Algorithms for estimating the complete group of polarization invariants of the scattering matrix (SM) based on measuring all SM elements

The procedure for estimating polarization invariants of the backscattering matrix in horizontal-vertical basis is considered for radar observation of arbitrary nonreciprocal objects. Two polarization invariants are added to the well-known six Huynen-Euler invariants. These new invariants (nonreciprocity angle and difference in absolute phases of the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the scattering matrix) describe the nonreciprocal properties of the object itself. With the simultaneous measurement of all eight quadratures of the scattering matrix elements, the closed-form expressions for calculating the eight polarization invariants are given. The derived expressions are the starting point for complete estimation of the polarization properties of arbitrary radar objects with a nonsymmetric scattering matrix. The given approach can be used to study various polarization effects in remote radar sensing of artificial and natural objects, and also to simulate polarization measurement processes and estimation errors caused by the measurements of scattering matrix elements at different instants.     

Compressive diffuse optical tomography: noniterative exact reconstruction using joint sparsity

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a sensitive and relatively low cost imaging modality that reconstructs optical properties of a highly scattering medium. However, due to the diffusive nature of light propagation, the problem is severely ill-conditioned and highly nonlinear. Even though nonlinear iterative methods have been commonly used, they are computationally expensive especially for three dimensional imaging geometry. Recently, compressed sensing theory has provided a systematic understanding of high resolution reconstruction of sparse objects in many imaging problems; hence, the goal of this paper is to extend the theory to the diffuse optical tomography problem. The main contributions of this paper are to formulate the imaging problem as a joint sparse recovery problem in a compressive sensing framework and to propose a novel noniterative and exact inversion algorithm that achieves the l(0) optimality as the rank of measurement increases to the unknown sparsity level. The algorithm is based on the recently discovered generalized MUSIC criterion, which exploits the advantages of both compressive sensing and array signal processing. A theoretical criterion for optimizing the imaging geometry is provided, and simulation results confirm that the new algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms and reliably reconstructs the optical inhomogeneities when we assume that the optical background is known to a reasonable accuracy.     

微波遥感及其在中国的发展

全天候全天时微波遥感是空间遥感监测技术的前沿之一。文章回顾了自1970年代中国遥感事业起步,到2000年后中国空间遥感技术迅速发展的过程,充分展示了中国空间微波遥感在风云气象卫星与海洋卫星、星载合成孔径雷达技术方面的研究进展,展现从"追跑、跟跑",到"平跑"的历史进程,并展望在未来30年,中国空间微波遥感技术将达到国际"领跑"的目标与任务。     

基于压缩感知的空间谱估计

以多重信号分类（Multrple Signal Classification,MUSIC）算法为代表的现代空间谱估计方法,估计的信源数受限于阵列形式,并且需要的采样数据量巨大.文章从压缩感知的基础理论出发,利用目标信号空间分布的稀疏性,建立了基于压缩感知的阵列信号空间谱估计模型.利用压缩感知方法,可以使用较少的阵元数对空间信号进行采样测量,并准确重构信号.相比传统的MUSIC空间谱估计算法,该方法所需阵元数少,采样数据量小,并且能同时进行信号强度和角度的估计.所提方法对推动压缩感知理论在阵列信号空间谱估计中的应用具有一定意义.     

Statistical Performance of MUSIC-Like Algorithms in Resolving Noncircular Sources

This paper addresses the resolution of the conventional and noncircular MUSIC algorithms for arbitrary circular and noncircular second-order distributions of two uncorrelated closely spaced transmitters observed by an arbitrary array. An explicit closed-form expression of the mean null spectrum of the conventional and noncircular MUSIC algorithms is derived using an analysis based on perturbations of the noise projector instead of those of the eigenvectors. Based on these results, theoretical and approximate interpretable closed-form expressions of the threshold array signal-to-noise ratios (ASNR) at which these two algorithms are able to resolve two closely spaced transmitters along the Cox and the Sharman and Durrani criteria are given. It is proved that the threshold ASNRs given by the conventional MUSIC algorithm do not depend on the distribution of the sources including their noncircularity, in contrast to the noncircular MUSIC algorithm for which they are very sensitive to the noncircularity phase separation of the sources. This threshold ASNR given by the noncircular MUSIC algorithm is proven to be comfortably lower than that given by the conventional MUSIC algorithm except for weak phase separations of the sources for which the resolving powers of these two algorithms are very close. Finally, these results are analyzed through several illustrations and Monte Carlo simulations.      

压缩感知及其应用:从稀疏约束到低秩约束优化

压缩感知（或称压缩采样）是国际上近期出现的一种信息理论。其核心思想是只要某高维信号是可压缩的或在某个变换域上具有稀疏性,就可以用一个与变换基不相关的测量矩阵将该信号投影到一个低维空间上,然后通过求解一个最优化问题以较高的概率从这些少量的投影中重构出原始信号。压缩感知理论突破了香农定理对信号采样频率的限制,能够以较少的采样资源,较高的采样速度和较低的软硬件复杂度获得原始信号的测量值。该理论已经被广泛应用于数字相机、医学成像、遥感成像、地震勘探、多媒体混合编码、通讯、结构健康监测等领域。本文归纳了压缩感知研究中的关键问题,探讨压缩感知从稀疏约束到低秩约束优化的发展历程,对压缩感知在遥感、地震勘探等几个相关领域的应用研究进行了综述。      

McCART: Monte Carlo Code for Atmospheric Radiative Transfer

McCART is a numerical procedure to solve the radiative transfer equation for light propagation through the atmosphere from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. The procedure has been developed to study the effect of the atmosphere in the remote sensing of the Earth, using aerospace imaging spectrometers. The simulation is run for a reference layered plane nonabsorbing atmosphere and a plane ground with uniform reflectance. For a given distribution of ground reflectance and for a specific profile of scattering and absorption properties of the atmosphere, the spectral response of the sensor is obtained in a short time from the results of the Monte Carlo simulation by using scaling relationships and symmetry properties. The procedure also includes an accurate analysis of the adjacency and trapping effects due to multiple scattering of photons coming from neighboring pixels. McCART can generate synthetic images of the Earth's surface for arbitrary viewing conditions. The results can be used to establish the limits of applicability of approximate algorithms for the processing and analysis of hyperspectral images acquired by imaging spectrometers. In addition, the algorithm can be used to develop procedures for atmospheric correction for the accurate retrieval of the spectral ground reflectance.     

UAV remote sensing atmospheric degradation image restoration based on multiple scattering APSF estimation

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote imaging is affected by the bad weather, and the obtained images have the disadvantages of low contrast, complex texture and blurring. In this paper, we propose a blind deconvolution model based on multiple scattering atmosphere point spread function (APSF) estimation to recovery the remote sensing image. According to Narasimhan analytical theory, a new multiple scattering restoration model is established based on the improved dichromatic model. Then using the L0 norm sparse priors of gradient and dark channel to estimate APSF blur kernel, the fast Fourier transform is used to recover the original clear image by Wiener filtering. By comparing with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method can correctly estimate blur kernel, effectively remove the atmospheric degradation phenomena, preserve image detail information and increase the quality evaluation indexes.     

基于频域数据采样和时域信号同步的超宽带时间反转成像

提出一种基于频域数据取样和时域信号同步的超宽带（Ultrawideband,UWB）时间反转（Time-Reversal,TR）成像方法.单个发射机发射UWB脉冲信号到探测区域,时间反转镜（Time Reversal Mirror,TRM）的每个天线单元对散射信号进行细频和粗频数据采样,得到各自单元的频率-频率-多站数据矩阵（individual-FF-MDM）.把所有单元的该矩阵堆砌起来,形成一个全体单元的频率-频率-多站数据矩阵（full-FF-MDM）,并对full-FF-MDM进行奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition,SVD）,得到耦合了目标位置信息的左奇异值向量.将每一个左奇异值向量变换成时域脉冲回传辐射,则来自TRM各单元的回传辐射信号在相应目标处同时到达波形的最大值,而在非该目标处则不能同时达到最大值.于是,定义各单元的回传信号乘积作为目标成像函数,可获得良好的横向和纵向分辨率.     

基于面阵CCD-TDI模式编码感知的高分辨率遥感计算成像

针对推扫式遥感成像,基于压缩感知(CS)理论,提出一种利用低密度探测器获取高分辨率遥感图像的新方法。在推扫过程中,采用可编码的行间转移面阵电荷耦合器件(CCD)并使其工作于时间延迟积分(TDI)模式,在随机曝光控制电路的控制下实现对场景信息的编码感知;通过计算成像,从感知的数据中重构出高分辨率遥感图像。这种基于CCD-TDI模式编码感知的高分辨率遥感计算成像方法,可以增强成像分辨率和提高输出图像信噪比。仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于空间谱域填充的MIMO雷达成像研究

 雷达成像需要获得目标空间谱域一定范围和密度的采样以重建目标图像,目标空间谱域的填充方式与雷达成像的质量有直接关系.论文首先阐述了MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)雷达收发信号模型的空间卷积效应,基于电磁逆散射原理,推导出一种MIMO雷达成像方法,详细论述了成像性能与空间谱域填充的关系.讨论了收/发阵列配置对空间谱域填充的影响,得到阵列排布的基本准则,最后对成像算法的有效性和理论分析结果进行仿真验证.     

数字域斜模态时间延迟积分技术

为了实现遥感图像超分辨目的,提出数字域斜模态时间延迟积分(Digital Domain Tilting Model Time Delayed and Integration,DT-TDI)技术。对技术过程所涉及的数字域TDI技术、倾斜采样成像理论、数字域斜模态TDI技术等分别进行分析与研究。首先,构建通用的数字域TDI模型。之后,利用倾斜采样成像思想,构建适用于不同倾斜角度下的DT-TDI模型。然后,以45°倾角对模型进行实验验证,获取该角度一定姿轨条件下的序列低分辨率图像。最后,通过超分辨算法对具有亚像素位移的低分辨率图像序列进行超分辨重构,获取高分辨率图像。实验结果表明,DT-TDI技术可在不同倾斜模态下进行稳定成像,45°倾角时获取的低分辨率图像亚像素位移误差约15%,基本满足超分辨重构需求。重构后图像分辨率明显提升。     

Antenna synthesis and solution of inverse problems by regularization methods

Antenna pattern synthesis is discussed as an example of "improperly posed" problems. This serves the purpose of introducing a concept that is useful in many other applications: remote sensing, inverse scattering, etc. It also suggests that regulation methods that have been devised to "solve" improperly posed problems can be applied to antenna synthesis and the aforementioned problems. This gives systematic methods for solving the pattern synthesis problem even when the element patterns are arbitrary.     

一种基于对称性边缘的多光谱图像配准方法

多光谱成像技术是遥感领域的一项重要技术。多光谱图像配准技术可以提高遥感图像的应用效率和能力。基于边缘结构在多光谱图像中较为稳定这一特性,提出了一种基于对称性边缘的多光谱图像配准方法,该方法主要包含“图像比例调整”、“对称性边缘提取”和“互信息配准”等三个步骤。基于天宫二号宽波段成像仪的遥感数据设计了一种多子图配准方案,验证了所提方法在可见光、短波红外和长波红外三个谱段之间图像配准的有效性。设置对比实验,将所提配准方法与其他多光谱图像配准方法进行比较,结果表明该方法在天宫二号宽波段遥感图像的配准中具有较高的精度。     

Image reconstruction and enhanced resolution imaging from irregularsamples

While high resolution, regularly gridded observations are generally preferred in remote sensing, actual observations are often not evenly sampled and have lower-than-desired resolution. Hence, there is an interest in resolution enhancement and image reconstruction. This paper discusses a general theory and techniques for image reconstruction and creating enhanced resolution images from irregularly sampled data. Using irregular sampling theory, we consider how the frequency content in aperture function-attenuated sidelobes can be recovered from oversampled data using reconstruction techniques, thus taking advantage of the high frequency content of measurements made with nonideal aperture filters. We show that with minor modification, the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is functionally equivalent to Grochenig's (1992) irregular sampling reconstruction algorithm. Using simple Monte Carlo simulations, we compare and contrast the performance of additive ART, multiplicative ART, and the scatterometer image reconstruction (SIR) (a derivative of multiplicative ART) algorithms with and without noise. The reconstruction theory and techniques have applications with a variety of sensors and can enable enhanced resolution image production from many nonimaging sensors. The technique is illustrated with ERS-2 and SeaWinds scatterometer data     

海洋激光遥感技术研究进展(特邀)

国内正处于实施21世纪海洋丝绸之路战略部署的关键时期,发展海洋光学技术是支撑国家中长期发展战略的重要方向。海洋激光遥感技术是海洋光学的重要研究领域之一。激光雷达作为近年来快速发展的新型主动遥感技术,由于其具有高精度及高时空分辨率的优点,已在海洋激光遥感领域得到广泛的应用。文中基于布里渊散射激光雷达和海洋成像激光雷达介绍了海洋激光遥感技术的研究进展,以及我国在水体参数测量、水下目标探测和海洋地形地貌的激光遥感中的应用。     

基于P—M谱的二维各向异性分层海面电磁散射研究

为了得到基于P-M谱的二维各向异性分层海面电磁散射特性,以便为海洋遥感、海上目标检测与识别等领域的应用提供理论依据,采用微扰法研究了平面波入射分层介质粗糙面的电磁散射特性,结合海面P-M谱推导出了平面波入射时的散射系数计算公式,通过数值计算获得了HH极化下中间介质的介电常数和厚度、摩擦风速、风区范围、观察方向与逆风方向之间夹角和入射波频率对双站散射系数的影响,得到了分层海面电磁散射系数的基本特征、分区特征和随频率变化的特征。     

一种高分辨率多基线InSAR三维层析成像方法

多基线InSAR(Muti-baseline InSAR)可以进行三维层析成像,用于地面遥感与地下地质情况分析。受限于实际系统,多基线InSAR的基线数目非常少,使用传统方法成像时分辨率很低。为提高高度维分辨率,文中建立了多基线InSAR成像的阵列信号处理模型,将阵列信号处理中的MUSIC算法应用到多基线InSAR的高度维成像中,进行数字仿真实验,仿真结果表明,文中的方案能提高多基线InSAR高度维的分辨率,获得较低的旁瓣。     

Wave diffraction by a rough boundary of an arbitrary plane-layeredmedium

The problem of electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering by a slightly rough boundary of an arbitrary layered medium is solved by a small perturbation method. The bistatic amplitude of scattering as well as scattering cross sections for a statistically rough surface are calculated for linear and circular polarized waves. Along with the scattering into the upgoing waves in the homogeneous medium, the scattering cross sections in the downgoing waves into a layered medium are obtained. Analytical results are applied to the modeling of natural layered media (ice and sand layers) remote sensing problems employing global positioning system (GPS) technics     

利用多角度SAR数据实现三维成像

利用多角度SAR数据实现目标高分辨率3维成像对雷达自动目标识别具有重要价值。该文在目标散射稀疏性前提下提出了基于压缩感知的多角度SAR 3维成像方法。文章首先论证多角度SAR测量能够改善测量矩阵的互不相关性。然后根据互不相干影响因素分析,合理选择目标离散间隔构造多角度SAR测量矩阵。最后利用分段正交匹配追踪算法实现目标向量的稀疏重构。该文算法不仅改善了高度分辨率,而且克服了多角度SAR空间采样不连续导致的高旁瓣问题。实验验证了该算法的可行性和稳定性。