Morphology of TiN coating produced by laser ablation

The morphology of TiN thin films on a steel surface produced by the process of laser ablation has been investigated. The process involves material removal from a titanium target by means of an ultraviolet excimer pulse laser. Both the target and the steel substrate are in an ammonia atmosphere and therefore the titanium atoms react with the nitrogen under the influence of a laser-induced plasma, and the product, which is TiN, is deposited on the surface of the steel. The investigation revealed that at the beginning of the process the TiN film is uniform; however, with increasing number of pulses, small micrometre-sized particles begin to appear on the surface and after a large number of pulses all the surface is covered with these particles.     

Growth morphology of the tetragonal phase in partially stabilized zirconia

The zirconia-rich, metastable tetragonal phase in partially stabilized zirconia—magnesia, zirconia—calcia and zirconia—yttria is examined using electron microscopy and electron and X-ray diffraction. The tetragonal phase precipitate distribution is that normally associated with homogeneously nucleated coherent precipitation. An attempt is made to explain the growth morphology of the tetragonal phase in terms of the cubic—tetragonal lattice parameter mismatch. It is found that the tetragonal phase is retained at room temperature provided coherency with the cubic matrix is retained. Once coherency is lost, due to growth strains or mechanical influences, the precipitate reverts to the room temperature stable monoclinic form.     

Calcium phosphate coating on magnesium alloy by biomimetic method: Investigation of morphology, composition and formation process

Magnesium alloy has similar mechanical properties with natural bone and can degrade via corrosion in the electrolytic environment of the human body. Calcium phosphate has been proven to possess bioactivity and bone inductivity. In order to integrate both advantages, calcium phosphate coating was fabricated on magnesium alloy by a biomimetic method. Supersaturated calcification solutions (SCSs) with different Ca/P ratio and Cl⁻ concentration were used as mimetic solutions. The morphology, composition and formation process of the coating were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that a uniform calcium phosphate coating was observed on magnesium alloy, the properties of which could be adjusted by the SCSs with different Ca/P ratio. The formation process of the coating was explored by immersing magnesium alloy in SCSs with different Cl⁻ concentration which could adjust the hydrogen production. According to SEM results, the hydrogen bubbles were associated with the formation of grass-like and flower-like coating morphologies. In conclusion, the biomimetic method was effective to form calcium phosphate coating on magnesium alloy and the morphology and composition of the coating could be accommodated by the Ca/P ratio and Cl⁻ concentration in SCSs.     

扩散处理对钢基铝镀层的相、形貌和性能的影响

用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析测定了Q235钢表面上铝镀层经不同温度扩散处理后的相和形貌,并对其密度、硬度、与基体的结合力和耐蚀性能进行了测试。结果表明,扩散处理温度低于500℃时,铝镀层仍为Al相;为700℃时,出现了新相Al5Fe2。随扩散处理温度的升高,铝镀层的密度呈先增加而后略降低的趋势,在500℃时最大;铝镀层的硬度以及与基体的结合力在扩散处理温度较低时,变化不大,而分别在温度超过300和500℃时,均有较大程度的提高;且铝镀层在H2SO4溶液中的电化学耐蚀性不断增加。     

工艺参数对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响

研究硝酸银浓度、抗坏血酸浓度、反应体系温度及pH值、添加剂种类及用量对液相还原法制备超细银粉形貌特征的影响,借助SEM、粒度仪、比表面仪和颗粒图像分析仪对银粉进行表征和分析。结果表明,pH值是同时影响银粉形状、粒度和分散性的显著因素,添加剂用量和抗坏血酸浓度分别是影响银粉形状及分散性的显著因素;随着pH值由2逐渐增大至10,银粉呈现由无规则多面体至棒状、类球形的形状变化,平均粒径逐渐减小;随着添加剂用量增加,银粉呈现由异形至球形、刺球型的形状变化,其用量质量分数为2.5%时颗粒球形度值最大;随着抗坏血酸浓度增加,银粉的分散性逐渐变差,其浓度为0.5 mol/L时分散性最好。     

Calcium phosphate coating on magnesium alloy by biomimetic method: Investigation of morphology,composition and formation process

Magnesium alloy has similar mechanical properties with natural bone and can degrade via corrosion in the electrolytic environment of the human body. Calcium phosphate has been proven to possess bioactivity and bone inductivity. In order to integrate both advantages, calcium phosphate coating was fabricated on magnesium alloy by a biomimetic method. Supersaturated calcification solutions (SCSs) with different Ca/P ratio and Cl^- concentration were used as mimetic solutions. The morphology, composition and formation process of the coating were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that a uniform calcium phosphate coating was observed on magnesium alloy, the properties of which could be adjusted by the SCSs with different Ca/P ratio. The formation process of the coating was explored by immersing magnesium alloy in SCSs with different Cl^- concentration which could adjust the hydrogen production. According to SEM results, the hydrogen bubbles were associated with the formation of grass-like and flower-like coating morphologies. In conclusion, the biomimetic method was effective to form calcium phosphate coating on magnesium alloy and the morphology and composition of the coating could be accommodated by the Ca/P ratio and Cl^- concentration in SCSs.     

Water analysis by solid phase microextraction based on physical chemical properties of the coating

A novel and simple method using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber coating and linear temperature-programmed retention index (LTPRI) has been developed to quantify petroleum hydrocarbons in water. Partition coefficients (K(fw)) for the analytes in water and SPME were established for a series of aromatics, cycloalkanes and alkanes. There is a linear relationship between log K(fw) for each hydrocarbon series and LTPRI. The slope of the curves for all the series are the same and related to the partial free energy of solution for the hydrocarbon-fiber coating solution. The y-intercept of the plots is distinct for each group of hydrocarbons and related to Henry's law coefficients for each series. Therefore, the K(fw) for a series of hydrocarbons can be estimated using literature Henry's law coefficients. This method was used to quantify BTEX-contaminated water.     

Surface morphology and properties of GaAs epilayers controlled by temperature difference method of liquid phase epitaxy

Epilayers of gallium arsenide were grown by using the steady-state temperature difference method of liquid phase epitaxy. The surface of grown layers was smooth and shiny. Carrier concentrations of films varying from 10¹⁶ to 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ could be obtained with good reproducibility. The surface morphology growth rate, carrier concentration and Hall mobility of the epilayers were studied. Several distinct types of surface features were also investigated and explained. A segregation coefficient for the net carrier concentration versus tin concentration in the growth melt was calculated as 1·84 × 10⁻⁴ at 700°C for (100) GaAs substrate. Thickness control for epilayers down to submicron can be obtained reproducibly.     

液相还原法制备超细球形银粉的生长机理

以抗坏血酸为还原剂,硝酸银为反应前驱体,通过对液相体系分时间段取样研究液相还原法制备超细球形银粉的生长机理。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能谱(EDS)仪、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、紫外吸收光谱(UV-Vis)仪和颗粒图像分析仪对银粉进行表征和分析。结果表明,以抗坏血酸还原硝酸银制得了平均粒度为0.543μm,球形度为0.926,分散良好的超细球形银粉;该氧化还原反应可自发进行,使被还原的银原子达到过饱浓度形成银原子团簇和细小的银晶核,银晶核主要以原子扩散控制生长和晶核聚集两种方式长大,最终获得表面自由能较小、粒度分布均匀的球形银粉。     

Growth morphology and mechanism of primary TiC carbide in laser clad TiC/FeAl composite coating

TiC-reinforced FeAl intermetallic matrix composite (IMC) coatings were fabricated on substrate of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel using laser cladding. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases in the laser clad composite coating and the growth morphologies of TiC carbide were observed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that there are two phases in the laser clad composite coating: TiC and FeAl intermetallic matrix alloy. The primary TiC carbide in laser clad coating nucleates heterogeneously on the surface of oxide particles; its growth morphology is found to be in a unique radial-branching dendrite with strongly faceted feature. The growth mechanism of TiC is confirmed to be lateral growth from the ledges or steps existing on the growing fronts.     

V2O5溶胶-凝胶涂膜法及涂膜性能分析

以V2O5溶胶凝胶为原料,采用旋涂法、浸涂法、喷涂法和刷涂法在各种衬底上涂制V2O5薄膜。对4种涂膜方法以及胶体性能对涂膜的影响进行了分析;给出了薄膜厚度与主要影响因素之间的关系。     

Relationships between oxide morphology and coating structure

Results are presented for the formation and growth of an η layer in the chemical vapour deposition of TiC onto cemented carbides with various cobalt contents in the substrate and under various deposition conditions. It was observed that the growth rate of the η layer increased with increases in the TiC layer thickness and in the cobalt content of the substrate for the substrate reaction. The carbon concentration in the reactant gas was found to be effective in controlling the formation of the η phase. A schematic model for the formation and growth morphology of the η layer is proposed.     

Hydroxyapatite coating of titanium by biomimetic method

The biomimetic method was used in order to deposit, on titanium substrates, an hydroxyapatite (HA) coating. The bioactive HA layer was obtained by using, in the first stage of the process, a glass having the composition 2.5CaO2SiO₂ different from the one proposed for the application of the biomimetic method. This glass can be obtained via sol–gel, a method that allows one to obtain, easily, very pure products. The growth of HA crystals was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, SEM, EDS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. The experimental results suggest that, as reported in the literature for other supports, the silicate ions released from the glass in the first stage bind themselves to the titanium support. In particular, from XPS analysis it is evident that the titanium substrate is well covered by a calcium phosphate layer of the type of HA.     

Structural morphology and compaction of nascent high-density polyethylene produced by supported catalysts

The morphologies of three nascent high-density polyethylene (HDPE) powders, polymerized in the gas phase by different catalysts, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Silica-supported catalyst systems comprising TiCl₄/MgCl₂,bis(triphenylsilyl)chromate andbis(cyclopentadienyl)chromium were found to produce polymers with globular, nodular and worm-like microstructures, respectively. The topographies of the fluff particles are related to the compaction behaviour of the HDPE powders. Long, worm-like strands that protrude from the particles are capable of forming more extensive entanglements than the shorter, nodular structures. The entanglements are the main cause of agglomeration of the particles during their long-term bulk storage. Furthermore, the rate of thermal oxidation is influenced markedly by the polymer microstructure. The microstructure determines the surface area available for oxygen attack. High-resolution SEM combined with low-temperature plasma etching reveals that the worm-like structures consist of folded-chain lamellae that are coiled around a core of extended chains.     

等离子束熔覆铁基合金涂层的组织与性能研究

利用等离子熔覆技术,在钢基体表面熔覆了一层铁基合金,获得了与基体呈冶金结合的、性能良好的涂层;采用金相显微镜对熔覆层的组织进行观察,发现熔覆层整体组织由柱状树枝晶向等轴晶转变,无气孔、夹杂,其中枝晶组织粗大,等轴晶组织细小;利用显微硬度计分析表明,熔覆层具有较高的硬度,并且由表面到基体呈梯度分布;磨损试验结果表明熔覆层的耐磨性是淬火45钢的2.56倍.     

Phase content and particle morphology of Bi-Mo-V-O powders produced by aerosol pyrolysis

Aerosol pyrolysis was utilized to synthesize spherical submicron Bi-Mo-V-O powders over a wide range of reactor temperatures (500-1000 °C) and elemental compositions. Evaporative loss of Mo from particles was significant at temperatures of 800 °C or higher; however, this could be compensated by adjustment of the solution composition. The crystalline phase content for powders produced at 800 °C over a wide range of compositions was largely consistent with previously reported binary oxide and ternary solid solution phases. Powder colors ranged from bright yellow to reddish or greenish yellow, and were characterized by the Munsell color parameters. Particle morphology ranged from spherical to faceted and partially hollow particles, and could be largely explained by proximity to the composition-dependent solidus or liquidus temperature. Particle morphology and phase content can also be influenced by the addition of ethanol to the precursor solution.     

Influence of steel composition and pre-treatment conditions on morphology and microstructure of TiO2 mesoporous layers produced by dip coating on steel substrates

Mesoporous titania films were prepared by template-assisted dip coating on AISI 430, 304 and 316Ti steel substrates that underwent different pre-treatment, namely grinding, grinding–calcination and grinding–etching. The influence of steel grade and pre-treatment conditions on the film morphology and microstructure was studied, and reasons for film degradation were elucidated. Among tested steels, 430 interfered with the coating process the most yielding films of poor integrity and with a strongly distorted pore structure. Steels 304 and 316Ti showed better resistance to the precursor solution, resulting in less fractured films and defined pore morphology. Grinding and subsequent calcination proved to be the best choice among tested pre-treatment methods which reflected in improved film quality. The results show that only a proper combination of steel grade and substrate pre-treatment affords high-quality titania coatings with defined porosity.