45钢激光WC合金化组织与性能的研究

在45钢表面进行了碳化钨(WC)激光合金化实验,利用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计等设备检测了合金化层的组织和性能.实验表明:激光合金化层组织致密,晶粒细化,与基体呈冶金结合.其中,合金化区为含碳量过饱和的奥氏体树枝晶组织,热影响区为板条状淬火马氏体组织.合金化区平均硬度700 HV0.2,相变硬化区平均硬度550 HV0.2,硬度呈梯度过渡.通过与氮化试样的比较,表明激光合金化试样的强化层深度、平均硬度均高于氮化试样.45钢零件经激光合金强化后,使用寿命大大提高.     

激光表面熔覆技术提高斯太尔曲轴模具寿命的研究

为了提高斯太尔曲轴模具的使用寿命,在斯太尔曲轴模具材料5CrMnMo钢的堆焊层表面进行了激光合金化处理实验.通过工艺实验,分析了堆焊层激光合金化处理后的组织和显微硬度;通过优化工艺参数,获得了表面光洁、与基材形成良好冶金结合的模具表面强化层;合金强化层平均硬度达到HV0.2750.激光表面熔覆技术已应用于热锻模具,使斯太尔曲轴模具寿命提高了60％.     

工艺参数对60CrMnMo钢表面激光陶瓷合金化涂层组织与硬度的影响

采用CO2激光器在60CrMnMo钢表面进行激光陶瓷合金化,保持激光功率、搭接率不变,研究了扫描速度和预涂层厚度对合金化层的组织与硬度的影响.利用OM、SEM、显微硬度计对激光合金化层的组织和横截面显微硬度分布进行研究.结果表明,激光合金化层与基体形成了冶金结合,随扫描速度的增加,合金化层厚度减小,合金化层硬度先提高后降低.随预涂层厚度的增加,合金化层硬度也提高.当激光功率为4000W,搭接率为30％～40％,光斑尺寸为3～3.5 mm,预涂层厚度为30～35 μm,扫描速度为2.0 m/min时,合金化层的平均显微硬度最高为1101HV0.2,是基体材料(250 HV)的4.4倍左右.     

9CrSi钢表面激光合金化的组织与性能

以亚微米级WC/Co金属陶瓷复合材料为涂层材料,采用激光合金化技术在9CrSi表面制备出硬度高、耐磨的合金化层.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD)等分析测试手段对激光合金化层的显微组织和物相构成进行了分析,并对合金化层进行了硬度和摩擦性能测试.结果表明,激光合金化层与基材形成了良好的冶金结合.激光合金化层可分为合金化区,热影响区和基体区三部分.其中合金化区组织为基体马氏体上分布着网状枝晶碳化物,网状枝晶间弥散分布着碳化物小颗粒,热影响区组织由马氏体及残留奥氏体组成,基体区组织无明显变化.合金化层的显微硬度达到900 HV0.2,干摩擦条件下材料磨损量是基材9CrSi的1/9,合金化涂层的耐磨性得到显著的提高.     

45钢电子束扫描表面W合金化组织和硬度

电子束扫描表面合金化技术可以改善钢铁材料的组织及性能. 采用等离子热喷涂技术和电子束扫描技术对45钢表面进行熔覆合金化处理. 研究电子束扫描对强化层组织和硬度的影响,探讨了电子束功率、扫描速度对强化层组织和硬度的影响规律. 结果表明,45钢经表面合金化处理后,其表面可分为合金化区、热影响区和基体区. 合金化区的显微组织为针状马氏体和碳化钨颗粒,硬度为1 250 HV,是基体硬度的5倍. 热影响区的组织为针状马氏体和铁素体,硬度为860 HV,是基体的3倍. 基体区的组织为珠光体和铁素体. 电子束工艺参数对强化层组织和硬度有较大影响,强化层厚度随电子束功率的增加而增大,随着扫描速度的增加而减小.     

45钢激光表面铬合金化的制备工艺

为提高注塑机螺杆性能,在45钢表面预置0.15 mm的铬合金化粉末,采用激光合金化方法在基体表面制备铬合金化层,利用正交试验法优化激光铬合金化工艺参数并对最佳参数下的合金化层性能和组织进行检测。结果表明:随着激光功率的增加,铬合金化层的硬度先增大后减小;随着激光扫描速度的增加,铬合金化层的硬度逐渐降低;随着激光搭接率的增大,铬合金化层的硬度先增大后减小;预涂层厚度为0.15 mm的铬合金化层最佳激光合金化工艺参数为:激光功率为3.1 k W,激光扫描速度为800 mm·min~(-1),激光搭接率为30%。经该工艺处理后的铬合金化层厚度约为1.2 mm,其中铬合金化区厚度约为0.8 mm,平均硬度大约为583.6 HV0.1,组织为Fe-Cr、Cr_xFe_y等固溶体,热影响区厚度约为0.4 mm,硬度从572 HV0.1到230 HV0.1呈梯度分布,组织为针状马氏体和少量残留奥氏体。     

45钢表面激光钼合金化层的制备工艺和硬度研究

利用激光合金化技术在45钢表面制备了钼合金化层,并研究了合金化工艺对硬度的影响。结果表明:随着激光功率的增加,钼合金化层的硬度逐渐减小;随着激光扫描速度的增加,钼合金化层的硬度先升高后降低;随着预涂层厚度的增加,钼合金化层的硬度逐渐增加。45钢钼合金化的最佳工艺为:激光功率4.3kW、激光扫描速度8mm·s~(-1)、预涂层厚度0.25mm。经该工艺处理后的钼合金化层分为合金化区和热影响区,合金化区厚度为805μm,组织为FeMo、Fe_2Mo和Mo_2C等相,平均硬度725HV0.1,热影响区厚度193μm,组织为马氏体和部分残余奥氏体,硬度从725HV0.1到203HV0.1,呈梯度分布。     

30CrMnSi镀镍后激光表面合金化

为研究不同激光工艺参数对合金化层组织和硬度的影响,对镀镍后的30CrMnSi钢表面进行单道扫描,获得了金相组织和显微硬度较基体理想的合金化层.研究结果表明:激光合金化层晶粒显著细化,平均硬度明显高于基体硬度.影响激光合金化效果的主要因素是激光功率和扫描速度.本试验条件下的最优工艺参数为:激光功率600W,扫描速度5mm/s,保护气体流量20L/min.此时,合金化层金相组织细小均匀致密,平均硬度达590HV,约是基体硬度的2.6倍.     

45钢激光铬钼合金化工艺优化及性能研究

为提高45钢表面的硬度和耐磨性,采用激光合金化工艺,研究了铬钼合金化层的组织及性能。结果表明,45钢激光铬钼合金化的最佳工艺参数为激光功率3 kW、扫描速度800 mm/min、搭接率为30%。此工艺下合金化层由Fe-Cr、Fe-Mo等固溶体组成,其形貌为柱状晶和少量胞状晶,基体与合金化层呈冶金结合;铬钼合金化层平均硬度为674HV0.1,热影响区硬度从662HV0.1到230HV0.1呈梯度分布;合金化层的磨损率为2.230×10~(-14)m~3/(N·m)。     

Ti-7.5Nb-4Mo-2Sn合金碳硅元素激光表面合金化涂层的显微组织及耐磨性能

采用HL-5000型横流CO2激光器在氩气保护情况下对预置石墨和硅混合粉末的β型Ti-7.5Nb-4Mo-2Sn钛合金进行激光表面合金化处理,在合金表面原位生成碳、硅和钛的化合物改性层,并对其激光表面合金化改性层的显微组织和耐磨性能进行研究。结果表明,在激光功率1200 W、激光扫描速度6 mm/s、激光束斑直径5 mm条件下,得到表面平整、细密、无裂纹且与基体形成良好冶金结合的激光表面合金化改性层;改性层外表面主要由细小的TiC颗粒和等轴状Ti5Si3C1-x组成,而靠近基体的内表面层则由TiC枝晶相和共晶组织(Ti3SiC2+β-Ti)组成;改性层外表面硬度可达1262HV0.2,摩擦因数约为0.649,而基体的硬度约为225HV0.2,摩擦因数约为1.039;与基体合金相比,基体的表面合金化改性层表现出良好的耐磨性能。     

304不锈钢双辉等离子渗铜铪表面合金层组织及抗菌性能

利用双辉渗金属技术在304不锈钢表面进行铜铪共渗,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜研究铜铪共渗合金层的显微组织、相结构、形貌、成分和表面硬度,采用薄膜密贴法对合金层进行抗菌性能的检测。结果表明:铜铪共渗合金层由扩散层和沉积层构成,合金层表面组织致密、分布连续、无明显裂纹和孔隙。铜、铪含量由表至里逐渐减少,渗铜铪试样中的铬和碳都出现向渗层表面迁移的现象。抗菌检测中,铜铪合金层表面对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都具有优良的抗菌性能,抗菌率均达到99%以上。当铜在源极棒中比例达到80%和90%时,所得到的渗铜铪试样抗菌率分别为99.83%和99.12%,当铜比例为70%时得到渗后试样的抗菌率仅为93%。渗后试样表面硬度约为605 HV0.1,大于渗铜试样和304不锈钢表面硬度。     

An experimental study on synthesizing submicron MoSi2-based coatings using electrothermal explosion ultra-high speed spraying method

The MoSi₂-based coatings were synthesized on the surface of the low carbon steel substrate using electrothermal explosion ultra-high speed spraying method. Microstructure, phase structure, elements distribution and microhardness of the coatings were characterized by SEM, XRD, EDS and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. It is found that MoSi₂ coating and MoSi₂ + MoB₂ multiphase coating were in-situ formed. The coatings have compact microstructure, submicron-grain and high hardness. The bonding of coating-substrate is metallurgical one. The hardness and microstructure of the MoSi₂ coating were improved by boron alloying. The average and highest hardness of the MoSi₂ coating are 1340 HV_0.2 and 1390 HV_0.2, respectively, and that of MoSi₂ + MoB₂ multiphase coating are 1650 HV_0.2 and 1785 HV_0.2, respectively.     

Modification of piston surfaces by compressed plasma flow

Surface of the casted pieces made of aluminium piston alloys was treated by a plasma jet produced by the magnetoplasma compressor, with an aim to improve their exploitation properties. Fast piston surface heating and melting, physical and chemical changes within the surface layer and the melted layer recrystallization in the fast cooling conditions are the basic characteristics of the interaction between the plasma from the magnetoplasma compressor and piston alloys. The major changes are conducted in the surface layer inducing hardness increment and piston resistance. Micro hardness of plasma treated surface is 750 to 883 HV_0.2, in comparison with 90 to 130 HV_0.2 in initial stage. The X-ray structure analysis of samples in cast state before and after plasma treatment shows existence of modified zones in hardened layer with phase transformations. In plasma flow treated surface at least two new phases are registered, with redistribution of already existing phases. These intermetallic phases contributed to treated surface hardness increasing. These observations show that quasi-stationary compressed plasma flow treatment of sample surface influences remarkably modification and improvement of surface properties.     

Microstructure characteristics of Ti3Al/TiC ceramic layer deposited by laser cladding

Al + TiC laser cladding coatings were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by CO₂ laser cladding technique. The microstructure, micro-hardness and phase constitutes of the laser cladding layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microsclermeter. The results indicated that the laser cladding layer solidified into the fine microstructure rapidly, and TiC hard phase was dispersived in the cladding layer. When the mass percent of TiC was 40%, the micro-hardness (1100HV_0.2-1250HV_0.2) of Al + TiC cladding layer was 3 times more than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate (350-370HV_0.2). The cladding layer mainly consisted of α-Ti (Al), β-Al (Ti), Ti₃Al, TiAl, Al₃Ti and TiC phase. There phases were beneficial to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer.     

曲面塑料模具激光熔覆再制造快速加工路径生成方法

对于曲面塑料模具,在其表面快速生成激光熔覆加工路径非常困难。针对这种情况,直接以零件的逆向点云模型为研究对象,通过平面与点云求交得到以密集离散点表示的近似激光扫描路径,避免了反求建模的过程。以离焦量变化极限为约束条件,在路径上搜索插补点。提出利用插补点的最近点来计算插补点曲面法向矢量作为激光束姿态的近似快速算法。应用镍基自熔性合金粉对P20材质的模具零件曲面表面进行了试验。金相分析表明所形成熔覆层组织均匀、致密,缺陷稀少;熔覆层与基体之间形成冶金结合。熔覆层中部组织出现了垂直于界面生长的柱状树枝晶,而在顶部许多的柱状树枝晶发育成等轴树枝晶。熔覆层的平均显微硬度达到330~350 HV0.2。路径中段的熔覆层厚度比起始点增加了10%。     

U71Mn轨道表面激光再制造FeCrNiB覆层工艺与组织性能

针对U71Mn轨道表面磨损及激光再制造的表面耐磨性不足、气孔缺陷易发等再制造难点,提出并验证了脉冲激光熔覆制备轨道表面FeCrNiB覆层的工艺与方法。试验结果表明：熔覆层顶部主要分布细小致密的等轴晶、中部交错存在较多的树枝晶,树枝晶晶粒具备长大条件已存在初次晶臂和二次晶臂,覆层低部呈现出的胞状晶组织,大致垂直于界面;熔覆层中Cr₇C₃硬质相和纳米级极细粒状和片状珠光体组织的存在,使熔覆层具有较高硬度及耐磨性,熔覆层的平均硬度由310 HV_0.2提升至750HV_0.2;在同等的摩擦磨损条件下,熔覆层的耐磨性提高了5倍;对接试样的抗拉强度略小于基体抗拉强度,但仍能满足钢轨使用要求。     

Microstructure and residual stresses in surface layer of simultaneously laser alloyed and burnished steel

The new hybrid method, which combines the laser alloying process with slide burnishing, was investigated and presented in the work. Both treatments were performed on the laser stage in one operation. The experiments were done on carbon steel alloyed with cobalt stellite. The alloying process was conducted with continuous laser CO₂, at different parameters. The single- and multiple-path processes were investigated.The microstructure, microhardness and residual stresses of surface layer after the laser alloying process and laser alloying combined with burnishing were presented. The results of the experimental studies have shown that the proposed new hybrid method allowed for the generation of compressive stresses in surface layer of the alloyed material. The structural analysis has proven that the burnishing process had caused deformation of grains in the 20–30 μm thick zone and increased microhardness of the surface zone material.The X–ray diffraction measurements of residual stresses in surface layer of the samples subjected to the alloying process and burnishing, both in cold and hot conditions, were performed. In the case of multiple-path laser alloying treatment the tensile stresses, approximately 500 MPa, were obtained at the surface. Multiple alloying combined with burnishing generated compressive stresses of about ?600 MPa at the surface, substantially improving the surface layer.     

Microstructure and Properties of SAE 2205 Stainless Steel After Salt Bath Nitrocarburizing at 450 °C

Nitrocarburizing of the type SAE 2205 duplex stainless steel was conducted at 450 °C, using a type of salt bath chemical surface treatment, and the microstructure and properties of the nitrided surface were systematically researched. Experimental results revealed that a modified layer transformed on the surface of samples with the thickness ranging from 3 to 28 μm changed with the treatment time. After 2205 duplex stainless steel was subjected to salt bath nitriding at 450 °C for time less than 8 h, the preexisting ferrite zone in the surface transformed into austenite by active nitrogen diffusion. The main phase of the nitrided layer was the expanded austenite. When the treatment time was extended to 16 h, the preexisting ferrite zone in the expanded austenite was decomposed and transformed partially into ε-nitride precipitate. When the treatment time extended to 40 h, the preexisting ferrite zone in the expanded austenite was transformed into ε-nitride and CrN precipitate. Further, a large amount of nitride precipitated from preexisting austenite zone. The nitrided layer depth thickness changed intensively with the increasing nitriding time. The growth of the nitride layer takes place mainly by nitrogen diffusion according to the expected parabolic rate law. The salt bath nitriding can effectively improve the surface hardness. The maximum values measured from the treated surface are observed to be approximately 1400 HV_0.1 after 8 h, which is about 3.5 times as hard as the untreated material (396 HV_0.1). Low-temperature nitriding can improve the erosion/corrosion resistance. After nitriding for 4 h, the sample has the best corrosion resistance.     

Laser surface hardening of austenitic stainless steel

For the purpose of studying the possibilities of increasing the wear resistance, keeping a high level of corrosion strength, austenitic stainless steel specimens mainly containing 19.2%Cr and 9.4%Ni were two-step surface alloyed using added materials (AMs) with hard particles of carbides (WC), nitrides (TiN), and borides (TiB₂). The simultaneous melting of AM and surface layer was performed by a CO₂ continuous wave laser on a numerically controlled X-Y table. On these specimens, the microstructural characteristics, microhardness, and depth of the molten zone were determined, which allowed definition of the AM with the best hardening effect. The research continued by two-step laser surface alloying of the same base material with different effective AM quantities. The specimens were processed by continuous wave laser radiation, by multiple-pass with 35% overlap. The alloyed layers were described by light optical microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, flash spectrometry, and hardness measurement. The conditions to obtain compact surface layers with 2.5 to 3 times higher hardness than the base material were determined.     

FASHS技术制备TiB2+Ni/Ni3Al/405不锈钢梯度材料

采用电场激活自蔓延高温合成(FASHS)技术制备了TiB2 Ni/Ni3Al/405不锈钢梯度材料.试验中首先将镍粉和铝粉球磨处理以促进燃烧反应发生,然后采用FASHS技术利用自蔓延燃烧反应热连接制备了TiB2 Ni/Ni3Al/405不锈钢梯度材料.用SEM和XRD分析了梯度材料各层的界面微观组织及相组成,用洛氏硬度计、显微硬度计及磨料磨损试验机分析了材料的力学性能、硬度及表面抗磨性.结果表明,金属陶瓷复合层、Ni3Al层和405不锈钢金属片间形成了可靠的冶金结合,金属陶瓷复合材料表面硬度为90HRA,材料的化学成分和显微硬度呈梯度分布,耐磨性优于20Cr渗碳钢.