特点,提出了基于局部加载-约束分流冷锻圆柱直齿轮新工艺。在浮动凹模基础上,利用有限元软件对新工艺进行数值模拟。对工艺成形过程中速度场、成形载荷等规律进行了分析,并对比分析了多种成形工艺。结果表明:局部加载-约束分流终锻成形工艺可以较好地成形大模数圆柱直齿轮,能避免齿轮成形时产生的折叠缺陷,同时可以显著地降低成形载荷,为此类齿轮冷锻工艺的应用与生产实践提供了理论依据。     

多拐曲轴镦挤成形过程轴向流动模拟分析与试验验证

目的 解决多拐曲轴镦挤复合成形过程中,轴向流动导致尺寸精度低的问题。方法 从坯料加热、成形过程、成形后冷却等全流程模拟出发,以建立镦挤成形装置运动学、成形过程热力学、曲轴材料本构模型、几何模型等为基础,建立有限元模型,分析产生轴向偏差的原因。结果 有限元模拟分析表明,坯料体积、飞边厚度是镦挤成形过程产生轴向流动的关键性因素,可以通过优化台阶轴毛坯几何形状,控制轴向异常流动。结论 试验表明,多拐曲轴的轴向流动得到有效控制,单拐轴向长度偏差控制在±1 mm,成品率提高至90%以上。     

Numerical and experimental investigation of cold rotary forging of a 20CrMnTi alloy spur bevel gear

Due to the complex three-dimensional (3D) geometry and tooling design, mass production of precision spur bevel gears by machining or conventional forging technology is impeded by numerous stubborn barriers to date. Cold rotary forging, an innovative incremental metal forming process, has great potential to improve the current situation owing to its flexibility and low tool load requirement. In the present study, a sound 3D rigid-plastic finite element (FE) model of cold rotary forging of a 20CrMnTi alloy spur bevel gear is developed under the DEFORM-3D platform. To ensure the precision of the proposed FE model, a series of experiments are well performed for the identification of the mechanical properties of 20CrMnTi alloy and the realistic friction conditions prevailing at the die-workpiece interface. By utilising this FE model, the workpiece geometry is optimised with the intention of achieving a better filling of gear shape and a lower forming load requirement, and then the distribution of different field-variables such as flow velocity and effective strain are thoroughly investigated. For verification purposes, the cold rotary forging experiments of 20CrMnTi alloy spur bevel gears are subsequently conducted. Good agreement between the experimental results and the simulation ones is highlighted by comparing the gear shape after cold rotary forging and the axial forging force, which validates employed model.     

材料硬化模式对弯曲回弹模拟精度的影响

回弹的模拟精度低，是几乎所有软件在计算大型复杂件的回弹时都存在的缺点，因此提高回弹模拟精度成为回弹仿真研究的重点和难点，利用自主开发的二维弹塑性有限元程序，分别采用线性硬化模型和弹塑性幂次硬化模型对V型自由弯曲的回弹进行模拟，探讨材料硬化模式对回弹模拟精度的影响，特别对于硬化模型中代表弹性变形阶段的重要参数一弹性模量，考虑了其随塑性变形进行而发生的变化，结果表明：材料的硬化模式直接影响回弹模拟精度，而采用的硬化模式越能真实地反映材料变形规律，回弹模拟的精度就越高，尤其是采用随塑性变形而发生变化的弹性模量，使模拟精度进一步提高。     

Process-integrated gas- and spray-quenching for high-strength ductile forged components

The metal working industry is continuously seeking for process chain improvements, involving, for instance, forging techniques, principally aiming at reducing the process costs, and improving the mechanical properties of the automotive parts. Promising new forging materials (e.g., high-strength ductile bainite ‘HDB’ steel alloy) offer new fields for process combinations, such as cold and warm forging, machining, and controlled in-process quenching. In the present paper, the design, implementation, and validation of a controlled gas and spray-quenching unit within an automated forging unit is described. A two-fluid, flat-spray nozzle is characterized for spray-quenching purposes (droplet size, mass flux, and heat-transfer distributions). Experiments are utilized to validate transient heat transfer simulations in order to extend the numerical model for quenching scenarios of complex specimen geometries (a stepped shaft and a common rail), involving various steel grades from the forging heat. The scenarios are validated using the automated forging/quenching unit, through hardness and microscopy tests. The high potential of the combination of forging and heat treatment (gas and spray-quenching) into a single manufacturing unit to ensure the homogeneous bainitizing of forged components is demonstrated in the present paper.     

基于数值模拟的变速箱轴套精锻工艺评估及试验研究

目的 针对汽车变速箱轴套在精锻工艺设计阶段成形方案选择多、成形结果不确定的现象,解决试验成本高,开发周期长的问题。方法 采用有限元模拟和工艺评价数学模型进行协同研究。首先,针对各工艺方案建立有限元分析模型,分别进行成形模拟,根据成形后零件的填充情况和截面流线状况来评估工艺的合理性;其次,利用工艺评价数学模型将各方案模拟获得的最大应力、最大应变、最大损伤值、最大载荷等重要参数进行整合,以零件质量和模具寿命作为综合评估对象,根据评价值确定最优方案,同时对各方案下的载荷情况进行分析;最后,按照最优方案完成制模和试模生产。结果 获得的变速箱轴套成形饱满,质量好,表面无明显缺陷,与模拟结果一致,验证了开发过程的准确性,且尺寸符合要求,内部探伤无裂纹。结论 提出的开发工艺可靠,与切削工艺相比,生产效率大幅提升,同时材料利用率提高到92.7%。     

转向直臂锻造成形工艺改进

目的以某型号转向直臂为研究对象,针对现有锻造成形时材料利用率较低的问题,改进锻造成形工艺,减少材料消耗,节约能源。方法对转向臂进行工艺分析、计算和有限元模拟;在原有工艺上增加制坯工序,合理分配坯料横截面积。结果对改进后的工艺方案进行了有限元数值模拟,得到了金属流动、载荷以及等效应变的分布情况。结论改进后的成形方案在保证锻件质量的前提下,材料利用率由80%提高至90%,提高了材料利用率,同时也改善了金属流动,以提高模具寿命,对大批量件的实际生产有一定的指导作用。     

Verschleißreduzierung an Matrizen für das Präzisionsschmieden von Zahnrädern durch Mehrlagenhartstoffbeschichtung (TiN‐TiCN‐TiC)

Wear reduction on dies for precision forging of gear wheels by means of multi‐layer coating (TiN‐TiCN‐TiC) Due to high thermal, mechanical and tribological loads the tool life quantity of hot forging dies compared to other manufacturing processes is relatively low. Depending on the number of forged parts the mentioned loads lead to different failure causes of the dies. In this connection wear is the main failure cause of hot forging dies. Especially in the precision forging process of gear wheels with its exacting tolerances the tool life quantity is low, which leads to often interruptions of the production process. Because wear concentrates on the near‐surface die areas, these problems can be reduced by increasing the wear resistance of these areas by the Duplex PACVD‐Method, which means nitriding and multi‐layer coating (TiN‐TiCN‐TiC).     

塑性有限元在金属体积成形过程中应用的进展

塑性有限元法已经成为研究金属体积成形的重要方法。介绍了刚塑性有限元和弹塑性有限元的原理;综述了金属体积成形过程中锻造、挤压和轧制工艺有限元模拟的国内外最新应用进展,并分析了有限元法在不同工艺中应用的未来发展方向。最后总结了塑性有限元法在金属体积成形领域未来发展的难点和趋势。     

星形套冷态闭塞式精锻成形分析

目的提出星形套冷精锻成形工艺优化方案,提高模具使用寿命,对生产操作进行规范。方法分析零件结构,确定了合理的分模面;运用数值模拟方法,选取不同的冲头进给速度和冲头形状,对星形套冷精锻成形过程进行了模拟分析。结果获得了冷精锻成形过程中冲头进给速度和冲头形状对温度场、应力场、金属速度场、工作载荷和模具寿命的影响。结论通过分析冲头进给速度和冲头形状对星形套成形的影响,并对其进行控制和优化,得出了最优工艺参数区间,为实际生产提供了参考依据和理论指导。     

Filling Rules of Bevel Gears in the Closed-die Cold Forging

1. Introduction Closed-died cold forging technology is a new precision forming method. It was developed from the 1980's, by which large deformation and complex moulding surfaces can be obtained in one step. So it suits to the production of the complex parts[1,2]. The principle of closed-die cold forging is different from forging. For closed-die forging, it is a combination of radial extrusion and forging. Its principle is shown in Fig.1. The tool consists of dies and punches. The forming pro…     

发动机泵体精密热模锻成形工艺研究

目的为了提高发动机泵体综合机械性能和降低制造成本,采用精密热模锻技术来实现泵体的精确成形。方法通过确定锻件分模面位置,建立了泵体精密热模锻几何实体模型;在此基础上,建立了泵体热模锻过程三维有限元模型和模拟参数,实现了精密热模锻过程有限元模拟模型。结果通过数值模拟,获得了成形过程中坯料的速度场、等效应变场和温度场及载荷-行程曲线,揭示了泵体热模锻过程中金属充填模具型腔的情况及其变形机理,获得了温度场应变分布以及载荷、打击能量随行程的变化规律,优化了预成形时拍方坯料长度等参数,为确定成形工艺参数提供了科学依据。结论经试验验证,新工艺成形的锻件非加工外形面尺寸精度达到了零件要求,数值模拟结果与实验结果一致。     

某型号十字轴精密成形工艺分析

目的研究十字轴闭塞式单向温挤压成形的可行性。方法根据十字轴的结构特点,确定了成形方案,并利用有限元技术对成形过程进行了数值模拟分析,然后结合物理实验对工艺可行性进行了验证。结果有限元分析和试验结果相吻合,锻件成形效果较好,没有出现充不满、折叠缺陷。结论采用闭塞式单向温挤压成形工艺,获得了满足尺寸要求的十字轴锻件,成形过程稳定可靠,成形工艺可行。     

空心阶梯轴温挤压成形数值模拟

目的研究空心阶梯轴温挤压成形的可行性。方法根据空心阶梯轴的结构特点,确定了成形方案,并利用Deform-3D软件进行了有限元数值模拟分析,对成形方案进行了验证。结果根据模拟结果得出,锻件的成形效果较好,没有出现充不满和折叠等缺陷,尺寸精度也较好。结论采用温挤压成形工艺成形空心阶梯轴,获得了满足尺寸要求的空心阶梯轴,成形过程稳定可靠,成形工艺可行。