供应链上游段集中控制型 VMI & TPL模式利益分配机制

以基本的“收益共享契约”为基础,以集中控制型VMI＆TPL模式为对象,研究供应链上游段各成员企业的协调。由于基本的收益共享契约不能对供应链进行有效协调,提出了基于风险共担的收益共享契约,但是该契约不能实现供应链各成员的期望收益的帕累托最优。为了改进这一缺陷,建立了基于不对称的Nash协商的风险共担型的收益共享契约模型。分析表明：该模型不仅克服了不能实现供应链各成员的期望收益达到帕累托最优的缺点,还可以实现各参与企业的期望收益的帕累托最优。     

电力市场下区域与省电网公司管理机制设计

针对未来区域电力市场的管理结构模式和我国电网当前所面临的网架结构薄弱和机组装机容量状况,运用委托-代理理论对未来区域电网公司与所属省电网公司的管理模式与激励机制进行了模型设计,分析表明在对称信息条件下当委托人是风险中性,而代理人是风险规避型时,该模型能够达到帕累托最优风险分担和帕累托最优努力水平,电网公司可以在保证整个电网运营的安全性和稳定性的同时实现电网公司的利润最大化.     

考虑激励模式的动态回收闭环供应链最优决策与协调研究

考虑由单一的制造商和零售商组成的闭环供应链,制造商不仅通过正向供应链销售新产品,还通过激励措施从消费者那里回收旧产品,且将动态回收过程、HJB阶段控制纳入到供应链中。除探讨不同情形下均衡决策外,还设计激励成本分担契约来促进废旧产品的回收。研究表明:集中决策较分散决策供应链系统利润更高,产品回收率更高,回收激励强度更高;产品的销售价格、批发价格、零售商收益、制造商收益与回收率呈正相关,回收激励强度与回收率呈负相关;激励成本分担契约下,制造商的回收强度、回收率达到集中决策的水平,有趣的是激励成本分担契约下,产品的批发价格、销售价格均略高于分散决策的水平,制造商的收益实现帕累托改进,零售商的收益只有在一定情形下才会实现帕累托改进,供应链系统的整体收益实现帕累托改进。此外,还探讨了激励成本分担情形下零售商不出现破产的条件。最后给出算例分析验证了相关结论。     

电商平台销售模式下考虑供应商研发的供应链决策

考虑由一个上游供应商和一个下游电商构成的供应链,其中供应商进行研发活动降低产品的生产成本,并通过电商平台向市场出售产品。通过构建由供应商的研发投资决策和供应链系统的运营决策构成的联合决策模型,分析供应链系统的最优决策问题。研究结果表明:分散化决策下的最优研发投资决策和运营决策都可能偏离集中化决策下的最优决策。为避免这种决策偏离所导致的供应链系统利润的损失,引入由生产成本分担策略和投资成本分担策略构成的组合策略设计了协调机制,并指出所设计的协调机制能够使得供应商和电商的期望利润得到帕累托改进。     

施工导流工程风险的保险费用厘定方法研究

在分析导流工程风险因素、综合风险率和工程保险期限的基础上,研究导流工程失效后淹没基坑造成损失的次数及其分布规律,提出导流系统失效后的总损失服从非齐次复合Poisson过程,建立基于导流工程保险损失的聚合风险模型,给出施工导流工程保险费用的厘定方法及其数学表达,为水利水电工程保险费的厘定提供理论方法。     

考虑社会责任和政府补贴的双渠道供应链决策与协调

考虑由单个主导制造商和单个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,以及政府以社会福利最大化为目的对制造商履行的社会责任进行补贴决策,研究集中式和分散式决策下政府补贴比率和制造商谎报因子对供应链和社会福利的影响。研究发现,分散式决策中的企业社会责任努力水平和最大社会福利总是低于集中式决策;分散式决策中的最优政府补贴比率高于集中式决策;利用成本分担-收益共享的组合契约可以实现双渠道供应链的完美协调与帕累托改进。     

价格影响需求的新能源汽车租赁系统协调契约

在新能源汽车租赁市场的需求是随机的且受租赁价格影响下,考虑由一个新能源汽车租赁企业和政府组成的两级系统,研究了新能源汽车租赁企业的车队配置和租赁价格的最优决策以及系统协调问题,并建立了收益共享与两部收费组合契约模型。研究发现,该组合契约不仅能够使系统协调,且契约参数在一定范围内取值时,系统利益可以实现在租赁企业和政府之间任意分配和帕累托改进。最后,通过数值分析验证了该组合契约的有效性。     

异质行为偏好对供应链决策及协调的影响

考虑零售商的异质行为偏好,研究供应链的生产决策及协调问题。引入新的决策参考点探究异质行为偏好问题,构建考虑损失规避及公平关切的效用函数,研究零售商损失规避及公平关切对供应链最优决策及供应链协调性的影响。理论分析及数值算例表明：当批发价格满足不同条件时,零售商的损失规避及公平关切行为对其最优订货量的影响是不同的;在分散情形下,供应链不能达到系统最优,引进保险契约可以使供应链双方达到Pareto最优。     

搭便车行为下双渠道绿色供应链协调机制研究

考虑由一个制造商和线上线下两个零售商组成的绿色供应链系统,在两个零售商都面临市场需求不确定且与产品绿色度和推广努力水平相关的市场环境下,假设线下零售商进行推广努力,而线上零售商存在搭便车行为。由此,建立了制造商和两个零售商之间的博弈模型,探讨了分散决策、集中决策、收益共享与成本共担契约下的最优订货量、绿色度和推广努力水平,并对三种情形下的最优决策进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明:在分散决策情况下无法实现系统协调,通过引入收益共享与成本共担契约,当契约参数满足一定条件时,该契约模型不仅可以实现系统协调而且可以使系统成员达到帕累托改进。最后通过算例分析,探讨了相关系数对制造商和两零售商收益的影响。     

供应链中融资与回购决策分析

在资金约束的供应链中,分析了融资和回购同时存在的供应链决策。对于单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链,当零售商资金不足时,金融机构根据风险评估做出融资决策;零售商借助融资实现最优订购,并通过回购契约,与供应商实现风险分担。分析表明:通过对融资利率、批发价、回购价等参数的设定,可实现供应链的最优订货量,并在金融机构、零售商、供应商三者之间实现风险分担和利益共享,从而提高整个供应链绩效。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.