柴油机喷油嘴的结构改进及三维流场数值模拟

喷油嘴头部细微的结构变化会对内部的流动状态产生显著的影响,进而影响到油束雾化性能。通过CFD软件对STD(Standard)标准型、VCO(Valve Closed Orifice)无压力室型及IMP(IM-PROVED)改进型的多孔喷嘴进行了三维流场数值模拟,通过对比分析得出改进型喷嘴在低油速率下获得相对好的喷雾性能,综合特性优于标准型和无压力室型的喷嘴。     

Influence of blade thickness on transient flow characteristics of centrifugal slurry pump with semi-open impeller

As the critical component, the impellers of the slurry pumps usually have blades of a large thickness. The increasing excretion coefficient of the blades affects the flow in the impeller resulting in a relatively higher hydraulic loss, which is rarely reported. In order to investigate the influence of blade thickness on the transient flow characteristics of a centrifugal slurry pump with a semi-open impeller, transient numerical simulations were carried out on six impellers, of which the meridional blade thickness from the leading edge to trailing edge varied from 5-10 mm, 5-15 mm, 5-20 mm, 10-10 mm, 10-15 mm, and 10-20 mm, respectively. Then, two of the six impellers, namely cases 4 and 6, were manufactured and experimentally tested for hydraulic performance to verify the simulation results. Results of these tests agreed reasonably well with those of the numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that when blade thickness increases, pressure fluctuations at the outlet of the impeller become severe. Moreover, the standard deviation of the relative velocity in the middle portion of the suction sides of the blades decreases and that at the outlet of the impeller increases. Thus, the amplitude of the impeller head pulsation for each case increases. Meanwhile, the distribution of the time-averaged relative flow angle becomes less uniform and decreases at the outlet of the impeller. Hence, as the impeller blade thickness increases, the pump head drops rapidly and the maximum efficiency point is offset to a lower flow rate condition. As the thickness of blade trailing edge increases by 10 mm, the head of the pump drops by approximately 5 m, which is approximately 10 % of the original pump head. Futhermore, it is for the first time that the time-averaged relative flow angle is being considered for the analysis of transient flow in centrifugal pump. The presented work could be a useful guideline in engineering practice when designing a centrifugal slurry pump with thick impeller blades.

     

离心泵内流场的数值模拟

运用Cfdesign流体分析软件,对离心泵内三维不可压缩斋流流动进行了数值模拟.分析了离心泵吸入室、蜗室内流体不同截面处的压力及速度特性;并得到了泵的流量及扬程值,其结果与实验值达到了很好的吻合.通过对泵内流体数值结果分析,可以揭示其内部的流场特性,从而为今后泵的性能预测、设计提供依据,缩短开发周期及其成本.     

测量耙对尾喷管内流流场性能参数的影响

由于测量技术及传感器技术的限制,现有气动试验获得压力值的手段均为设置测量耙,尽管该方法使用历史悠久、测量准确,但依然难以满足航空发动机性能评价对于测量精度的要求。利用CFD技术研究喷管带/不带测耙时内流性能参数C_(f9)和C_(fg9)的变化说明测量耙对流场性能的影响,结果如下:固定几何的测耙对流场测量参数、计算参数的影响随着压比的增大而减小,其中推力修正系数相对误差最大不超过3.0%;带测耙流场云图类似于圆柱扰流,其损失区域明显可见;通过内流流场计算推力系数时应该采用P_(s9)/P_(t9),因为此时喷管出口欠膨胀。     

气液混输漩涡泵内部气相分布与性能预测研究

为研究漩涡泵的气液混输性能,采用Fluent计算软件对泵内部气液两相流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果初步揭示了该泵内气液两相流动特征,由此可知泵流道内的气泡主要集中在叶片压力面根部,气泡聚集程度随含气率的增加而增加。泵性能预测曲线与试验曲线较为吻合,说明了所采用的计算模型是基本可行的。     

润滑用齿轮泵内部流场的动态模拟

齿轮泵是液压传动及润滑系统中的常用部件,为了准确地捕捉泵内流场的变化,采用动网格技术对柴油机的润滑齿轮泵进行动态数值模拟,分析齿轮泵在齿轮旋转情况下的内部流场的变化.结果表明:1)泵内的压力不同瞬时有所变化,但都保持进油腔压力低,排油腔压力高;2)进/排油腔内高/低速区在不同的瞬时位于不同齿轮侧,对齿轮产生冲击.     

离心泵内流场空化特性的数值模拟研究

针对离心泵内流场特性分析困难的问题,对离心泵流场数值模拟的几何模型建立、模型网格划分和边界条件设定进行了研究,采用计算流体力学方法,获取了在敞水性能条件下离心泵的扬程-流量、效率-流量的变化关系;结合Zwart空化模型,重点对不同有效汽蚀余量时离心泵的空化流场进行了数值模拟,得到了离心泵的内部流线和空泡分布的情况,并与该离心泵机组进行了性能测试实验,最后在此基础之上进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,所采用的数值模拟方法和空化模型合理有效,此结果可为进一步开展离心泵空化监测技术研究提供借鉴。     

Effects of meridional flow passage shape on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers

During the process of designing the mixed-flow pump impeller, the meridional flow passage shape directly affects the obtained meridional flow field, which then has an influence on the three-dimensional impeller shape. However, the meridional flow passage shape is too complicated to be described by a simple formula for now. Therefore, reasonable parameter selection for the meridional flow passage is essential to the investigation. In order to explore the effects of the meridional flow passage shape on the impeller design and the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, the hub and shroud radius ratio (HSRR) of impeller and the outlet diffusion angle (ODA) of outlet zone are selected as the meridional flow passage parameters. 25 mixed-flow pump impellers, with specific speed of 496 under the design condition, are designed with various parameter combinations. Among these impellers, one with HSRR of 1.94 and ODA of 90° is selected to carry out the model test and the obtained experimental results are used to verify accuracies of the head and the hydraulic efficiency predicted by numerical simulation. Based on SIMPLE algorithm and standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model, the three-dimensional steady incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the effects of different parameters on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers are analyzed. The analysis results demonstrate that there are optimal values of HSRR and ODA available, so the hydraulic performance and the internal flow of mixed-flow pumps can be improved by selecting appropriate values for the meridional flow passage parameters. The research on these two parameters, HSRR and ODA, has further illustrated influences of the meridional flow passage shape on the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, and is beneficial to improving the design of the mixed-flow pump impeller.     

The effect of the secondary annular stream on supersonic jet

The present study addresses an experimental investigation of the near field flow structures of supersonic, dual, coaxial, free, jet, which is discharged from the coaxial annular nozzle. The secondary stream is made from the annular nozzle of a design Mach number of 1.0 and the primary inner stream from a convergent-divergent nozzle. The objective of the present study is to investigate the interactions between the secondary stream and inner supersonic jets. The resulting flow fields are quantified by pitot impact and static pressure measurements and are visualized by using a shadowgraph optical method. The pressure ratios of the primary jet are varied to obtain over-expanded flows and moderately under-expanded flows at the exit of the coaxial nozzle. The pressure ratio of the secondary annular stream is varied between 1.0 and 4.0. The results show that the secondary annular stream significantly changes the Mach disc diameter and location, and the impact pressure distributions. The effects of the secondary annular stream on the primary supersonic jet flow are strongly dependent on whether the primary jet is underexpanded or over-expanded at the exit of the coaxial nozzle.     

Numerical study on flow characteristics at blade passage and tip clearance in a linear cascade of high performance turbine blade

A numerical analysis has been conducted in order to simulate the characteristics of complex flow through linear cascades of high performance turbine blade with/without tip clearance by using a pressure-correction based, generalized 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes CFD code. The development and generation of horseshoe vortex, passage vortex, leakage vortex, tip vortex within tip clearance, etc. are clearly identified through the present simulation which uses the RNG k-ε turbulent model with wall function method and a second-order linear upwind scheme for convective terms. The present simulation results are consistent with the generally known tendency that occurs in the blade passage and tip clearance. A 3D model for secondary and leakage flows through turbine cascades with/without tip clearance is also suggested from the present simulation results, including the effects of tip clearance height.     

Numerically analyzed supersonic flow structure behind the exit of a two-dimensional micro nozzle

The compressible flow field is numerically analyzed in a two-dimensional converging-diverging nozzle of which the area ratio, exit to throat, is 1.8. The solver is FLUENT and the embedded RNG k − ε model is adopted to simulate turbulent flow. The plume characteristics such as shock-cell structure are discussed when nozzle pressure ratio and stagnation temperature at the nozzle entrance are varied. The downstream flow field can be classified into two types based on the shock shapes generated near the nozzle exit. First, a reiterative pattern in the plume is not formed between the slip streams in case that a strong lambda-type shock wave exists. Second, when oblique shock waves are crossing each other on the nozzle centerline, a shock cell structure appears in the plume field. Even when the flow field is changed due to stagnation temperature, the upstream of the shock wave is little affected. Especially, the pressure distributions on the nozzle centerline behind the shock wave are rarely influenced by the stagnation temperature, that is, the product of density and temperature is nearly constant provided that the working fluid is a perfect gas. Therefore, the pressure field shows quasi-isobaric behavior far downstream.     

Influence of blade wrap angle on centrifugal pump performance by numerical and experimental study

The existing research on improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps mainly focuses on the design method and the parameter optimization. The traditional design method for centrifugal impellers relies more on experience of engineers that typically only satisfies the continuity equation of the fluid. In this study, on the basis of the direct and inverse iteration design method which simultaneously solves the continuity and motion equations of the fluid and shapes the blade geometry by controlling the wrap angle, three centrifugal pump impellers are designed by altering blade wrap angles while keeping other parameters constant. The three-dimensional flow fields in three centrifugal pumps are numerically simulated, and the simulation results illustrate that the blade with larger wrap angle has more powerful control ability on the flow pattern in impeller. The three pumps have nearly the same pressure distributions at the small flow rate, but the pressure gradient increase in the pump with the largest wrap angle is smoother than the other two pumps at the design and large flow rates. The pump head and efficiency are also influenced by the blade wrap angle. The highest head and efficiency are also observed for the largest angle. An experiment rig is designed and built to test the performance of the pump with the largest wrap angle. The test results show that the wide space of its efficiency area and the stability of its operation ensure the excellent performance of the design method and verify the numerical analysis. The analysis on influence of the blade wrap angle for centrifugal pump performance in this paper can be beneficial to the optimization design of the centrifugal pump.     

Effect of the convergence flow conditioner on rectifying eccentric jet flow induced by a ball valve

Installing a flow conditioner is an important method for rectifying irregular and unstable flow to stable flow state within a short flow distance in fluid transportation and control industrial applications. However, classical flow conditioners (such as Laws and Zanker flow conditioners in ISO 5167) with parallel pipeline axial orifices ineffectively rectify the distinct eccentric jet flow caused by valve regulation. The convergence flow conditioner with convergent orifices was innovatively designed for rectifying the eccentric jet flow caused by a ball valve in this study. Three convergent orifice angles (8°, 10°, and 12°) defined as angles between orifice and pipeline axes were considered to compare their effect on eccentric jet flow rectification as well as with the classical Laws flow conditioner (characterized by the convergent orifice angle of 0°) under different valve openings with an experimental setup for monitoring downstream pressures that develop along the pipeline and corresponding numerical simulation used. Pressure loss and throttling effect of installing convergence flow conditioners downstream the ball valve was assessed. Analysis of distributions of the pressure, velocity, and streamline for convergent flow conditioners showed that the flow conditioner with a large convergent orifice angle can effectively improve violent eccentric jet flows, especially under a small valve opening. The axial velocity on various downstream cross sections was extracted to evaluate the velocity uniformity. A dimensionless parameter of velocity eccentric ratio was used to quantify the rectification effect of eccentric jet flow evolving in the downstream pipeline. Results showed that a short pipeline length is needed to obtain additional symmetry and uniform flow field downstream of the flow conditioner with a high convergent orifice angle, that is, the convergence flow conditioner with a high convergent orifice angle demonstrated a strong effect of flow rectification on the valve-induced eccentric jet flow. This work can help understand characteristics of flow rectification on valve-induced eccentric jet flow in scientific research, and provide guidance for the flow conditioner design in fluid engineering.     

基于LabVIEW与PLC的旋涡泵性能参数测控系统设计

以旋涡泵性能参数测量为研究对象,完成了其测控平台的设计。在介绍测试系统工作原理及测控平台设计思路的基础上,运用下位机PLC控制系统实现试验过程的控制和数据采集,利用上位机中LabVIEW软件实现相关数据的分析、存储和实时显示,再结合OPC技术,实现上位机与下位机间的数据通信,完成了旋涡泵测试系统测控平台的开发。该平台人机界面友好,运行可靠,具有良好的开放性和可扩展性,能更好地满足旋涡泵性能测试的需要。     

3D FEM analyses on flow field characteristics of the valveless piezoelectric pump

Due to the special transportation and heat transfer characteristics, the fractal-like Y-shape branching tube is used in valveless piezoelectric pumps as a no-moving-part valve. However, there have been little analyses on the flow resistance of the valveless piezoelectric pump, which is critical to the performance of the valveless piezoelectric pump with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes. Flow field of the piezoelectric pump is analyzed by the finite element method, and the pattern of the velocity streamlines is revealed, which can well explain the difference of total flow resistances of the piezoelectric pump. Besides, simplified numerical method is employed to calculate the export flow rate of piezoelectric pump, and the flow field of the piezoelectric pump is presented. The FEM computation shows that the maximum flow rate is 16.4 mL/min. Compared with experimental result, the difference between them is just 55.5%, which verifies the FEM method. The reasons of the difference between dividing and merging flow resistance of the valveless piezoelectric pump with fractal-like Y-shape branching tubes are also investigated in this method. The proposed research provides the instruction to design of novel piezoelectric pump and a rapid method to analyse the pump flow rate.     

周向槽和阶梯槽在提高轴流压气机稳定工作裕度中的综合利用

在验证了计算模型的可靠性后,针对西北工业大学某轴流压气机转子的失速类型,进行了周向槽机匣、阶梯槽机匣,以及两者组合结构的扩稳效果的数值模拟.结果表明,周向槽结构在叶片通道前端可起到对叶顶泄漏涡的控制作用,而在叶片通道尾端效果不大.阶梯槽结构在叶片通道后端则能利用流向压差起到扩稳作用.采用叶片通道前部为周向槽,尾部为阶梯槽的组合机匣结构能在效率损失较小的情况下,对类似的压气机起到较理想的扩稳效果.     

压电振子及流体对泵近场噪声的影响

研究了压电振子的弯曲振动形变及振动辐射噪声.首先建立压电泵压电振子振动方程,导出弯曲振动形变函数;提出用微平面活塞振动理论简化压电振子振动模型,推导了近场声压理论计算方程及泵内流体对泵噪声贡献量方程;最后把理论计算结果与试验结果进行比较分析,分别得出在不同频率下压电振子及泵内流体对泵噪声贡献的大小.在输入频率为50 Hz时,泵噪声的理论值为45 dB,实际值为37 dB,泵内流体对泵噪声的影响较大,实际值与理论值的相对误差为21.6%;在输入频率为120 Hz时,泵噪声的理论值为61 dB,实际值为62 dB,泵内流体对泵噪声的影响较小,实际值与理论值的相对误差为1.6%,证明了本研究所提出理论的正确性.     

对转轴流泵的设计与数值分析

对转轴流泵是由2个叶轮串联在一起,以相反的方向绕同一轴心旋转的轴流泵.与常规前、后导叶式轴流泵相比,在同样设计参数条件下,对转式轴流泵具有相对体积小、运转速度低、抗空化性能好和推重比高等特点.为探究对转轴流泵的设计理论和方法,设计了一对转轴流泵的前、后置叶轮,应用Matlab软件实现参数化设计,搭建了自动分析优化平台,...     

低压轴流风机叶顶间隙对叶尖涡及外部性能的影响研究

基于其一动叶可调的低压轴流风机叶轮,通过对其在不同叶顶间隙下的叶顶区域进行数值模拟分析。计算结果分析表明:该轴流风机在叶顶间隙较小时虽然会出现泄漏流动,但不一定会出现泄漏涡,随着叶顶间隙的增大,泄漏流动将变得不明显,取而代之的是泄漏涡,并且泄漏涡的强度和影响区域随着间隙的增大而增大;在相同流量下,通风机的全压随着叶顶间隙的增大而减小;随着流量的降低,叶顶间隙越大,越早进入非稳定状态。     

Influence of the tip mass on the tip-sample interactions in TM-AFM

This paper focuses on the influences of the tip mass ratio (the ratio of the tip mass to the cantilever mass), on the excitation of higher oscillation eigenmodes and also on the tip-sample interaction forces in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM). A precise model for the cantilever dynamics capable of accurate simulations is essential for the investigation of the tip mass effects on the interaction forces. In the present work, the finite element method (FEM) is used for modeling the AFM cantilever to consider the oscillations of higher eigenmodes oscillations. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) is used to calculate precise data for the tip-sample force as a function of tip vertical position with respect to the sample. The results demonstrate that in the presence of nonlinear tip-sample interaction forces, the tip mass ratio plays a significant role in the excitations of higher eigenmodes and also in the normal force applied on the surface. Furthermore, it has been shown that the difference between responses of the FEM and point-mass models in different system operational conditions is highly affected by the tip mass ratio.