乳中抗生素残留及其检测方法

介绍了乳中抗生素残留及其一系列检测方法,包括微生物检测法、理化检测法和免疫检测法.其中色谱法、联用技术和免疫法在残留分析方面的研究与应用取得了长足进展.     

乳及乳制品中抗生素类兽药残留快速检测技术

抗生素等兽药残留物分析是个十分复杂的技术问题，介绍了按不同目的和要求对抗生素等兽药残留物进行的分级检测的策略，并对目前国内外正在应用或开发的快速检测技术进行了介绍。     

乳及乳制品的抗生素和其他兽药残留问题

对我国牛乳抗生素及其他兽药残留问题进行了文献调查和初步现场调查。“无抗乳”风波无疑为我国众多乳品企业敲响了警钟，“无抗”和“限抗”业已成为食品国际市场进入准则，也必将在国内成为市场准入规则；我国相关政府部门也加紧了完善法规、标准及管理的工作，提出了近期乳业发展规划，重点也是保证和提高乳及乳制品的品质和安全性：总之，虽然目前在我国不能完全实现“无抗乳”，但乳品企业、养殖业及其管理部门都应该引起足够的重视，因为在不远的将来，“无抗”和“限抗”势在必行。     

乳中抗生素残留及其检测方法的研究进展

介绍了乳中抗生素残留的原因、抗生素残留的种类以及国内外应用于乳中抗生素的检测方法,同时对不同种类抗生素的测定方法进行比较,为乳中抗生素检测新方法开发提供理论依据。     

乳和乳制品中残留抗生素的检测方法

论述了牛奶中残留抗生素的原因及危害性，列举了目前世界上较为流行的牛奶抗生素检测方法，并介绍了其检测原理。     

乳和乳制品中抗生素残留的危害及检测方法

综述了乳与乳制品中抗生素残留现状和危害，比较了抗生素检测Delvotest法与其他几种方法。认为Delvotest法优于其他几种方法，建议有关部门尽快引进该技术，以加强我国乳和乳制品中的抗生素监测，解决目前乳业中面临的难题。     

原料乳中抗生素的控制与分析

原料乳的安全问题是国内乳品行业面临的共同难题,其中药物残留．特别是抗生素残留是原料乳中存在的安全问题之一。原料乳中抗生素残留物不仅影响乳制品加工（如严重干扰发酵乳制品的生产,影响干酪、黄油、发酵乳的起酵和后期风味的形成）,而且长期服用含低剂量抗生素残留的乳制品,会危害人体健康。因此,应采取一定的措施,防止含抗生素的原料乳进入后续加工过程。     

乳与乳制品抗生素残留及其在病牛乳中持续时间的探讨

1986年6～7月对南京、无锡、苏州、常州、徐州、淮阴、泰州、盐城等市的10个乳牛场使用抗生素的情况和乳与乳制品中抗生素残留量及其持续时间进行了探讨。結果:各乳牛场均使用青霉素、链霉素等抗生素药物治疗乳牛的各种疾病。应用TTC法检测乳与乳制品中抗生素残留量的检出率时,生奶3.6%,消毒牛奶11.48％、奶粉39.58％;青链霉素水剂在常量下不论给药途径如何,奶中残留持续时间都不超过48小时。病侧乳室灌注抗生素后,在邻室分泌出的乳中不存在抗生素残留;肌肉注射抗生素,奶中残留经24小时就呈阴性,而乳室灌注法奶中的残留要经48小时才转阴性,因此提倡肌注法给药。     

酶联免疫法与乳及乳制品中抗生素残留的检测

对酶联免疫检测技术(ELISA)做了介绍,并对该技术在乳及乳制品抗生素残留检测的应用进行了评述.阐述了该项技术在乳及乳制品抗生素残留检测中的应用前景.     

高效液相色谱法测定乳及乳制品中多种四环素类药物残留

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定乳及乳制品中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素残留的的方法。样品通过柠檬酸缓冲溶液提取,MAX固相萃取柱净化浓缩后,采用C18色谱柱,以乙腈-浓度为0.01 mol/L草酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,用紫外检测器于350 nm波长处检测。回收率在90.4%～103.3%,精密度(RSD)为2.09%～4.73%,检出限分别为0.05,0.04,0.06,0.08μg/g。该方法可用于乳及乳制品中这4种四环素类药物残留的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中的四环素类抗生素

建立高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中四环素、土霉素、金霉素、强为霉素等4种抗生素残留的方法.样品经Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取、OASIS HLB固相萃取柱净化后,经高效液相色语分析,选定色谱柱SB-C18,5 μm,250mm×4.6mm I.d.,流速为1mL/min,柱A为30℃,流动相为10mmol/L三氟乙酸水溶液-乙腈(梯度洗脱),二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为360 nm,进样量为100μL.以去甲基金霉素为内标物,四环素类标准溶液质童浓度在20～500μg/L范围内呈良好的线性相关,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为5.95～18.85 N.g/L;样品加标回收率在88.26%～107.98%之间,相对标准偏差在0.650%～6.14%之间.     

Determination of antibiotics in meat samples using analytical methodologies: A review

Antibiotics are widely used to prevent or treat some diseases in human and veterinary medicine and also as animal growth promoters. The presence of these compounds in foods derived from food-producing animals can be a risk for human health. Consequently, regulatory agencies have set maximum residue limits for antibiotics in food samples. Therefore, the development of novel methodologies for its determination in food samples is required. Specifically, the analysis and quantification of these substances in meat tissues is a challenge for the analytical chemistry research community. This is due to the complexity of the matrix and the low detection limits required by the regulatory agencies. In this sense, a comprehensive review on the development of new sample preparation treatments involving extraction, cleanup, and enrichment steps of antibiotics in meat samples in combination with sensitive and sophisticated determination techniques that have been carry out in the last years is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work is to summarize the published methodologies for the determination of antibiotics from 2016 until the beginning of the second semester of 2020. The first part of this review includes an introduction about antibiotic families, followed by sample preparation and determination techniques applied to the different families. Finally, a detailed discussion of the current trends and the future possible perspectives in this field are also included.     

Determination of aflatoxins in eggs,milk, meat and meat products using HPLC fluorescent and UV detectors

Raw and pasteurised sheep’s, cow’s and goat’s milk, eggs, and beef samples from different local markets in Jordan were collected during a period of 5 months (January through May 2007) and examined for aflatoxins B1(AFB1), B2(AFB2), G1(AFG1), G2(AFG2), M1(AFM1) and M2(AFM2). The samples were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV and Fluorescent detectors. The analysed samples of milk collected in January were found to contain 0.56 μg L⁻¹ AFM1 and 0.1 μg L⁻¹ AFM2 whilst, the concentration of AFM1 and AFM2 was < 0.05 μg L⁻¹ for milk samples collected between March and May. The AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 contents in the analysed food products ranged from 1.10 to 8.32 μg L⁻¹ and 0.15 to 6.36 μg L⁻¹ in imported and fresh meat samples collected during March, respectively. The mean recovery for the HPLC method was 92% to 109% and the quantification levels were 50 ng L⁻¹ for AFM1 and AFM2. The AFM1 was found in 10% of the tested samples with concentrations between 0.08 and 1.1 μg kg⁻¹ and AFM2 was only found in 1.82% of the tested samples with a level of 0.1 μg kg⁻¹. The AFM1 levels in the examined foods were higher than the maximum level of AFM1 in liquid milk set by the European Community and Codex Alimentarius of 50 ng L⁻¹.     

奶制品中抗生素的检测

介绍奶制品中抗生素残留危害性并分析比较了两种抗生素检测方法。     

乳品中抗生素的检测方法

对检测抗生素的三种主要方法:微生物法、酶法和色谱法 的设计原理和筛选策略进行了分析;论述了BSDA、 CharmFarm、CharmCowside、Penzyme、DelvotestP、CITE Probe、Lactam Test Kit等检测方法的研究历史;比较和 分析了多种方法的检测敏感性、特异性和影响检测的可 能因素;最后就如何提高我国乳品的抗生素检测水平提 出了建议措施。      

直接提取-超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法检测原料奶及奶制品中的四环素类抗生素

目的 建立直接提取-超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法(UPLC-ESIMS/MS)同时测定原料奶及奶粉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素4种四环素类药物的分析方法。方法 原料奶及奶粉样品经少量高氯酸沉淀蛋白、低温冷冻除脂后, 用C18色谱柱分离, 以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 电喷雾串联质谱正离子模式扫描, 多反应监测模式(MRM)检测, 外标法定量。结果 4种四环素族药物在1~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r均在0.993以上。本方法的定量限为(S/N≥10)为原料奶5μg/kg, 奶粉25 μg/kg, 在10、50、100 μg/kg三个加标水平下, 加标回收率为73.4%~99.4%, 相对标准偏差为0.8%~14.3%(n≥6)。结论 该方法简便快速、灵敏可靠、经济有效, 适用于原料奶及奶粉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素和强力霉素4种四环素族药物残留的测定。     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.