Theoretical verification of the displacement adjustment and springforward algorithms for springback compensation

Now that Finite Element springback prediction has become possible, springback compensation can also be carried out in the context of a forming simulation, before actual production tools are made. The Displacement Adjustment (DA) and Springforward (SF) methods were applied to an analytical bar stretch-bending model, in order to gain insight about the influence of material, process and geometrical parameters on springback and compensation. The DA method was investigated in both a one-step and iterative variant. In one-step DA, a compensation factor is required. This factor can be directly calculated for the analytical model. The results can be used as a guideline for industrial processes, where such a calculation is not possible. Finally, it was shown that iterative DA leads to better tool shapes than SF, and that practical and computational problems make the use of SF impossible in an industrial context.     

基于补偿因子的直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿研究

橡皮成形是飞机钣金零件制造的一种重要成形工艺,回弹是橡皮成形过程中主要缺陷之一.为提高钣金零件橡皮成形效率,基于补偿因子对下陷区回弹补偿进行研究,实现钣金零件一步法成形.首先对弯曲回弹公式进行推导,结合弯曲过程中刚度概念引出补偿因子作为直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿公式;然后利用CATIA二次开发功能将补偿公式写入程序并与数据库进行连接,并对直弯边下陷零件进行回弹补偿;采用Pamstamp 2G软件对橡皮成形过程进行有限元模拟,通过实际成形试验对带补偿因子的回弹公式进行验证,最后将模拟值和试验值进行比较.结果表明:有限元模拟过程能够很好的预测回弹,补偿结果达到精准成形要求且误差在0.5°范围内,成形压力对回弹影响很小.对于下陷成形,需要较大的成形压力才能达到一次成形的目的,验证了补偿因子回弹公式的可靠性.     

利用高速振动降低零件回弹及蒙皮件制造——电磁成形技术的新应用

目的 为了解决传统大型蒙皮成形需要大型装备及零件回弹大的问题,提出带弹性垫的蒙皮件电磁渐进成形新方法.方法 通过电磁线圈放电,材料在磁压力和弹性垫的反弹力作用下出现高速振动,消除零件回弹.采用ANSYS和ABAQUS有限元分析软件分别进行电磁场和结构场模拟,分析有无弹性垫、线圈结构和放电位置对蒙皮成形质量的影响规律.结果 在无弹性垫的条件下对板料进行冲击,板料上的塑性应变几乎没有变化.如果采用螺旋方形线圈和带弹性垫的成形工艺,虽然板料上的塑性应变增加,但是线圈正对板料区域出现1.5 mm的鼓包.采用电磁屏蔽方法调整板料上的电磁力分布和材料流动,当线圈在6个位置多次放电后,板料回弹明显减低,并且零件表面光滑.结论 在模拟得到的最佳工艺参数下,建立了实验装置,实验结果与模拟一致.     

整体式超高强钢冷冲压门环零件开发

目的研究整体式超高强钢门环对车身碰撞安全性能的影响,探索高性能超高强汽车用钢制作整体式冷冲压门环零件的可行性。方法充分利用高性能超高强钢的材料特性,设计开发整体式超高强钢冷冲压门环零件,通过结构设计、坯料制备、样模开发、零件试制,研究门环零件焊缝优化、闭环坯料拼焊、大尺寸模具调试等关键工艺技术。结果整体式超高强钢冷冲压门环零件可以有效提高整车侧面碰撞性能,增强抵御25%小偏置碰的能力,实现质量减轻2%,回弹仿真精度达到75%。结论这是对整体式超高强钢门环零件的一次有益探索和尝试,整体式超高强钢门环较分体式门环在满足相同碰撞安全要求前提下,具有结构简单,可实现减重、降低模具数量和生产成本等优势,后续在零件回弹控制方面还需进一步深入研究。     

Multi-regression modeling for springback effect on automotive body in white stamped parts

The use of high strength steel (HSS) materials in automotive body in white (BIW) stamped parts has increased the occurrence of springback after the forming process. Although HSS exhibits superior strength, weight reduction, and crash energy, it strongly influences springback impact on the sustainable development of BIW stamped parts. In this study, an empirical springback prediction model was synthesized based on the contemporary data sets of springback-prone components of automotive BIW stamped parts. Two different BIW stamped parts from an actual industrial stamping production line were selected as pilot parts for this study. A statistical multi-regression (MR) analysis was used to model the springback prediction effect by examining the sensitivity of springback input parameters on existing die geometry. The outputs represent the total springback values of the stamped parts. A total of 240 data from samples of selected stamped parts were tabulated to synthesize the springback prediction model. The results show that the MR models for the two parts were linear with the springback estimated errors between the measured and predicted values between 0.5° and 3°, which is acceptable from an industrial viewpoint. The proposed MR models are capable of predicting the springback effect with minimal error by incorporating all possible variations that are inherent in the shop floor process.     

Finite Element Analysis of sheet metal bending process to predict the springback

Springback remains a major concern in sheet metal forming process. Springback, shape discrepancy between fully loaded and unloaded configuration due to elastic recovery of material, is mainly affected by geometrical parameters, material properties of sheet and lubrication condition between the blank and the tool. A total-elastic–incremental-plastic (TEIP) algorithm, for large deformation and large rotational problems, was incorporated in indigenous Finite Element software. This software was used to predict the springback in a typical sheet metal bending process and to investigate the influence of these parameters on springback. The results of simulation are validated with own experiments and published experimental results.     

小曲率铝合金框形件弯胀成形数值模拟研究

目的 针对一种小曲率铝合金框形件成形后回弹大和起皱问题,对其进行弯胀复合成形工艺的数值模拟研究。方法 基于DYNAFORM软件对成形过程进行仿真,并通过对比分析零件的最大减薄率及圆角处的贴膜度,得出该零件最大液室压力的最优值为20 MPa,并基于该参数进行壁厚分布及回弹的模拟分析,最后,通过现场试验对该成形方案进行验证。结果 通过采用弯胀复合成形工艺方法,该零件的最大回弹量控制在2 mm以内,零件整体成形质量较好,无破裂、起皱现象。结论 该种成形方法较刚性模压弯及主动式充液胀形更具优势,能够有效解决小曲率框形件回弹大及起皱问题。     

先进高强钢DP1000地板中央通道的成形回弹及补偿研究

高强度钢板因具有较高的强度而易产生严重的回弹缺陷,已成为其应用的最主要瓶颈.为此,本文以某车型地板中央通道零件为载体,针对其几何型面复杂、材料变形程度大的特点,研究先进高强度钢板DP1000的冲压成形回弹及补偿特性.通过对该零件的冲压成形工艺方案进行优化设计和全工序回弹数值模拟,并结合零件的几何特征和变形模式,对各成形工序的回弹进行精确预测.基于预测结果对模具型面采用折入处理的方式进行全工序几何补偿,实现回弹补偿的自工序完结.最后以补偿后的型面进行冲压实验,并对零件的型面尺寸进行检测分析.结果表明,全工序回弹数值模拟和型面几何补偿是解决复杂零件多工序冲压成形回弹问题的最有效方法.通过两次回弹补偿后,该零件的回弹得到完全控制,尺寸精度达到要求且成形质量良好.     

An assessment of various process strategies for improving precision in single point incremental forming

Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a process with the capability to form complex geometries using a tool of very simple geometry, without the need for a matching die. However, large elastic springback resulting from the die-less nature of the process can cause problems if high levels of accuracy are required. The aim of this investigation is to use numerical modelling to investigate different strategies to improve the process precision. A finite-element (FE) model has been used to investigate the effects of adding a backing plate, a supporting kinematic tool and modifying the final stage of the tool path. The results show that the backing plate will minimise the sheet bending near to the initial tool contact location; the additional kinematic tool will reduce springback; and the extension of the tool path across the base of the sheet will eliminate the pillow effect. The cumulative effect of introducing these features to the process shows an improvement in the overall accuracy of the profile and in the thickness distributions of the final product. The results contribute to a better understanding of springback in SPIF.     

Coupled finite element simulation and optimization of single- and multi-stage sheet-forming processes

This article presents the development and application of a coupled finite element simulation and optimization framework that can be used for design and analysis of sheet-forming processes of varying complexity. The entire forming process from blank gripping and deep drawing to tool release and springback is modelled. The dies, holders, punch and workpiece are modelled with friction, temperature, holder force and punch speed controlled in the process simulation. Both single- and multi-stage sheet-forming processes are investigated. Process simulation is coupled with a nonlinear gradient-based optimization approach for optimizing single or multiple design objectives with imposed sheet-forming response constraints. A MATLAB program is developed and used for data-flow management between process simulation and optimization codes. Thinning, springback, damage and forming limit diagram are used to define failure in the forming process design optimization. Design sensitivity analysis and optimization results of the example problems are presented and discussed.     

Reduction of springback using simultaneous stretch-bending processes

Springback due to the elastic material behaviour can lead to shape errors that cause geometrical and dimensional inaccuracies in sheet metal forming processes, especially in bending operations. In order to reduce springback, the technique of integrating stretching with bending in sheet metal forming processes has been investigated. The object of this paper is to explain how to reduce the effect of the elastic component in the material behaviour using simultaneous stretching and bending so that a method is established for applying plastic forming during the main process, without changing the tool design. This study focuses on three main points: the stretching method, the stretching direction and the stretching length. In regard to swing- and v-bending processes, the springback factor is used as the standard evaluation to investigate these effects using Finite Element simulation. The springback factors are compared for four processes: Bending process without stretching (WS), pre-stretching and bending process (PB), pre-stretching plus simultaneous stretching and bending (PSB) and simultaneous stretching and bending (SB). The simulation results are then verified through experimentation. Based on the validated results, simultaneous stretching can then be subsequently applied to the existing stretch-forming process, which consists of pre-stretching and bending. Using this process, springback was successfully reduced which confirms the efficiency of SB process.     

Inverse Identification of Advanced Yield Criteria Using Cup Drawing and Rensile Tests

The use of optical measurement equipment and software based on photogrammetry is becoming more affordable and is increasing their reliability in presenting results on surfaces topography as well as strain distribution. The question is, how feasible can their support be to the process/product development engineer in the choice of the right auto body-in-white (BIW) component design; how can they influence blank and tool geometries, process parameters and moreover the right material selection, in order to reduce the springback of such materials on drawing, reaching the required quality standards for the part. This paper describes some industrial cases on how these new techniques can be applied to lay out industrial deep drawing processes, accomplished by the use of optical measurement, improving design and process issues.     

基于Autoform的汽车侧围回弹补偿分析

目的 针对汽车尤其乘用车侧围大量复杂表面经常出现的表面凹陷、大尺寸回弹等质量问题,对回弹过程进行分析研究并加以控制.方法 基于数值模拟的方法,采用Autoform软件对汽车侧围表面冲压回弹进行数值模拟预测,将数值计算结果与实际生产经验相结合,对侧围几何模型进行补偿和控制.结果 生产的后侧围零件尺寸合格率达到90％以上....     

数值模拟技术在微成形研究中的应用

微成形技术具备高生产效率、高材料利用率和优异的成形质量,是一种极具发展前景的高精度加工技术。数值模拟技术作为一种先进的研究手段,可以在塑性加工中对材料的变形和工艺可行性等进行评估和预测,达到节约生产成本、缩短研发周期的作用。主要综述了数值模拟技术在微成形研究中的典型应用。介绍了数值模拟技术在研究材料性质和材料变形方面的应用,包括利用Voronoi方法和晶体塑性方法建立金属多晶体模型,研究了微成形过程中材料的变形机制和尺寸效应,建立了材料摩擦函数、构建了零件粗糙表面,研究了微成形过程中的摩擦行为;将晶粒大小、晶体取向与板料模型相关联,研究了微成形过程中薄板的回弹行为和成形极限。除此之外,也介绍了近年来微成形领域的许多新成形技术,如激光辅助微成形、水射流增量微成形、超声辅助微成形,以及数值模拟方法在这些新微成形技术方面的应用。最后,总结了数值模拟技术在微成形研究中所起的作用,并展望了该领域的未来发展趋势。     

高精度17-4PH不锈钢隔碗拉深液压胀形复合成形工艺参数优化

目的 针对17-4PH不锈钢冷成形回弹大、贴模性差等问题,研究17-4PH不锈钢隔碗零件的拉深成形和液压胀形规律,确定隔碗零件拉深液压胀形复合成形的最佳工艺及参数.方法 利用有限元方法确定并优化了拉深预成形和液压胀形中的工艺参数.基于优化后的结果设计并制造了相关的模具,最终通过试验验证了有限元方法的有效性.结果 结合数...     

离合器齿毂型轧成形研究

目的 针对具有复杂特征的离合器齿毂类零件加工成本高、精度低等问题,开展型轧成形工艺研究。方法 分析型轧成形工艺的相关运动规律、材料流动及回弹特点;采用筒形件作为坯料,设计并加工成工装模具,确定相关成形工艺参数。结果 成形芯轴锥度确定为0.025,成形所得高精度离合器齿毂零件尺寸公差为±0.15 mm。结论 利用型轧工艺可实现高精度离合器齿毂类零件的制造;成形件侧壁存在显著径向回弹现象,且回弹程度沿底部至口部逐渐增加;成形件回弹由减薄后的残余应力和产品周向回弹引起;成形件的回弹可通过优化芯轴锥度及调整材料减薄量进行补偿。所得成果可为此类零件型轧成形工艺及工装模具的开发提供一定依据。     

Comprehensive benchmark study of commercial sheet metal forming simulation softwares used in the automotive industry

There are currently several commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) softwares available, and it is not clear for a company the differences between them, mostly in terms of results accuracy, reliability and usability. International conferences were created to promote a world-class forum in which, simulation engineers and automakers, can exchange their knowledge in the sheet metal forming field and evaluate stamping simulation softwares, through benchmarking exercises. However, a comparison of FEA tools based in such methodology is not truly reliable, since each participant can choose its own strategy to build the numerical model based on the experimental data delivered. In this study, the authors use a different approach to achieve a more reasonable and fair comparison between three different sheet metal forming FEA tools: AUTOFORM R5.2, PAM-STAMP 2G 2012.2 and DD3IMP. Although the existence of substantial differences in the Finite Element (FE) formulations and element types, the material laws and process parameters adopted were kept as close as possible, making the constitutive models essentially identical. This benchmark was carried out using the Numisheet 2008 Benchmark #2, which is well specified and for which there are a set of experimental results available. The numerical results and experimental results were compared in terms of: punch forces, draw-in, principal strains, formability, geometry after springback and computational cost. The usage of equivalent constitutive models shows that the accuracy of the FEA tools are roughly the same. This study also highlights the true meaning of the differences between the numerical results in the industrial competitiveness of a company.     

Thermo-mechanical sheet metal forming of aero engine components in Ti-6Al-4V—PART 2: Constitutive modelling and validation

In this work constitutive models suitable for thermo-mechanical forming of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V are evaluated. A tool concept for thermo-mechanical forming of a double-curved sheet metal component in Ti-6Al-4V is proposed. The virtual tool design is based on finite element (FE) analyses of thermo-mechanical sheet metal forming in which two different anisotropic yield criteria are evaluated and compared with an isotropic assumption to predict global forming force, draw-in, springback and strain localisation. The shape of the yield surface has been found important and the accuracy of the predicted shape deviation could be slightly improved by including the cooling procedure. The predicted responses show promising agreement with the corresponding experimental observations when the anisotropic properties of the material are considered.     

Experimental Study on Springback of Sheet Metal Single Point Incremental Forming

Sheet metal single point incremental forming(SPIF)is a new technology for flexible process.The springback phenomenon in single point incremental forming has been discussed.Effects of forming angle and shape of the part are analysed using simple experimental method.Tool diameter,sheet thickness,step size,material parameters and the interaction of them are also analysed by using orthogonal test.The results show that the primary factor affecting springback is forming angle.In addition,springback is decreased when the specimen has a larger forming angle.The order of the four factors that influence springback is tool diameter,sheet thickness,step size and material parameters.The forming precision will increase if springabck is decreased by optimizing the forming parameters.