基于几何相位的高透射型太赫兹超表面设计

文中提出一种基于几何相位的透射型超表面,通过对超表面单元结构的设计和排布实现了对入射圆极化波的波前任意操控和太赫兹涡旋波的产生。该超表面单元由典型的“三明治”型结构,即金属-介质-金属结构组成,顶层和底层金属图案均是由“C”型和矩形组成。利用几何相位原理,在工作频点下通过旋转金属结构对其相位进行调控,同时交叉极化透射幅度较高（>0.9）。通过对单元结构进行旋转编码,可以形成用于产生异常偏折现象、不同拓扑荷数涡旋光束的编码超表面。仿真结果表明,在0.63 THz处,设计的编码超表面能够对电磁波进行良好的调控,产生折射角为±50.1°和30°的异常折射现象,拓扑荷数l=±1两种模态的涡旋波束,在激光雷达和太赫兹大容量通信等领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

离轴涡旋光束诱导空气等离子体产生太赫兹波

使用涡旋光束代替高斯光束作为产生光源,研究了涡旋光束产生太赫兹波的过程。探究了具有不同拓扑荷数的涡旋光束在产生太赫兹波时的差异,相位奇点的位置对产生太赫兹波的影响,不同脉冲强度和激光波长下涡旋光束产生的太赫兹波能量、频谱和偏振的变化。结果表明,产生的太赫兹波强度会随涡旋光束拓扑荷数的变化而变化,并且与涡旋中心的位置密切相关。涡旋光束所产生的太赫兹波随脉冲强度和激光波长的变化趋势与高斯光束一致。高斯光束与涡旋光束产生的太赫兹波在频谱和偏振上的变化趋势一致。     

可产生任意偏振方向太赫兹波的光电导太赫兹辐射源

基于太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）系统，使用两个相互垂直的光电导天线构建了1×2 GaAs光电导太赫兹源阵列。通过调控各个阵元的偏置电压，对其辐射太赫兹波的偏振方向进行研究。结果表明：在已实现光电导发射天线阵列的高效合成以及可同时检测脉冲太赫兹波的振幅、相位及偏振态的探测天线的基础上，通过调控各个阵元的偏置电压分别改变了平行和垂直两个阵元辐射太赫兹波的强度；经过1×2 GaAs光电导太赫兹源阵列在远场的同步合成，可产生不同偏振方向的脉冲太赫兹波，实现了以全电控的方式产生任意偏振方向太赫兹波的光电导太赫兹辐射源。     

高阶衍射级光束的轨道角动量北大核心CSCD

为研究高阶衍射级光束的轨道角动量,基于计算全息法在空间光调制器的傅里叶平面产生了不同衍射级的完美涡旋光束,并利用球面波干涉法对其拓扑荷值进行了测量。理论和实验结果表明不同衍射级p上的整数阶和分数阶完美涡旋光束的拓扑荷值l都满足l=mp的关系,其中m是相位掩模板的拓扑荷值。并进一步对不同衍射级的光学涡旋阵列进行了实验研究,结果表明光学涡旋阵列中光学涡旋的拓扑荷值满足l=p的关系,高阶衍射级上的衍射光束比+1级衍射光束具有更大的轨道角动量。该研究为光学涡旋及光学涡旋阵列进一步的研究及应用提供了理论和实验参考。     

基于透射型超表面的模态可重构太赫兹涡旋波束生成

太赫兹技术与轨道角动量(OAM)技术相结合在高速无线通信领域具有巨大潜力。理论上不同模态的OAM之间具备严格正交性,若能将OAM技术应用到太赫兹通信系统中,必能极大提升系统的通信容量。因此,如何产生高质量的THz-OAM波束,并给予它灵活的动态控制成为研究者们的一大研究热点。该文设计了一种双层透射型超表面,使用3D打印作为加工方式,成本低、加工难度小。超表面单元结构采用高度可变的介质单元,随着单元高度不断发生改变,透射相位覆盖0°～360°,且透射率保持在88%以上。采用WR-10标准波导喇叭天线进行馈电,在100 GHz工作频率下,通过改变双层超表面之间的相对旋转角度,产生了不同模态的OAM波束。仿真结果表明,该文设计的超表面天线能够实现l=1, 2, 3的OAM波束,二维幅相结果符合对应模态的特征,l=1, 2, 3时,OAM波束的模态纯度分别为85.4%,84.9%,83.4%。通过太赫兹扫场测试平台测试了天线在90 GHz, 100 GHz, 110 GHz频点下的电场分布。结果表明：在20 GHz带宽内,产生的OAM波束质量较好,证明该文设计的超表面天线在高频工作具有一定的工...     

基于环形极子的太赫兹超宽带圆极化阵列天线

以方环单极子天线为基础,设计了一种太赫兹频段超宽带圆极化微带阵列天线。提出的新型低剖面环形天线单元由C型结构和改进后的接地结构组成,实现了天线表面电流不对称流动以及电流的最优纵横比,辐射圆极化波;采用2×4天线阵列不仅提高了天线增益,而且增强了其方向特性。仿真结果表明,该阵列天线的阻抗带宽为67.42%(193.86～391.02 GHz),圆极化轴比带宽可完全包含该频段,且在该频段内峰值增益为15 dBi,在太赫兹通信设备中具有广阔的应用前景。     

机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面快速设计方法

太赫兹涡旋波产生与调控被认为是6G通信、雷达探测、新型传感器的关键技术之一。利用人工超表面产生涡旋波,相较于传统方法具有平面化、集成化、低成本的特点,但是面临复杂的参数设计和分析,需要耗费大量的时间和算力。为此,提出一种机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面快速设计方法,通过长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)神经网络法快速得到满足相位需求的超单元并进行一体化组阵。利用该方法,设计构筑了三块模数l分别为1、2、3的太赫兹涡旋波超表面,仿真结果表明,设计的太赫兹涡旋波束模式纯度达到80%以上。机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面设计方法具备精度高、快速、一体化设计等优点,有望运用于太赫兹幅度、相位、极化、轨道角动量等复杂波束调控领域。     

太赫兹超材料分束器设计及其特性分析

提出一种超材料太赫兹分束器,其单元结构由顶层金属条带、中间介质层和底层金属板组成。利用4个旋转步进为45°的单元周期排列构成了4×4的相位梯度超表面。当太赫兹波垂直入射到阵列表面时,电磁波被反射成四束能量相等但传播方向不同的波,且不同频点的反射角不同。该分束器具有体积小、成本低的优点,可应用于太赫兹隐身和太赫兹成像等方面。     

基于反射型超表面的太赫兹偏折涡旋波束生成

太赫兹涡旋波束可以提高雷达通信系统通信容量及成像系统的分辨率,如何有效地产生这种波束成为近期研究热点之一。为了克服传统方式的缺点,该文设计加工了5个工作在太赫兹频段的反射型超表面,它们可以产生±1、±2和3共5个不同模态的涡旋波束。为了避免馈源对涡旋波束的遮挡,通过平面反射阵原理控制了波束的偏转方向。超表面单元为3层结构,其中,上层为金属结构,控制上层结构中8个枝节的长度,可以在基本不改变超表面单元反射系数的情况下,调整它的反射相位。中间层为介质层,为了使超表面单元有较高的反射系数,介质层下方为一金属地。超表面单元仿真显示,其同极化反射率在90%以上,相位分布也满足超表面设计需求。超表面的仿真及测试结果表明,在340 GHz附近,不同超表面在设计的方向上产生了对应模态的涡旋波束,并且涡旋波束中的主模态能量占比最高。      

阵列涡旋光束在不稳定分层海洋中的远距离传输

阵列光束在大功率激光合成、远距离通信、高质量输出等方面发挥着重要作用。本文利用相位屏法模拟海洋湍流,研究了径向阵列涡旋光束与矩形阵列涡旋光束在具有外尺度的不稳定分层海洋中的传输特性,并将其与单涡旋光束的传输特性进行了对比,分析了三种涡旋光束在海洋湍流中的光强与相位分布。结果表明：两种阵列涡旋光束传输一段距离后不再保持初始的阵列分布,子光束之间会相互影响,产生了干涉条纹。在相同的条件下,单涡旋光束的漂移比两种阵列涡旋光束大,束宽比两种阵列涡旋光束小,而且径向阵列涡旋光束的漂移比矩形阵列涡旋光束大,束宽比矩形阵列涡旋光束小。在较远距离处,单涡旋光束的闪烁指数比两种阵列涡旋光束大,而且矩形阵列涡旋光束的闪烁指数比径向阵列涡旋光束大;在较强湍流和远距离处,三种涡旋光束的束宽逐渐减小。     

Low-Cost Broadband Circularly Polarized Printed Antennas and Array

This paper presents the design, simulation, and measurements of two low-cost broadband circularly polarized (CP) printed antennas: an element and an array at 2 GHz. To realize the broadband circularly polarized antenna element, a circular microstrip patch is electromagnetically coupled by crossed slots cut in the ground plane, which is fed by an L-shaped microstrip feed. Two orthogonal modes in the patch are excited by using the crossed slots, and a single L-shaped feed provides a 90deg phase shift between two orthogonal slots. The antenna element achieves a 9.6% bandwidth for an axial ratio (AR) below 3 dB and a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) below 1.5. To further improve the performance, a sequentially rotated feed network is designed for a 2 times 2 array. The axial ratio value of the array is below 3 dB within a 27.2% bandwidth, from 1.75 GHz to 2.3 GHz. The return loss is above 10 dB within a 41% bandwidth, from 1.62 GHz to 2.45 GHz. Details of the proposed antenna element and the array design are described, and both the simulation and the experimental results are presented and discussed.     

一种新型极化捷变有源微带天线阵

本文提出了一种新颖的极化捷变放大器型有源微带天线阵,只要在馈电端电控单一有源电路就能实现整个微带天线面阵极化的捷变和信号的放大.利用角馈方形微带贴片设计了一副具有高隔离度和低交叉极化的新颖16元双极化面阵,并分析了天线阵的共极化和交叉极化方向图.介绍了有源电路的设计.该电路利用一专用电控移相器,通过改变场效应管(FET)栅极的直流控制电压,电控两极化端口间的0°或90°相差,实现天线阵由线极化到圆极化的捷变.低噪声放大器(LNA)不仅使有源天线增益提高12-14dB,而且改善了天线的驻波比带宽和隔离度.文中给出了无源双极化阵和有源阵的实验结果,证实了理论的有效性.     

抑制共模噪声的SIW 平衡馈电差分缝隙天线阵*

提出一种利用差分天线在共模激励和差模激励下方向图不同来抑制共模噪声的方法,并基于该理论 设计了6×6 平衡馈电差分SIW 缝隙天线阵进行验证。该天线由6个宽边纵向SIW 缝隙天线子阵列组成。辐射缝隙 被设计为只在差模激励下辐射,达到抑制共模信号的目的。每个天线子阵采用平衡差分馈电方式,使用两个1分6 梳状功分器将6个子阵同时激励。整个天线使用标准PCB 工艺加工,为了测试共模和差模激励,分别设计了带有 180°相移的功分器和T型功分器用来生成差模和共模信号。在差模激励下,天线的最大增益为20.2dBi,S11幅值小 于-10dB 带宽为7.2%(39.6 ~43.8GHz),在共模激励下天线的最大增益为10.1dBi,在整个工作频段内S11幅值大于 -7dB。仿真和实验结果验证了该结构的SIW 缝隙天线对差模信号能够有效地辐射而对共模信号进行抑制。     

双圆极化共形相控阵天线研究

设计了一种基于十字缝隙耦合双圆极化微带共形相控阵天线。首先设计了微带天线单元,分析了天线各结构参数对天线性能的影响。通过电桥向偏馈于十字缝隙上的馈线馈电,实现等幅、相差90°馈电,电桥的两个端口分别获得旋向相反的圆极化信号。然后对天线单元进行了测量,结果表明天线轴比小于3dB 的带宽为16%,驻波小于1.5 的带宽 为17%,波束宽度大于87°。最后对5×5 共形相控阵天线进行了仿真与测量,结果显示天线可以扫描60°,适合用作载体共形的卫星通信天线。     

X‐Band Phased Array Antenna Using Ferroelectric (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Coplanar Waveguide Phase Shifter

A phased array antenna was fabricated using four‐element ferroelectric phase shifters with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line structure based on a Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3(BST)/MgO structure. Epitaxial BST films were deposited on MgO (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. To attain the large differential phase shift and small losses for a ferroelectric CPW phase shifter, an impedance‐matching‐part adding technique between the effective transmission line and connecting cable was used. The return loss and insertion loss for this technique‐adapted BST CPW device were improved with respect to those for a normal BST CPW device. For an X‐band phased array antenna system consisting of ferroelectric BST CPW phase shifters, power divider, dc block, patch antenna, and programmed dc power, the steering beam could be tilted by 15° in either direction.     

Ka频段大规模相控阵稀疏布阵算法设计与应用

针对大规模卫星通信相控阵天线在阵元受发射/接收组件、驱动放大器等布局限制条件下的稀疏布阵问题,提出了一种基于极限微扰法的随机稀疏布阵算法。通过极限微扰率和随机稀疏算法的迭代应用,能够较容易地收敛到目标稀疏率下的稀疏阵列分布,且能得到均匀的稀疏布阵结果,改善相控阵天线由于局部过热导致的散热困难的问题。基于此方法,对满阵为4 096阵元的大规模相控阵天线进行了稀疏化设计,最终得到1 552阵元的稀疏阵。仿真和实测结果显示通过该算法能获得较好的阵列方向图结果,在方位角0°~360°、俯仰角0°~60°范围内副瓣均低于-16 dB。     

一种双圆极化半球面相控阵天线的优化设计

针对全空域多目标通信的应用需求,设计了一种具有32阵元的双圆极化半球面相控阵天线。为满足低仰角目标通信需求,采用半球加圆柱的布阵方式,通过详细对比分析三种不同阵元排布方式下的天线性能,确定最优的布阵方式。仿真结果表明,该天线从0°~102.5°扫描过程中,天线增益大于13.3 dBi,增益波动小于2.5 dB。该相控阵天线能够适用于全空域多目标通信的场合。     

Research on dual-polarized circular waveguide antenna fed by L-shaped probes

This paper researched a kind of dual-polarized and cylindrical waveguide antenna fed by two L-shaped probes at the antenna bottom. The designed antenna was composed of two orthogonal L-shaped coaxial probes and a cylindrical waveguide cavity. The two orthogonal field structures were excited and the dual-polarized radiation mode was formed. The feeding cables of two polarization ports went through the bottom of the cylindrical cavity and were connected with the microwave adaptors. The bottom feeding structure was suitable to constitute a planar antenna array. The electromagnetic simulation and optimization design of the proposed antenna were carried out by using the full wave electromagnetic simulation technique, and the simulation results showed that the isolation between two polarization ports were more than 20 dB within the frequency range of 4.8–5.4 GHz. At the center frequency, the cross-polarization levels of radiation pattern were lower than −21 dB at the boresights and the beam width of radiation patterns at E-plane and H-plane were more than 70° for two polarization ports. The designed antenna in this paper was fabricated and measured. The measurement results indicated that the designed antenna achieved anticipated radiation performances and design effectiveness of the dual-polarized antenna in this paper was proved. The dual-polarized and cylindrical waveguide antenna is suitable for some application fields such as dual-polarized array radar. The research results in this paper can provide a technical basis for the practical engineering application.     

Radiation performance improvement of wideband microstrip antenna array using wideband AMC structure

In this paper, the radiation performance of an antenna array is improved by designing a new wideband artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). The proposed AMC surface operates at the frequency of 3 GHz with ±90^° reflection phase bandwidth of 22%. In order to identify the key design parameters of the AMC structure, a parametric study is performed. To improve the radiation performance of the antenna array, an AMC reflector is developed through utilizing an array of 2 × 8 periodic patches of AMC unit cells. By this technique, the front to back ratio of the designed antenna array is enhanced about 16.27 dB. It is concluded that tuning of the AMC dimensions for controlling the reflection coefficient at each port of antenna array during beam steering is necessary. Because of the using of the AMC surfaces as a reflector instead of conventional PEC surfaces, size reduction of the antenna array in the order of 20% is achieved. In this study, a circuit model for single element of the antenna array with considering AMC loading effect is introduced, which predicts the bandwidth behaviour of the proposed antenna. The final designed antenna array exhibits low level of cross polarization making it well‐suited for tracking radars and electronic warfare applications. The proposed antenna with the AMC reflector is fabricated and measured. The measured ?10 dB impedance bandwidth and peak gain of the proposed antenna is 20% (2.7‐3.25 GHz) and 13.4 dBi, respectively, which are compatible with the simulation results.