多束流电子束薄板焊接应力变形数值模拟

为了减小薄板结构的焊接变形,基于电子束高频偏转扫描技术在焊缝两侧添加辅助扫描热源实现了多束流电子束焊接及焊前预热. 建立了矩形均匀加热辅助热源模型,采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法对1.5 mm厚304不锈钢薄板进行多束流电子束焊接数值模拟,并进行了试验验证. 结果表明,焊后残余应力和变形的实测结果与模拟结果吻合良好,多束流电子束焊接方法不仅可以改变熔池前方材料的受力状态,而且可以减小熔池形成瞬间熔池前方材料的压应力峰值,有利于减小熔池的前方压缩塑性应变,进而减小薄板结构的焊接变形.     

A-TIG焊在核电管道全位置焊接中的应用

研究了活性焊接法在核电管道全位置焊接中的应用.在管道上涂敷活性剂后熔池的受力状况发生根本变化,完全不同于传统的氩弧焊接,熔池流体流动始终是从熔池边缘流向熔池中心,从而增加熔深、变窄熔宽.在分析涂敷活性剂时熔池受力变化的基础上制定了焊接规范,管道全位置焊接时分6段进行参数设置,每一段采用不同的焊接参数.对6 mm厚的不锈钢管道焊接时不开坡口,将活性剂刷涂于待焊焊道表面,使用管道全位置焊机进行焊接,可以一次焊透,并能单面焊双面成型.突破了管道全位置焊机只能焊接薄壁管的局限性,进一步扩大了管道全位置焊机的使用范围,提高焊接效率.     

气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊方法

提出了一种新型活性TIG焊方法——气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊,即GPCA-TIG焊.该焊接方法将气体分两层流动,内层气体采用惰性气体起到保护熔池的作用;外层气体则为含活性元素O的气体,将活性元素O引入熔池金属,达到增加熔深的目的.文中以SUS304不锈钢为焊接母材,研究了GPCA-TIG焊接法对焊接电弧及焊缝成形的作用,以及该方法主要工艺参数对焊缝熔深和深宽比的影响.结果表明,在相同参数下,与常规TIG焊方法相比,GPCA-TIG焊可不开坡口一次性焊透8 mm不锈钢板,焊接效率明显提高.同时采用该方法,可以有效避免钨极的氧化烧损.     

考虑自由表面的TIG焊熔池行为数值模拟

根据TIG焊接过程中的实际情况,利用VOF方法追踪自由表面,建立了包括自由表面的三维瞬态TIG焊熔池模型。采用FLUENT软件,考虑浮力、电弧压力、电磁力以及表面张力,对不同焊接电流下的TIG焊熔池行为进行数值模拟,得到了熔池的温度场、流场和自由表面变化情况。结果表明:所建立的TIG焊熔池模型是正确的,随着焊接电流的增大,熔池最高温度升高,熔深、熔宽以及自由表面变形程度也随之增大。     

焊接速度对不锈钢平板对接接头温度场的影响

基于焊接专用有限元软件SYSWELD对X20Cr13不锈钢平板对接接头TIG焊进行了数值模拟,研究了焊接速度对不锈钢平板对接接头温度场的影响。结果表明:其他焊接工艺参数不变时,焊缝熔池、熔合区及热影响区的尺寸大小随着焊接速度的增大而减小,焊接温度梯度也随之降低;焊接热循环的峰值温度随着焊接速度增大而减小;焊速为4mm/s时焊接接头的质量优于焊速为3和5mm/s时焊接接头的质量。     

2219铝合金复合热源焊接工艺及接头性能

采用填丝TIG焊、激光辅助TIG复合焊、激光-高频脉冲TIG复合焊三种焊接工艺进行6 mm厚的2219铝合金焊接试验,研究了焊接工艺与接头组织和性能的相关性.结果表明,与填丝TIG焊接工艺相比,激光辅助TIG复合焊、激光-高频脉冲TIG复合焊两种复合热源焊接工艺提高了焊接速度,显著减少了热输入,细化了焊缝组织,减少了晶...     

厚壁304不锈钢管A-TIG焊

采用具有可分区间、电流区间渐变特性的TIG管焊机,使用不锈钢活性剂对8 mm厚的304不锈钢管进行平位置焊接工艺试验。考虑到焊缝成形受焊接热积累和熔池受力状态的共同影响,通过大量试验和分析熔池的受力,制定了最佳焊接工艺参数。试验结果表明:焊缝熔深增加了3倍,外表面平整,内表面成形均匀,焊缝内部余高小于1.5 mm,焊缝经X射线探伤检验、拉伸试验、弯曲试验、接头压扁试验等检验均为合格。使用该方法焊件之间不留间隙,不开破口,可以一次焊透,并能单面焊双面成形。突破了传统管道焊接的焊接工艺,具有高效率、低耗材、低成本等特点。     

超声-脉冲TIG焊中超声振动的作用特点

超声辅助TIG焊是近几年开发的一种新型高效TIG焊方法,前期主要研究了超声振动在直流TIG焊中的作用特点,但在脉冲TIG焊中的作用特点尚不清楚.通过不同焊接参数下的焊接试验,探究了超声在空气中的传播形式,讨论了超声振动对焊接熔池的作用特点.研究结果表明:在特定的辐射端高度下声压较强;在较大的脉冲峰值电流下超声振动作用效...     

不锈钢高频复合双钨极氩弧焊接工艺方法

针对双钨极TIG焊存在的电弧压力小、焊缝熔深浅等问题,提出了一种新型焊接工艺方法——高频复合双钨极TIG焊(high frequency hybrid twin-electrode TIG welding, HFHT-TIG焊),在双钨极氩弧焊的一个钨极上通以高频脉冲电流,达到提高电弧压力和挺度、搅拌熔池、细化晶粒、改善接头组织和力学性能的目的. 采用HFHT-TIG焊进行了6 mm厚奥氏体不锈钢焊接工艺试验,并与双钨极TIG焊接头进行对比. 结果表明,HFHT-TIG焊能够显著提高电弧挺度和电弧压力,焊缝表面成形更佳,横截面对称性更好,焊缝区的树枝晶组织更加细小,断口韧窝更加均匀和细密,接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提高了12.1%和30.2%.     

管线钢中厚板激光诱导电弧全位置焊接工艺与性能

采用低功率脉冲激光诱导MAG电弧复合热源新工艺,对板厚为16 mm的X65管线钢进行了全位置单面焊双面自由成形及受力分析研究。试验结果表明:热输入是影响全位置打底焊内凹缺陷产生的主要原因,热输入的增大使得熔池体积增大,熔池所受重力增大,流动趋势增强,导致打底焊焊缝内凹缺陷变大;通过调控焊接电流、焊接速度以及焊枪倾角匹配,可促进熔池受力平衡并减弱熔池流动,激光对于电弧的诱导作用使得单道熔深达到6 mm的同时获得良好背面成形;不同位置焊接接头拉伸试验均断裂在母材,抗拉强度与母材的相当;焊缝区冲击吸收功为母材的82%,热影响区冲击吸收功却高于母材的。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。