RH真空精炼吹氩参数对循环流动影响的数值分析

为研究RH真空脱气过程中的流动行为,建立了描述气泡驱动下的RH循环气-液两相流动的数学模型.基于欧拉-欧拉两流体模型,利用计算流体力学(CFD)商业软件FLUENT6.0,对不同充气量条件下的循环流量进行了预测.计算结果与实验数据的比较表明两者具有较好的一致性.应用该模型对充气压强与循环流量、充气量与上升管内气相及液相速度分布关系进行了数值模拟,用以理解其中的流动规律,为工程技术改进提供参考.     

用CFD方法评价低压过冷沸腾相间传递模型

针对低压过冷流动沸腾两相流问题,基于两流体模型,引入相间质量、动量和能量等相间传递模型建立了低压过冷沸腾三维数值计算模型。经过分析,相间传递模型简化为气泡平均直径、相间作用力和相间传热等模型。采用该数值模型,通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法对过冷沸腾试验进行计算发现,空泡份额分布、气相和液相的平均表观速度与试验值较为符合。计算结果表明,不同的气泡平均直径模型与相间作用力模型对计算结果影响较大,不同传热模型对计算结果影响较小。     

气体流速对等离子体射流长度的影响

为了研究气体流速对大气压低温氩等离子体射流长度的影响,确定实际应用中最佳射流条件,首先建立二维轴对称模型,进行数值仿真,然后根据仿真结果进行了实验研究.实验结果与仿真结果基本吻合.气体流动处于层流时,射流几乎不能被观察到;气体流动处于过渡态时,射流比较好,射流长度最长;气体流动处于湍流状态时,射流尖端变得不稳定,射流长度有所减小.     

超声空化泡相界面逸出时相间传质的研究

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,分析了超声空化泡在相间的传质过程,由此建立了超声波声空化气泡相界面逸出时相间传质数学关系式,该式表明,超声功率可使传质系数增加,传质系数不仅与超声波声强近似呈线性关系,而且与扩散系数、气泡的气体体积流率的平方根成正比,同时还与空化泡半径Rd、界面面积S＇等因素有关。采用文献实验数据验证文中关系式,与实验结果相吻合,能较好地描述相界面上逸出超声空化泡时液体中的传质行为。该关系式为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

球形喷口送风射流的数值模型探讨

采用CFD方法对球形喷口单股等温自由射流进行数值模拟研究.提出一种描述球形喷口入流边界条件的风口数值模型-湍流发展模型,同时对另外两种球形喷口送风射流风口数值模型进行流动数值模拟.将三种风口模型计算得到的送风射流轴向和断面速度分布结果与经典射流公式的结果进行对比,表明湍流发展模型是一种较为合理的喷口射流数值模型.     

相界面上超声空化气泡聚并、滑移促进的传质

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,在充分研究相界面上气泡行为的基础上,根据界面上超声空化气泡生长过程的动力学行为,导出了相界面上超声空化气泡聚并和滑移促进的传质模型。在此基础上,建立了相界面上气泡滑移、聚并及脱离界面逸出这三种气泡行为共同促进的传质模型,该模型可用于描述超声空化界面等相界面上的传质行为,为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

单压吸收式制冷系统气泡泵理论模型与实验研究

应用两相流分相模型理论,对单压吸收式制冷系统中气泡泵在绝热弹状流工况下的工作特性进行理论分析,建立了气泡泵的理论模型。并以饱和水为工质,对气泡泵的稳态工作过程进行了实验研究,实验结果与理论分析结果相一致。分析结果表明,气泡泵提升管的两相流流型与气体流量及沉浸比有关;随着气体流量或沉浸比的增加,提升管中两相流流型将发生改变,从而使实验结果与理论分析曲线逐渐偏离;流型的改变只是使液体提升量随气体流量增加的增速减缓,对液体提升量并无抑制作用。分析结果对气泡泵的优化设计提供了理论和实验依据,对单压吸收式制冷机性能的提高具有重要意义。     

液氢加注系统竖直管道内Taylor气泡的行为特性

针对液氢加注系统竖直管道内气液两相流实验化困难的问题,运用建模仿真的方法建立了竖直管道内Taylor气泡的运动模型,对Taylor气泡的形成过程、大小以及充分发展的Taylor气泡上升速度进行了研究.采用VOF方法对气液两相的交界面进行追踪,并引入CSF模型对两相间的表面张力进行计算.仿真结果表明:Taylor气泡是由...     

粮食颗粒群密相变径气力输送的流动特性

针对稀相气力输送能耗和粉料破碎率高以及稳定性差等缺陷,在计算流体力学软件FLUENT上,选择Euler双流体模型与k-ε湍流模型对粮食颗粒在水平变径管内的密相流体输送进行数值模拟,并将仿真数据与实验结果相论证。发现湍流对两相流动过程中的稳定性有较大影响;分析管道内颗粒浓度、输送气体速度和压力损失随管道长度的变化规律,探讨密相气力输送主要参数间的影响关系,得出气流速度、压力损失会随着变径长度的增大分别下降15%、20%。     

真空射流闪蒸特性的气泡动力学分析

针对液体射流的真空闪蒸特性,建立气泡动力学模型分析了射流内部的气泡生长特性,并提出用无量纲数C_h描述真空射流中的气泡生长条件。通过数值仿真方法模拟了气泡在真空射流中的生长过程,研究了气泡初始半径、液体粘度、射流温度和射流半径等参数对气泡生长的影响。在真空环境中开展了不同液体工质的真空喷射试验,试验结果与C-h数预测结果吻合良好;开展水射流的闪蒸试验,获得了破碎距离的变化规律,并与计算结果进行了对比分析。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...