Record keeping in two types of relationships.

Three studies with 109 undergraduates tested the predictions that members of exchange relationships would keep track of individual inputs into joint tasks and members of communal relationships would not. In each study, Ss worked on a task with a partner with whom they (a) desired or had a communal relationship or (b) desired or had an exchange relationship. The task involved locating and circling number sequences in a large matrix. Whether Ss used a pen of the same or of a different color from that used by their partner served as the dependent measure. If partners worked with pens of the same color, individual inputs were obsured. If they worked with different color pens, individual inputs were clear. As predicted, in all 3 studies the proportion of Ss in the exchange conditions who chose a different color pen was significantly greater than 50% and was significantly greater than the proportion of Ss in the communal conditions who chose a different color pen. Also as expected, in no study was this percentage greater than 50% in the communal conditions. When Ss anticipated rather than had an existing communal relationship with the other (Study 1), the proportion of communal Ss choosing a different color pen was significantly lower than 50%. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Limb gangrene and two types of vasculitis

Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis using ethidium bromide can be improved by adding formamide as the denaturant. This gives higher resolution than previous SSCP methods; it had 100% sensitivity in the discrimination of 14 PCR samples from two different genes, even for a long fragment close to the upper limit of 250 base pairs. This modified procedure is a rapid, simple, safe, and yet highly sensitive method for detecting structural differences in DNA fragments.     

Activation of two types of fibres in rat extraocular muscles

1. The contractile responses of the inferior rectus, one of the extraocular muscles of the rat, to a depolarization induced by an elevation of the potassium concentration in the external medium ([K]O) have been studied 'in vitro'. 2. The elevation of [K]O to 20 and 30 mM-K produced contractures that consisted of a sustained or tonic tension. When [K]O was increased to 50 mM or more a well-defined transient or phasic tension appeared before the tonic response. The increment of [K]O above 50 mM enhanced the phasic component and depressed the tonic tension. The maximal tonic tension, usually evoked by 50 mM-K, is about 50% of the tetanic tension, shows a gradual decline with time and lasts for hours. Control experiments performed in diaphragm showed that this muscle only responds with phasic tensions. 3. The difference in the repriming of the phasic and tonic responses when tensions were induced with salines containing low or normal [Cl] suggests that the muscle fibres responsible for the tonic tension are poorly permeable to Cl-. 4. The amplitude of the tonic tension was reduced by Ca deprivation and by an elevation of [Ca] in the saline to 10 mM. 5. It is concluded that in rat extraocular muscles, an increase in [K]O activates two types of muscle fibres: singly and multiply innervated. These appear to be functionally equivalent to the twitch and slow fibres of amphibian and avian muscle and would give rise to the phasic and tonic components of the contracture, respectively.     

Correlates of two types of xenophilic orientation.

"A sample of 422 college students at Boston University responded to scales measuring tendencies toward xenophilia, authoritarianism, hostility toward typical Americans, willingness to stereotype, and interest in travelling abroad… . High scorers on the Xenophile Scale can be distinguished from low scorers on the above dimensions. High xenophiles seem to be more willing to stereotype, express hostility toward typical Americans, and express a stronger desire to travel than low xenophiles. Predictions were made concerning two varieties of high xenophiles, high scorers and low scorers on the California F scale. It was found that the low authoritarians were more attracted to things foreign than the highs along several dimensions. Furthermore among low scorers on the Xenophile scale, clear distinctions were found among the high and low F scale scorers. The highs were more willing to stereotype than were the lows." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methylprednisolone pulse therapy in two clinical types of crescentic glomerulonephritis

Antiviral activity was characterized from the culture broth of the Basidiomycete Macrocystidia cucumis (Pers. ex Fr.) Heim. When the stationary phase was reached (21 d), the culture broth was shown through an ELISA assay to contain antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as assessed in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21). Once the presence of the anti-HSV-1 activity in the culture broth was demonstrated, we proceeded with the purification and isolation of the active principle using a semi-preparative HPLC technique. The activity was associated with a purine nucleoside designated McA. This compound displayed no cytotoxicity at antivirally effective concentrations and proved to be a novel nucleoside analogue.     

Comparison between two types of air microorganism sampling

The airflow striking sampling was compared with flat utensils sedimentation sampling for collection of air microorganisms. The result showed that air microorganism count with the former method is more efficient than the latter method (P < 0.05). The flat utensils sedimentation sampling only collected larger particles of microorganism so the air microorganism count was not accurate. However, it is still a suitable method in hygiene without other choices. The airflow striking sampling collected more middle and tiny particles for air microorganism than the sedimentation sampling and can accurately show microorganism content in air, so it is an optimal sampling method.     

Personality characteristics of two types of male exhibitionists.

Hypothesized that exhibitionists without other criminal involvement (pure type) have different personality characteristics than exhibitionists with nonexhibitionistic criminal involvement (criminal type): In particular, the criminal type exhibits greater pathology and sociopathy. 30 pure type and 54 criminal type exhibitionists referred to a forensic clinic were compared on tests, including Goldberg indexes for differentiating normal from deviant and psychiatric from sociopathic MMPI group profiles, and attained educational level. The criminal group had greater elevations on MMPI Psychopathic Deviate and Schizophrenia scales than the pure group. The criminal group also had lower elevations on California Psychological Inventory Responsibility and Socialization scales than the pure group. On the Goldberg indexes, the mean pure group MMPI profile fell within the normal range, whereas that of the criminal group fell within the deviant range; the criminal group MMPI profile was classified as sociopathic rather than psychiatric. The pure group had greater attained educational level than the criminal group. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of two types of counseling analogues.

Compared Ss' attraction to the counselor, self-reported and physiological anxiety, and susceptibility to persuasion, using 2 types of counseling analogs, quasi-counseling, and vicarious participation. Ss were 85 undergraduates. Participants in the quasi-counseling analog were significantly more attracted to the counselor than were vicarious-participation Ss. An attempt to indirectly structure perception of counselor empathy was unsuccessful in both analogs. The need for greater delineation of counselor and counseling process variables appropriate for different types of analogs is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

对利用两种铁矿资源的思考

对国内和国外的铁矿资源开发利用的现状进行了分析,并结合我国钢铁工业未来发展对铁矿的需求,提出了利用国外铁矿石资源的总体思路,认为充分而有效地利用国外铁矿石资源是保障我国钢铁工业稳定发展的基本战略,建议加大境外开发铁矿的力度,加强进口铁矿石的协调与管理工作,提高港口接卸能力,改善进口铁矿石陆路运输条件。     

Effects of two types of failure on anxiety.

To determine the sensitivity of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) to changes in anxiety in emotionally disturbed children, 36 children (mean age, 11.24 yrs) in residential treatment were administered the STAIC and were randomly assigned (separate assignment for males and females to ensure equal distribution to each group) to either a failure group, a failure plus ego-involving instructions group, or a test-retest control group. The group receiving failure plus ego-involving instructions reported the greatest anxiety increase for both A-State and A-Trait portions of the STAIC. Results are discussed in terms of state-trait-anxiety theory and as indicative of the vulnerability of A-Trait anxiety to stress with emotionally disturbed children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Permeability of gadolinium-DTPA through two types of hemodialysis membrane

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was injected intravenously for magnetic resonance imaging in patients with impaired renal function, and the permeabilities of two types of general hemodialysis (HD) membrane to this agent were compared. METHODS: One of the HD membranes, Nipro FB-210-U membrane (U membrane), has a larger pore size than the other, Nipro FB-210-M membrane (M membrane). On the same day as magnetic resonance imaging was performed, the patient underwent a 4-hour HD session. Blood was sampled before and at five points after the start of HD. RESULTS: Mean dialysance of Gd-DTPA was 175.8 to 185.8 mL/min with the U membrane and 120.5 to 130.1 mL/min with the M membrane. The elimination rate was 91.1% with the U membrane and 81.1% with the M membrane 4 hours after the start of HD. The permeability was significantly higher with the U membrane than with the M membrane. CONCLUSION: Although it is more expensive, the U membrane should be chosen rather than the M membrane for HD to remove Gd-DTPA from the body as efficiently as possible.     

Reported anxiousness and two types of stimulus incongruity.

Investigated the the effects of 2 kinds of stimulus incongruity (surprise and nonconfirmation) on reported anxiety. Surprise incongruity involves receiving an unexpected stimulus, and nonconfirmation incongruity involves not receiving an expected stimulus. Reported anxiety was measured by a form of N. S. Endler, J. M. Hunt, and A. J. Rosenstein's (see 38:2) Stimulus Response (S-R) Inventory of Anxiousness. 4 groups of 10 female undergraduates, each, (equated for initial anxiousness) were subjected to 1 of 4 levels of surprise incongruity (high, moderate, low, control) and to 1 of 2 levels of nonconfirmation incongruity (high, 0). All groups were tested in a "listening to a tape" situation. Mean reported anxiety was greater for the high- than for the low-surprise incongruity groups (p     

A comparative in vitro study of the frictional characteristics of two types of self-ligating brackets and two types of pre-adjusted edgewise brackets tied with elastomeric ligatures

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the frictional characteristics of two types of self-ligating brackets ('A' Company Damon SL and Adenta Time brackets) and two types of pre-adjusted edgewise brackets (TP Tip-Edge and 'A' Company Standard Twin brackets). The test brackets were glued to steel bars and aligned using a preformed jig. Five combinations of archwire size and material were used (0.014-inch nickel titanium, 0.0175-inch multistrand stainless steel, 0.016 x 0.022-inch nickel titanium, 0.016 x 0.022-inch stainless steel and 0.019 x 0.025-inch stainless steel wires). The wires were drawn through the brackets and the frictional resistance was measured using an Instron 1193 testing machine. The data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's multiple comparison of means test. The results revealed that the Damon brackets demonstrated the lowest friction for all dimensions of test wires followed by the Time bracket. The 'A' Company Standard Twin brackets produced the highest friction with all wire dimensions tested, followed by the Tip-Edge bracket. With all brackets the 0.016 x 0.022-inch nickel titanium wires produced a higher frictional resistance than the 0.016 x 0.022-inch stainless steel wires. The results indicate that these self-ligating brackets produce less frictional resistance than elastomerically-tied pre-adjusted edgewise brackets.     

Pharmacological and anatomical dissociation of two types of habituation.

Notes that both the exploration of a novel environment (an operant response) and the startle response (an elicited response) share certain functional characteristics (e.g., both response measures wane as a function of exposure and show spontaneous recovery). This commonality has led to the assumption that both measures can be used as an index of a common process of habituation. Results of the present 2 experiments with a total of 96 CFE and 10 Sprague-Dawley male albino rats show that scopolamine (but not methyl scopolamine) greatly impaired habituation of exploration but had no direct effect upon habituation of startle. Medial septal lesions impaired the rate of habituation in both cases. These differential effects imply that (a) contrary to previous conceptualizations, the 2 measures of habituation do not reflect a unitary process; and (b) anticholinergic drugs and medial septal damage do not influence the same neural substrate in terms of behavioral inhibition. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differences in the binding sites of two site-3 sodium channel toxins

Site-3 toxins from scorpion and sea anemone bind to Na channels and selectively inhibit current decay. Anthopleurins A and B (ApA and ApB, respectively), toxins found in the venom of the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica, bind to closed states of mammalian skeletal and cardiac Na channels with differing affinities which arise from differences in first-order toxin/channel dissociation rate constants, koff. Using chimera comprising domain interchanges between channel isoforms, we examined the structural basis of this differential affinity. Toxin/channel association rates, kon, were similar for both toxins and both parental channels. Domain 4 determined koff for ApA, while ApB dissociated from all tested chimera in a cardiac-like manner. To probe this surprising difference between two such closely related toxins, we examined the interaction of chimeric channels with a form of ApB in which the two nonconserved basic residues, Arg-12 and Lys-49, were converted to the corresponding neutral amino acids from ApA. In the chimera comprising domain 1 from the cardiac muscle isoform and domains 2-4 from the skeletal muscle isoform, toxin dissociated at a rate intermediate between those of the parental channels. We conclude that the differential component of ApA binding is controlled by domain 4 and that some component of ApB binding is not shared by ApA. This additional component probably binds to an interface between channel domains and is partly mediated by toxin residues Arg-12 and Lys-49.     

Difference in changes of plasma volume in two types of Goldblatt hypertension in rabbits

High plasma renin concentration (PRC) and hematocrit (Ht) were observed in hypertensive rabbits with one renal artery clipped and an intact opposite kidney (Group A), while rather low PRC and Ht in hypertensive ones with one renal artery clipped and the opposite kidney removed (Group B). Plasma volume (PV), blood volume (BV), and packed cell volume (PCV) were estimated in these two types of hypertensive rabbits, and also in sham-operated rabbits (Group C). In Group A, 4 weeks after clipping of a renal artery, PV was decreased and significant inverse correlations were observed between PV and the elevation of blood pressure and between PV and PRC. A significant correlation between PRC and the elevation of blood pressure was also found 4 and 12 weeks after the clipping. PCV was increased until 12 weeks after clipping. In Group B, PV was increased 1 and 4 weeks after clipping, then returned to the initial level. Ht was decreased 1 and 12 weeks, and PCV was decreased 12 weeks after clipping. These results would indicate that a high Ht seen in Group A was partly due to the decreased PV and partly due to the increased PCV, while, in Group B, a low Ht in early stage might be mainly due to the increased PV, but in the late stage, a decreased PCV appeared to play a role to lower Ht. PRC seems to be affected differently by PV in these two types of hypertension.