中国与欧美大高炉运行实绩之分析北大核心

对中国与欧洲和北美的大高炉(炉缸直径≥12m,内容积≥3200m^(3))运行实绩进行了比较分析。结果表明:①中国高炉的利用系数高于欧洲和北美高炉,中国高炉的焦比比欧洲高炉要高,但总燃料比相当;②中国高炉的炉渣碱度高于欧洲高炉,欧洲高炉的某些操作者使用碱度超过2.2的烧结矿;③欧洲高炉的焦丁使用量最高,中间值是46kg/t,中国高炉中间值是40kg/t,北美高炉中间值是25kg/t;④中国高炉操作者通过使用较小风口直径来获得较高风速,而欧洲和北美高炉操作者对炉料分布控制给予了更多关注:炉料熔化行为对高炉运行至关重要,熔化行为可以解释大多数高炉运行指标不同的本质原因。     

关于高炉炉缸长寿的关键问题解析

 高炉长寿化是大型高炉发展的必然趋势,实现高炉长寿的关键在于弄清高炉侵蚀的根本原因。从高炉炉缸侵蚀机理、高炉炉缸象脚型侵蚀原因、高炉炉缸圆周方向侵蚀不均匀性、高炉冷却强度与冷却效率以及高炉炉缸维护技术等5个方面探讨了高炉长寿存在的共性问题,指出高炉炉缸炭砖损毁的本质是碳不饱和铁水对炭砖的溶蚀。具体结果表明,首先,高炉炉缸象脚型侵蚀最严重部位位于高炉炉缸死料柱的根部位置;其次,阐明了直接导致高炉存在不均匀侵蚀的主要原因在于冷却系统的冷却水量和送风系统的风量在高炉周向方向分配不均匀;然后,阐明了冷却系统的作用本质是降低耐火材料热面温度,并提出了高炉冷却强度指数及高炉冷却效率指数;最后,分析了采用无钛矿护炉和钛矿护炉两种模式的高炉炉缸维护技术。     

高炉炉缸活性的分析探讨

高炉安全长寿、降低高炉能源消耗成为现代高炉技术发展的主要方向,而其关键在于提高高炉炉缸活性.在介绍高炉炉缸活性变差特征的基础上,从高炉上部调剂、下部调剂、渣铁物性、高炉原燃料性能等方面,就如何提高高炉炉缸活性进行了分析和探讨.     

高炉炼铁过程数学模拟的研究进展

 高炉是最复杂的冶金反应器之一。为了更好地理解、优化和智能控制高炉炼铁过程,人们开发出大量的高炉数学模型。回顾了全高炉反应动力学数学模型的发展历程,重点介绍了典型研究成果——多流体高炉数学模型的创建实例及其应用;概述了国内外高炉智能专家系统的开发和应用情况;对高炉数学模型的未来发展做出了若干展望,指出CFD-DEM高炉模型、全高炉综合数学模型和专家系统的有机结合是未来高炉过程数字化和控制的发展方向。     

大型高炉稳定控制技术探讨

炼铁呈现高炉不断大型化和原燃料资源日益紧张并且质量不断劣化两大相互制约发展趋势,给大高炉操作带来较大困难,高炉稳定性下降,对高炉操作技术要求更高,而且更加精细。为了适应高炉发展需要,综合操作制度合理性和匹配性是高炉稳定的基础。结合宝钢3号高炉2010年生产攻关操作实绩,解析和探讨大型高炉稳定控制技术基本规律,进一步优化和改进大型高炉煤气流控制技术,提升应对高炉原燃料劣化的技术,推进大型高炉操作技术进步。     

高炉参数监控与炉况评价系统的研究及应用

现代化高炉需要对大量监控数据进行分析和处理,并从中提炼出有价值的数据,以指导高炉生产,为此,我们自主开发了高炉参数监控与炉况评价系统。根据高炉工艺情况,建立一级和二级规则库,监控高炉参数变化和波动,对高炉生产状况进行评价,同时,收集和制定高炉操作指导库,通过检索高炉操作指导库,为高炉生产提出操作指导意见。应用于高炉生产后,减少了炉况波动和能源消耗,提高了高炉生产效率。     

高炉喷吹技术进展

介绍了高炉喷吹煤粉、高炉喷吹喷焦粉、高炉喷吹焦炉煤气以及高炉喷吹废塑料四种较为常见的高炉喷吹技术。     

高炉可视化与仿真技术的创新和实践

高炉可视化与仿真技术是监测高炉内装料和冶炼状况并用以指导高炉操作的新技术。高炉炉顶摄像仪和 热图像仪可在线观察炉内料面和炉顶设备的运行情况;激光探测仪可在线观察高炉生产时的料面形状;高炉风口 摄像仪实时观察高炉各个风口的工作状况与喷煤情况。利用激光技术进行开炉装料测量，得到装料设备的布料规 律;布料仿真模型可模拟高炉的布料和料面下降过程，用以检查和调整布料操作。高炉可视化技术已经在沙钢 5 800 m 3 高炉和中国大陆钢铁企业的500余座高炉以及中国台湾和国外钢铁企业的20多座高炉上得到应用。     

高炉系统氯元素研究进展及未来展望

 为明晰高炉中的氯元素对干法除尘高炉冶炼过程的影响,综述了高炉入炉料中氯元素的赋存状态、行为以及所带来的危害。进一步采用离子色谱法研究了国丰1号1 780 m3干法除尘高炉氯元素的来源, 焦炭和喷吹煤粉带入高炉中氯所占入炉料带入高炉中氯总量的比例分别为45.4 %和29.48 %, 而宝钢、唐钢和迁钢的3座干法除尘高炉中氯的来源主要是烧结矿,其比例分别为47.12 %、43.59%和44.89%,这主要与高炉入炉料种类、用量以及氯元素质量分数的不同有关,所以在对待高炉氯元素来源问题上应该具体高炉具体分析。通过热力学分析得出高炉入炉料中的氯化物在高炉内主要生成HCl,基于对高炉系统氯元素的研究,提出了高炉的降氯措施,并展望了高炉系统氯元素的未来研究方向。     

宝钢高炉长寿命实践

对宝钢高炉20年的长寿实践进行了总结分析。经历了几次高炉寿命制约因素的转变,通过高炉长寿系统工程技术开发和实际应用,宝钢高炉长寿技术取得突破,逐渐形成了具有宝钢特点的大高炉强化冶炼基础上的高炉长寿生产维护技术,使高炉长寿挑战更高目标。     

高炉本体内衬耐火材料技术进步

介绍了宝钢自1985年1号高炉建成投产以来,包括大修工程在内的共6座高炉的内衬用耐火材料的技术进步。     

使用VAI-Q Strip 系统首次实现热轧带钢力学性能的全面控制

VAI-Q Strip（热轧带钢综合质量系统）是一种独特的计算机辅助质量控制系统，已在奥钢联林茨钢厂7机架热带轧机上成功实施。在1997年中期以来的稳定面连续的运行中，系统的预测功能在卷取后立即对带钢力学性能进行准确的在线预测。目前，系统的功能已扩展到可对带钢质量参数进行全自动在线控制，并且自2000年1月以来已在林茨厂热带轧机上成功运行。     

The management of Stress Management: A decade of the journal.

It has been more than four years since the last of my infrequent editorials in the International Journal of Stress Management (IJSM) and nearly a decade since my first (Carlson, 1998b). I am writing to you at this time first to inform you of a change in editorship, then to summarize a few high points of the past 10 years of IJSM as they relate to its management and future. My focus will be on matters dear to journal editors and useful to submitters and subscribers concerning submissions, content, and editorial activity, since such issues determine journal policy and direction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Cartwright Report ten years on: the obligations and rights of health consumers and providers

It is ten years since the Cartwright report was published, three years since the code of health and disability services consumers' rights was promulgated and two years since the code came into force which makes it due for review next year. This paper reviews the issues identified by Cartwright and the effect that her investigation into the "Unfortunate Experiment" has had on the provision of health services. Issues of clinical freedom, peer supervision and informed consent are discussed in relation to the Health and Disability Commissioner Act, the Privacy Act and concepts of partnership in health care. Some comments on the present state of the relationships between consumers and providers in the health system are included.     

Results of the BCG vaccination in Hungary since 1929: evaluation of preventive and immunotherapeutic effectiveness

BACKGROUND: The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin), a living attenuated bacterial vaccine with a characteristic residual virulence, has been used to prevent tuberculosis since 1921 (in Hungary non-systematically since 1929) and applied for immunostimulation in neoplasia since the 1960s. MEASURES: Considering the grave tuberculosis epidemiological situation in Hungary, the BCG revaccination became compulsory up to 20 years old tuberculin negatives since 1959. The Pasteur P1173P2 BCG strain has been used for vaccine manufacturing with improved quality control methods according to the requirements of the WHO. With in systematic BCG primo and revaccination policy 8.1 million BCG vaccination from 1959 to 1983 then further 3.1 million between 1984 and 1996 have been performed. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis demonstrates that the decrease of the TB incidence in children was 3-5 times more rapid (annual average decrease was 25.5%) than in adult since 1959. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the BCG is the strongest explanatory variable decreasing children TB incidence among other antituberculosis measures. The BCG vaccination efficacy ins demonstrated by 2 x 2 table analysis. The systematic BCG vaccination, the living and persisting BCG in the macrophages, confers acquired resistance against virulent TB infections. The immunostimulation in neoplasia has been applied with concentrated BCG developed in Hungary since 1979. The adverse reactions are at accepted frequency. The number of BCG vaccinated subjects was estimated at 1.5 billion from 1948 to 1974 in the world. The yearly number of BCG vaccination in the WHOI-EPI System is estimated 50-100 million. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the BCG vaccination can only be ensured if the vaccine is manufactured and controlled with standardized methods, and applied in a systematic vaccination programme. The effectiveness has to be evaluated in statistically valid biostatistical models.     

Korean Dermatological Association

The Korean Dermatological Association (KDA) was founded on October 27, 1945. The first annual meeting was held on November 15, 1947, and meetings have been held twice a year since 1975. The KDA 50th Annual Spring Meeting was on April 15-16, 1998. Korean Journal of Dermatology, the official journal of the KDA, was first published in 1960 and has been published bimonthly since 1978. Annals of Dermatology (Seoul), the English journal, was first published in 1989 and has been published quarterly since 1995. The American residency and specialty board system was introduced in 1954. Board specialty examination of dermatology candidates by the KDA requires four years of residency. Three hundred and twenty residents are now in the training course in the fifty-nine resident training approved hospitals this year. KDA has seven regional dermatological societies; Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Honam, Chungchong, Jeonbuk, and Kangwon. KDA has had eleven research subcommittees since 1981. There are two associated societies of the KDA; the Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology was founded in 1991, and the Korean Society for Medical Mycology was founded in 1994. The Korea-Japan Joint Meeting of Dermatology has been held every two years since 1979 and the Korea-China Joint Meeting of Dermatology and Mycology has been held since 1996. About three hundred papers were presented at the 49th Annual Autumn Meeting on October 21-23, 1997. These included special lectures, invited lectures, educational lectures, oral presentations, and posters. About five hundred dermatologists participated in that meeting. KDA joined the International League of Dermatological Societies in 1973 with forty-seven members. There are around 1200 members of the KDA including 320 residents in 1998.     

Sexism in Psychology.

The author discusses a recent experience reviewing resumes for a clinical psychologist position, which led to the conclusion that since there are more male than female psychologists, and since the proportion of applicants did not reflect this, there may be a higher proportion of unemployed qualified women psychologists than men. In addition, since the men appeared to be substantially less qualified than the women, there is reason to suspect that a great deal of discrimination exists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Random mutagenesis on the Pseudomonas lipase activator protein, LipB: exploring amino acid residues required for its function

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In Spain ischemic heart disease mortality was increasing prior to 1975 and has decreased since 1975. This trend is common to both genders. The goal of this paper is to separate the genetic, environmental and competitive risk factors influencing this evolution. METHODS: The Gompertz function was adjusted cross-sectionally to age-specific mortality due to ischemic heart disease for each year from 1951 to 1992. The Gompertzian longitudinal analysis was applied to the coefficients obtained to estimate the effect due to environmental and competitive factors. RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease in Spain is a Gompertzian disease with an intersection point at 67 years for men and 40 years for women. Environmental factors were increasing before 1975 and have decreased since then. However, the competitive factors decreased in men since 1980 and in women since 1951 on. CONCLUSION: The evolution of risk factors (smoking, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension) is responsible for the major proportion of ischemic disease mortality changes. Treatment of instaured ischemic disease has a low influence.     

More on undergraduate degrees.

Since the publication of figures taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States in the American Psychologist (1957, 12, 229-230), the writer received a number of requests for reprints which were not available. In order to satisfy these inquiries and to make the data more helpful, he has extended the table, which originally included only the years 1949-54, up to and including 1958. In the original Comment, the writer speculated on the reasons why the number of undergraduate degrees in psychology had dropped from 1950 to 1954. To the advocates of undergraduate specialization in psychology, it will be reassuring to note that the bachelor or first level degree, in point of numbers of men and women receiving it, has been on the rise ever since 1955 when it reached its lowest point. The number of master or second level degree recipients reached its lowest point in 1956 and has also risen since then but has not approached the peak year of 1951. The number of doctorates awarded since 1952 has remained more constant, especially since 1952, than the numbers receiving the first and second level degrees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prevalence of self-reported screening mammography and impact on breast cancer mortality in Austria

Mammography for breast cancer screening has been available in Austria free of charge since 1974 and has been explicitly recommended for mass screening since 1980. The type of screening is opportunistic. Evaluation has to rely on population-based data (mortality, stage distribution, screening prevalence). In a representative cross-sectional study (women aged 40-79 years, n = 566, conducted in 1995) 58% reported at least one screening mammography; the lowest prevalence was found in the age group 70-74 years: 39.3%, the highest in the age group 50-54 years: 71.4%. 23.1% reported at least 2 mammograms within an interval of less than 2 years; lowest prevalence 70-74 years: 10.7%, highest 50-54 years: 35.7%. Age-standardized mortality rate has stabilized since 1985. Since 1980 age-specific rates have increased significantly in all age groups > 54 years, but a decreasing tendency in most groups has been noted since around 1990. The incidence rates of stage II or worse tumors have increased significantly since 1982, except in the age groups 40-44 and 55-59 years; however, during the past 3 to 6 years the absolute rates of incidence of advanced tumors has decreased in alle age groups. The reduction of advanced cancers at diagnosis, followed by a reduction of mortality rates is plausible related to screening prevalence. More uniform decreasing trends should be expected in the years to come. If not, discontinuation of the current opportunistic form of screening without monitoring and evaluation, financed by public money, has to be discussed.