Numerical study on the lubrication oil distribution in a refrigeration rotary compressor

For a rolling piston rotary compressor, oil supply into various lubrication elements has been analytically studied. The lubrication system, consisting of centrifugal shaft pump, radial oil feeding holes, bearings with grooves and some other sliding surfaces has been modeled by employing equivalent electric circuit network. A computer simulation program has been developed to solve the network model of the lubrication system. Its numerical solutions include total oil flow rate into the shaft inlet, oil flow rates in the main and sub journal bearings and in the eccentric bearing, and oil leakages through roller end clearances into suction and compression chambers. Validation of the numerical simulation has been made by the measurement of the total oil flow rate into the shaft. With the aid of computer simulation, parametric studies have also been carried to investigate the effects of the bearing groove shape and groove inclination angle on the bearing oil flow rates.     

The working process of an oil‐free claw vacuum pump

Mathematical model of oil free claw vacuum pump is presented. The model is based on energy balance differential equations of thermodynamic system of variable mass working body. Using the equations of coordinates transformation and contact line of rotors continuity condition, equations for geometry of claw pump working chamber on condition of rotors point connection are obtained. To evaluate the leakage through the rotor mechanism channels, their existence graphs are plotted and geometric parameters of the channels depending on rotors position are determined. As a result of modeling, dependence of pressure and temperature in suction and compression‐discharge chambers on rotation angle at different rotary speeds and on different inlet pressures and relationship between pumping speed and inlet pressure are obtained. The comparison between calculated values and experimental data obtained for one‐stage claw pump with identical rotors is carried out. The maximal difference between the calculated and experimental values does not exceed 15 %. The developed mathematical model is recommended for analysis of influence of rotors geometry on the working process parameters and pumping characteristics of an oil free claw pump.     

Analytical and CFD modeling of the fluid flow in an eccentric-tube centrifugal oil pump for hermetic compressors

A model is presented for calculating the volume flow rate in an eccentric-tube centrifugal oil pump for reciprocating compressors. The oil pump assembly consists of a pick-up tube with an inclined inlet that is mounted off-center with the crankshaft symmetry axis. The pick-up tube is connected to the shaft channel, a helical groove machined on the crankshaft that facilitates the supply of lubricant to the bearings. The analytical models for the pick-up tube and shaft channel were developed independently and were coupled via a numerical procedure to determine the steady-state volume flow rate in the assembly. The steady-state results were verified against a CFD model, which was also used to evaluate the fluid flow in the oil pump assembly during a start-up transient. A parametric analysis was conducted to quantify the influence of some oil pump geometric parameters, such as the pick-up tube diameter and the shaft eccentricity.     

Optimized rotor pitch distributions for screw spindle vacuum pumps

Screw spindle vacuum pumps are characterised by a high suction performance and the ability to achieve high pressure ratios. Screw spindle vacuum pumps have varying progressions for the rotor pitch gradient, depending on the manufacturer. From a scientific point of view, the question arises which rotor gradient along the rotors has to be preferred for a particular set of operating conditions with reference to the machine characteristics. To answer this question a simulation of the compression process in the screw spindle vacuum pump is performed. The simulation program is used to calculate an energy-specific optimal rotor pitch applying an evolutionary optimization approach. It turns out that - in contrast to actually available rotor geometries - a continuous increase in rotor pitch from the pressure to the suction side is not ideal. An optimized rotor pitch curve is presented and the underlying physical dependencies are clarified by means of pressure and mass flow diagrams.     

Stall prediction of in-flight compressor due to flamming of refueling leakage near inlet

 The propagation of strong distortion at inlet of an axial compressor is investigated by applying the critical distortion line and the integral method. The practical applications, such as the inlet conditions of flaming of leakage fuel during mid-air refueling process, are implemented to show the details of the numerical methodology used in analysis of the axial flow compressor behavior and the propagation of inlet distortion. From the viewpoint of compressor efficiency, the propagation of inlet flow distortion is further described by a compressor critical performance and its critical characteristic. The simulated results present a useful physical insight to the significant effects of inlet parameters on the distortion extension, velocity, and compressor characteristics. The distortion level, incidence angle and the size of distortion area at compressor inlet, and the rotor blade speed are found being the major parameters affecting the mass flow rate of engine. Received: 20 October 2002 / Accepted: 28 January 2003 The authors would like to thank HQ RSAF of Air Logistic Department, Singapore for permission to publish this work, their financial support and encouragement.     

Investigation on the pressure drop characteristics of cryocooler regenerators under oscillating flow and pulsating pressure conditions

This paper proposes a new oscillating flow model of the pressure drop in oscillating flow through regenerator under pulsating pressure. In this oscillating flow model, pressure drop is represented by the amplitude and the phase angle with respect to the inlet mass flow rate. In order to generalize the oscillating flow model, some non-dimensional parameters, which consist of Reynolds number, Valensi number, gas domain length ratio, oscillating flow friction factor and phase angle of pressure drop, are derived from a capillary tube model of the regenerator. Two correlations in the model are obtained from the experiments for the twill square screen regenerators under various operating frequencies and inlet mass flow rates. It is found that the oscillating flow friction factor is a function of Reynolds number while the phase angle of pressure drop is a function of Valensi number and the gas domain length ratio. Experiment also shows the effect of the mesh weave style on the oscillating flow friction factor and the phase angle. Proposed oscillating flow model can accurately describe the amplitude and the phase angle of the pressure drop through the regenerator.     

含气率对AP1000核主泵影响的非定常分析

为研究含气率对核主泵内部各点压力影响规律及不同泵进口含气率时气体在核主泵内的分布情况,在对核主泵进行水力设计与三维建模基础上,采用CFD技术对核主泵失水事故气液两相流工况进行瞬态数值模拟。通过模拟不同泵进口含气率时核主泵内部流动的瞬态特性,研究泵进口含气率对泵内各点压力的影响规律及气体分布。结果表明,泵进口含气率增大泵内各点压力随之降低;含气率小于0.1时其对监测点压力脉动主频振幅影响不大,且泵内气体聚集现象不明显;含气率大于0.2后监测点压力脉动主频振幅稍有下降,且泵内开始出现明显的气体聚集现象。     

Endwall boundary layer separation in a single-stage axial-flow low-speed compressor and a high-stagger compressor cascade

The paper describes an investigation of the overtip endwall flow in a single-stage axial-flow low-speed compressor (absolute flow) and in a corresponding compressor cascade (simulated relative flow) with a tip clearance on one side. The clearance to chord ratio is 3% in both cases. Oil flow pictures of the rotor casingwall and cascade endwall are used to visualize and analyse the boundary layers on the walls at various flow rates and corresponding inlet angles, respectively. The results enable the different sources of endwall blockage to be identified and changes with flow rate or inlet angle to be determined.     

Endwall boundary layer separation in a single-stage axial-flow low-speed compressor and a high-stagger compressor cascade

The paper describes an investigation of the overtip endwall flow in a single-stage axial-flow low-speed compressor (absolute flow) and in a corresponding compressor cascade (simulated relative flow) with a tip clearance on one side. The clearance to chord ratio is 3% in both cases. Oil flow pictures of the rotor casingwall and cascade endwall are used to visualize and analyse the boundary layers on the walls at various flow rates and corresponding inlet angles, respectively. The results enable the different sources of endwall blockage to be identified and changes with flow rate or inlet angle to be determined.     

离心真空泵的气动设计探讨

高效率真空泵的设计技术对于工业的节能具有重要意义。根据某真空泵的设计要求,针对真空泵的工作叶轮的形式和设计点参数,分析和探讨了叶片负荷分布形式和分流叶片弦向和周向位置对性能的影响规律,在此基础上完成了该离心真空泵的气动设计。利用三维数值模拟软件对不同叶片扩压器角度情况下的性能曲线和内部流动进行计算。充分考虑真空泵内部流动的非对称性,采用了全通道计算,同时分析了真空泵的离心叶轮、叶片扩压器及蜗壳内部的流动特点。结果表明,叶片负荷分布形式和分流叶片弦向和周向位置对流量、出口气流角和效率均有较大的影响;通过改变叶片扩压器角度使得离心真空泵的特性线平移,使得离心真空泵在整个工作过程中始终工作在高效率区,达到节能的目的。     

卫星式柔印机中心压印滚筒螺旋流道冷却性能研究

目的 探究卫星式柔印机在印刷过程中,中心压印滚筒内部冷却水流道结构对其冷却效果的影响。方法 以双层中心压印滚筒为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法分析螺旋流道内冷却水的速度场和外滚筒的温度场,并与无螺旋流道的中心压印滚筒进行对比;探究流道截面形状对滚筒表面轴向温差的影响规律。结果 有螺旋流道的滚筒的表面温度整体较低,且轴向温差(4.2 ℃)更小。在相同的入口流速条件下,横截面高宽比大的螺旋流道滚筒表面轴向温差更小。在入口冷却水流速为2.5 m/s的条件下,横截面高宽比为0.6的螺旋流道对应的滚筒表面轴向温差为2.46 ℃。结论 采用高宽比较大的矩形截面螺旋流道,有利于缩小中心压印滚筒表面的轴向温差,从而改善滚筒的冷却效果。     

雾化特性及系统参数对闭式喷雾冷却系统性能的影响

搭建了以R22为冷却介质的闭式喷雾冷却实验台,通过更换3种不同的喷嘴,分析对比了不同喷嘴类型和喷雾高度下传热性能的变化规律。实验结果表明:选择喷嘴时必须同时考虑喷雾流量和雾化角度的影响;雾化角较小的喷嘴在低高度下适用性较好。同时,研究了系统参数如过冷度和充注压力对喷雾冷却传热性能的影响,得出过冷度对喷雾冷却性能有一定促进作用,但过冷度越大,促进效果越弱;表面传热系数和表面温度均随充注压力的升高而升高,因此高充注压力不适用于需严格控制温度的表面冷却。     

Experimental and CFD study on effects of spiral guide vanes on cyclone performance

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on a tangential inlet cyclone separator with a spiral guide vane which is not often researched. Numerical pressure drop results were in close agreement with the experimental data. The spiral guide vane was also found to considerably influence the velocity distribution, turbulence intensity, pressure drop and collection efficiency in the cyclone. A critical value of spiral guide vane turns appeared below or above which there was a marked increase in collection efficiency, pressure drop, and tangential velocity. Compared to a cyclone with zero spiral guide vane turn, the maximal decrease in collection efficiency in the cyclone with the critical spiral guide vane turns (one turn) was 2% approximately. The maximum-efficiency inlet velocity appeared to exist independent of spiral guide vane turns, as inlet velocity affected the radial distance traveled by the rebounded particles from the inner wall. The analysis of flow field in cyclones indicated that the flow field was improved with the spiral guide vanes employed to some extent. The results presented here may provide a workable reference for the effects of spiral guide vanes on the flow field and corresponding performance in cyclone separators.     

Engineering aspects of turbomolecular pump design

The development of modern (thin-bladed) turbomolecular high-vacuum pumps began in 1957 with the demonstration of the possibility of obtaining high compression ratios with axial flow compressors in the molecular flow regime. Thirty years later, such pumps had become the major method for high vacuum pumping. It had been apparent from the beginning that pneumatic compressors can be useful at any pressure provided a proper number of suitable impellers were used. However, theoretical studies, initially by Prof. A. Shapiro's group at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) dealt primarily with the pumping mechanism in molecular flow rather than with an optimum practical pump design. Some observations in such studies were misunderstood and the first pump designs were not optimized. Later, compound or hybrid pumps were introduced, which incorporated molecular drag pumping stages. In more recent years, pumps have been made which can exhaust directly to the atmosphere by means of added centrifugal-regenerative impellers. The use of different impeller types provides freedom to the designer to create pumps that match any reasonable desired performance.This paper will attempt to explore some of the engineering aspects of design, especially relationships of volume and mass flows, permissible pressure ratios in various density domains, and their relevance to power consumption.     

Development of an integrated multichannel inlet for improved particle classification in hydrocyclones

The inlet design of hydrocyclones determines the flow field symmetry and facilitates the formation of vortices. In this study, an integrated multichannel inlet based on the Archimedes spiral is developed to improve particle classification by combining the advantages of existing designs. Hydrocyclones with conventional tangent or novel spiral inlets are comparably studied to evaluate the feasibility and superiority of this design using the validated volume of fraction model and two-fluid model. Numerical results show that this novel spiral inlet dramatically improves the flow field symmetry in terms of radial velocity and air core as well as reduces the short-circuit flow and circulation flow. In addition, it also provides strong diversion and pre-separation effects on particles. Consequently, this novel spiral inlet provides superior classification performance than the conventional design, appearing in smaller cut-size, higher cut sharpness, and higher capacity. Such advantages become less evident with increasing channel number, due to the increased turbulence intensity caused by the additional feed streams. The spiral inlet with two channels can largely resemble the design with two tangential inlets in all indices, which makes it the most suitable in this study. This design method can be easily extended to other types of hydrocyclones.     

Influence of air inlet and cleaning chamber on the performance of mining cartridge filter

This study is aimed at shedding light on the influence laws of air inlet position, air inlet area and cleaning chamber. To achieve this aim, first, the influences of air inlet position on pressure drop, air flow rate and mass of coal dust collected on the filter cartridges were investigated with the aid of a homemade experimental system. In addition, the effects of air inlet area on dynamic pressure and air flow rate of the air inlet were evaluated. Furthermore, the velocity within 30 cm in front of the air inlet was tested for determining the effective suction range. Finally, the impacts of cleaning chamber height on pressure drop and air flow rate of the cartridge filter were demonstrated. The research is expected to provide guidance for the setting of the air inlet and the cleaning chamber of the cartridge filter.     

Study of oil free scroll vacuum pump characteristics

To verify the mathematical model of a scroll vacuum pump working process, an experimental unit for obtaining indicator diagrams was developed. The pump was modified to install gauges to measure quick-varying pressures in the working chambers of the pump at different operating modes. The dependence of pressure on the rotation angle of the drive shaft at different inlet pressures is obtained. Comparison of experimental and calculated data shows convergence within 15 %.     

高压液体流量标准装置研制

为解决民用飞机高压液压油流量计校准问题,研制了高压液压油流量标准装置,标准装置采用高压柱塞泵提供流量源,通过变频调速和比例控制阀配合调节的方法实现流量装置的流量和压力宽范围调节,标准装置以活塞式体积管作为主标准器,实现了高压条件下的流量计校准。利用该标准装置对圆柱齿轮流量计在变压工况下进行校准试验,高压工况下流量计仪表系数与常压工况相差超过5%,证明开展高压变压下流量计计量性能及修正方法研究的重要性,该标准装置的建成为高压下流量计校准及计量性能研究提供了有效的手段,具有很高的实用价值。     

Heat exchangers for he II cooling loops with self-sustained fountain effect pumps

A cooling cycle with He II convection driven by self-sustained fountain effect pumps is being investigated. Special attention is drawn to the problem of heat transfer at both ends of the superfilter of this loop. The heat exchanger requirements are derived from theoretical considerations on the degradation of the cooling characteristic effected by non-perfect heat exchangers. A shell and tube type heat exchanger, optimized for the warm end of the filter has been operated in this loop with a thermal load of up to 9 W, with 2.8 g s⁻¹ maximum helium flow rate and with inlet temperatures between 1.8 and 3.4 K. Its performance is well described by computations. A different heat exchanger design with finned Cu walls is suggested for the cold end of the pump. Some considerations on its optimization are given.     

Reduction of liquid pumping power by nanoscale surface coating

The objective of the present study is to reduce the liquid pumping power by controlling the contact angle of the riser surface with the nanoscale surface treatment. The efficiency of a bubble pump is examined depending on the size of the riser, submersion ratio, gas inlet flow rate, and contact angle variations by nanoscale surface coating between 23.7° and 153.8°. By the nanoscale surface coating, the efficiency is improved by 22.5%, 25%, and 18%, respectively, for the 11 mm, 8 mm, and 5 mm risers compared to the uncoated surface. However, the superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 153.8° shows a lower efficiency compared to other surfaces due to the reversed liquid vibration flow. The highest efficiency of the liquid pumping power is obtained at the contact angle of 90.3°. An experimental correlation for the dimensionless volumetric liquid flow rate is developed with an error band of ±20%.