Purification and characterization of an extracellular trypsin-like protease of Fusarium oxysporum var. lini

An alkaline serineprotease, capable of hydrolyzing Nalpha-benzoyl- dl arginine p-nitroanilide, was secreted by Fusarium oxysporum var. lini grown in the presence of gelatin as the sole nitrogen and carbon source. The protease was purified 65-fold to electrophoretic homogenity from the culture supernatant in a three-step procedure comprising QSepharose chromatography, affinity chromatography, and FPLC on a MonoQ column. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified protein indicated an estimated molecular mass of 41 kDa. The protease had optimum activity at a reaction temperature of 45 degrees C and showed a rapid decrease of activity at 48 degrees C. The optimum pH was around 8.0. Characterization of the protease showed that Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations increased the activity, which was not inhibited by EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline. The enzyme activity on Nalpha-benzoyl-DL arginine p-nitroanilide was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, p-aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride, aprotinin, 3-4 dichloroisocoumarin, and N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone. The enzyme is also inhibited by substrate concentrations higher than 2.5 x 10(-4)M. The protease had a Michaelis-Menten constant of 0.16 mM and a V(max) of 0.60 mumol released product.min(-1).mg(-1) enzyme when assayed in a non-inhibiting substrate concentration. The activity on Nalpha-benzoyl- dl arginine p-nitroanilide was competitively inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine dihydrochoride. A K(i) value of 0.04 mM was obtained.     

Purification and characterization of a beta-glucosidase with beta-xylosidase activity from Aspergillus sojae

A beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) was purified as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein from a solid culture of Aspergillus sojae. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 250 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and 118 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 3.80. The maximum velocity of rho-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside degradation by the beta-glucosidase was attained at 60 degrees C and at pH 5.0. The purified enzyme was stable from pH 6.0 to 8.0, and up to 50 degrees C. The activity of the enzyme was significantly inhibited by Hg2+ and Cu2+, and stimulated by Mn2+ and Fe3+. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed beta-D-xylopyranosides as well as beta-D-glucopyranosides; the Km and Vmax values on rho-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside were 0.14 mM and 16.7 micromol/min/mg protein, and on rho-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside 0.51 mM and 12.2 micromol/min/mg protein, respectively.     

Partial purification and characterization of an extracellular proteinase from Aeromonas hydrophila strain A4

An extracellular metalloproteinase from Aeromonas hydrophila strain A4, isolated from milk, was purified by a factor of 300 by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150. The enzyme had a mol. wt of 43,000 and contained 2 g atom Ca/mol. It was active over a pH range 4.8-9.5 and had optimum activity on casein at pH 7.0 with Km = 0.17 mM. It was strongly inactivated by metal chelators and the apoenzyme was fully reactivated with Ca2+, Mn2+ or Co2+. Heavy metal ions such as Ag+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ totally or partly inactivated the enzymic activity at 5 mM concentration. The enzyme was not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate, soyabean trypsin inhibitor or sulphydryl group reagents. It was optimally active at 45 degrees C; above 50 degrees C activity declined rapidly, but significant activity persisted at 4 degrees C. It was heat labile in phosphate or Tris-maleate buffer but exogenous Ca2+ afforded protection.     

Isolation and some properties of extracellular heat-stable lipases from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AFT 36

Aeration increased the growth and lipase production in milk by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AFT 36, isolated from refrigerated bulk milk. A heat-stable lipase was isolated from a shaken milk culture of this microorganism by DEAE-chromatography and gel filtration in Sepharose 6B. The lipase-rich fraction from DEAE cellulose contained 3 lipases that were separated by gel filtration; only the principal lipase, which represented approximately 71% of total lipolytic activity, was characterized. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity on tributyrin at pH 8.0 and 35 degrees C; it had a Km on tributyrin of 3.65 mM and was inhibited by concentrations of substrate greater than approximately 17 mM. The enzyme was very stable over the pH range 6-9; it was relatively heat-labile in phosphate buffer in the temperature range 60-80 degrees C, where it was stabilized significantly by Ca2+. It was, however, very stable at 100-150 degrees C: the D values at 150 degrees C were approximately 22 s and 28 s in phosphate buffer and synthetic milk serum respectively; the corresponding Z values in the temperature range 100-150 degrees C were approximately 40 and approximately 42 degrees C and the Ea for inactivation were 7.65 X 10(4) J mol-1 and 6.97 X 10(4) J mol-1 respectively.     

A thermostable histamine oxidase from Arthrobacter crystallopoietes KAIT-B-007

A thermostable histamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.-) was found in cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes KAIT-B-007 isolated from soil. The enzyme was purified about 715-fold over the cell free extracts with a yield of 55% by ammonium sulfate fractionation and various column chromatographies. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (native-PAGE). When the enzyme was kept at 65 degrees C and 70 degrees C for 10 min, the activity was fully stable at 65 degrees C and decreased to 9% of the initial level at 70 degrees C. The enzyme was very thermostable. The optimum pH for histamine oxidase activity was found to be at 9.0, and the enzyme was stable over the pH range of 6 to 9. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE and its molecular mass was estimated to be about 81 kDa. The enzyme showed potent activity toward histamine, whereas it was inactive toward putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine. Histamine oxidase was inhibited by N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC). The inactive enzyme was restored with Cu2+ to 65% of the initial activity, but Cu+ did not enhance the enzyme activity. It is suggested that Cu2+ is essential for expression of histamine oxidase activity. The enzyme was a copper-containing protein having one atom of copper per mol of the enzyme protein as a result of atomic absorption analysis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was different from that of histamine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis IFO12137.     

Purification and characterization of intracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG

The intracellular proteinase of Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG was isolated in the cytoplasmic fraction with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5). The enzyme was purified by the fast protein liquid chromatography system equipped with ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. This proteinase comprised a single monomeric form and had a molecular weight of about 55 kDa and an isoelectric point near pH 4.9. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were determined to be pH 6.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was inactivated by metal-chelating compounds (EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline) and less affected by serine proteinase inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Proteinase activity was increased by Ca++, Mn++, and Co++, and inhibited by Cu++, Mg++, and Zn++. The activity of this enzyme to hydrolyze casein appeared to be more active on beta-casein than alphas1-casein and kappa-casein as monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

一种米曲霉耐盐蛋白酶的纯化及酶学性质分析

采用硫酸铵沉淀、Q-HP阴离子交换柱和Superdux 75凝胶柱等技术,从酱油大曲中纯化得到一种耐盐蛋白酶,经飞行时间质谱鉴定为钙蛋白酶RIM13,属于一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶。该蛋白酶的最适温度为50?℃;最适pH值为6.5;稳定温度为40?℃;稳定pH值为7.0;Mn2＋促进蛋白酶活力,Fe3＋、Fe2＋、Cu2＋、Ca2＋、K＋、Na＋抑制蛋白酶活力,以上金属离子对蛋白酶二级结构也产生不同程度的影响;米氏常数Km为2.43?g/L,最大反应速率Vm为103.09?mg/（L·min）。在5、10?g/100?mL和15?g/100?mL的NaCl质量浓度条件下,蛋白酶保留的酶活力分别为77.22%、54.39%以及41.15%。该蛋白酶在高盐度环境下保持较高的酶活力,因此具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

Purification and characterization of an alkaline manganese peroxidase from Aspergillus terreus LD-1

We report that Aspergillus terreus LD-1 produces an extracellular ligninolytic enzyme, manganese peroxidase (MnP), that reacts under alkaline conditions. This MnP was purified 13.1-fold from the culture supernatant to elicit a single band upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of this MnP was estimated as either 43 kDa by SDS-PAGE or 44 kDa by gel permeation chromatography, suggesting a monomeric structure. The optimum pH and temperature of this MnP are 12.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. This MnP is stable in the pH range 11.0 to 12.5 and also up to 40 degrees C. The K(m) values of this MnP for hydrogen peroxide, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and Mn2+ were 320 microM, 20 microM and 33 microM at pH 12.5, respectively. The activity of the MnP is completely inhibited by Hg2+, Pb2+, Ag+ and lactate. On the other hand, the MnP is activated by oxalate, maleate and fumarate. Maleate at 5 mM increased the MnP activity 5-fold. EDTA at 1 mM inhibited the MnP activity completely, but this inhibition was not observed in the presence of 1 mM Fe2+.     

Proteolysis by toxigenic Aspergillus nidulans from Nigerian palm produce

The submerged cultures of Aspergillus nidulans had optimal growth and protease production at 37 degrees C and within 6 days of incubation. A rapid drop in pH of the growth medium from 6.9 to 4.8 and a subsequent gradual rise was recorded with the period of incubation. The acid-protease produced was purified by a combination of ethanolic precipitation, ultrafiltration and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. A single peak showing protease activity was subsequently obtained with a 16-fold increase in specific activity and a recovery value of 36%. The purified enzyme had optimal activity on casein and gelatin at pH 5.4 and a temperature of 40 degrees C.     

Purification and properties of hydrogen sulfide oxidase from Bacillus sp. BN53-1

A hydrogen sulfide oxidase was purified to homogeneity from the heterotroph Bacillus sp. BN53-1 isolated from pig feces compost. The enzyme was found to be a monomer with a M(r) value of approximately 37 kDa. It required FAD for its activity, which was not replaced by FMN. The optimum reaction pH and temperature were 7.5 and 40 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was stable between pH 6.0 and 7.0 and up to 30 degrees C. Its activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and Mn2+ and inhibited by Al3+, dithiothreitol, and 2-mercaptoethanol. The main product was elemental sulfur, and H2O2 was not detected. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme showed similarity to other FAD-requiring enzymes.     

Human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Expression in Escherichia coli as a soluble enzyme, and application as an immobilized enzyme for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I), which catalyzes the transfer of an N-acetylglucosamine residue from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to the alpha1,3-linked mannose on Man5GlcNAc2 (M5), is a critical enzyme for the synthesis of high-mannose-type to complex-type glycan structures in N-linked glycan processing. We developed a large-scale preparation system for recombinant human GnT-I (hGnT-I) using the maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion system to facilitate the chemoenzymatic route for complex-type N-linked glycan synthesis. MBP-fused GnT-I was purified by affinity chromatography on an amylose resin column. The relative activity of MBP-fused GnT-I toward high-mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharides was 100% for Man5GlcNAc2, 52% for Man3GlcNAc2, 17% for Man6GlcNAc2. MBP-fused GnT-I exhibited optimal activity at pH 6.5-9.5 and was more active between pH 6.5-9.0. The optimum temperature for MBP-fused GnT-I activity was 40 degrees C, but the enzyme was active between 0-70 degrees C. Mn2+ and Co2+ were critical for the enzyme activity, while Zn2+ and Ca2+ inhibited the activity. Kinetic analysis of the purified enzyme showed an apparent K(m) value of 0.483 mM and a V(max) of 101 nmol/mg/min for M5. Immobilization of MBP-fused GnT-I on the amylose resin led to an 80% yield of the high mannose-type-of oligosaccharide.     

南美白对虾虾头内源酸性蛋白酶的分离纯化及其酶学特性研究

通过10%～50%的硫酸铵盐析和两次柱层析,从南美白对虾虾头的匀浆液中分离纯化出一种内源酸性蛋白酶,经电泳分析测得其分子量为27.45ku,该酶的Km值、Vmax值、最适pH和最适反应温度分别为2.01g/L、26.39μg/min、3.0和30℃。内源酸性蛋白酶的热稳定性较差,Pepstatin A和EDTA对该蛋白酶表现出强烈的抑制作用,Hg+能完全抑制该蛋白酶,但Ca2+却能激活该蛋白酶。据此推断该蛋白酶是一种金属蛋白酶,该酶活性中心含有一些金属离子,其性质类似于胃蛋白酶类。     

重组1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶酶学性质和稳定性的研究

1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(PDOR)是以甘油为底物生产1,3-PD途径中的关键酶之一。将dhaT在E.coliBL21(DE3)pLysS进行了表达,对含有6×His标记的PDOR进行了纯化,同时考察了重组PDOR的酶学性质和稳定性。重组PDOR反应的最适pH和温度分别是10.0和55°C;在pH7.0～8.0,酶保持了较高的稳定性,酶在30°C保温表现出较高的稳定性;Ca2+,Mg2+和Cu2+对酶活性有抑制作用,而Fe2+,Na+,NH4+和Mn2+对酶活有促进作用;冷冻干燥处理后,PDOR酶活有一定的损失;添加适当浓度的保护剂——海藻糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、聚乙二醇,对酶在冷冻干燥时有保护作用;添加5%蔗糖的固体酶制剂在保存过程中表现出较好的稳定性。     

Purification and characterization of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens HU380

A lipase, which markedly splits polyunsaturated fatty acid ester (PUFA) bonds, from newly isolated Pseudomonas fluorescens HU380 was purified. The purification procedure included Phenyl-Toyopearl fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, and Superdex-200HR chromatography. The enzyme was purified 24.3-fold with a yield of 14% and a specific activity of 9854 U/mg. Its molecular weight was estimated on SDS-PAGE to be 64,000. The optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The lipase was stable over the pH range of 6.0-7.0 at 30 degrees C for 24 h, and up to 40 degrees C at pH 7.0 for 60 min, when 0.1% Triton X-100 was present. The lipase preferably acted on short to middle-chain fatty acid simple methyl-esters and triglycerides, and cleaved mainly 1,3-ester bonds and to a lesser extent the 2-position ester bond of triolein. The lipase was inhibited by Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, and EDTA, and activated by Ca2+. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be GVYDYKNFGTADSKALFSDAMAITLY, which exhibited considerable similarity with those of the lipases from other P. fluorescens strains, but no significant homology with other lipases. This lipase was able to decompose fats and oils that contained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) without significantly affecting the contents of these fatty acids. The results suggest that the lipase may be useful when applied to the processing of industrial fats and oils containing EPA and DHA, such as fish oil splitting.     

Purification of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase from genetically engineered yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with a multicopy plasmid carrying the yeast structural gene HEM2, which codes for delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, was enriched 20-fold in the enzyme. Beginning with cell-free extracts of transformed cells, the dehydratase was purified 193-fold to near-homogeneity. This represents a 3900-fold purification relative to the enzyme activity in normal, untransformed yeast cells. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 16.2 mumol h-1 per mg protein at pH 9.4 and 37.5 degrees C. In most respects the yeast enzyme resembles mammalian enzymes. It is a homo-octamer with an apparent Mr of 275,000, as determined by centrifugation in glycerol density gradients, and under denaturing conditions behaved as a single subunit of Mr congruent to 37,000. The enzyme requires reduced thiol compounds to maintain full activity, and maximum activity was obtained in the presence of 1.0 mM-Zn2+. It is sensitive to inhibition by the heavy metal ions Pb2+ and Cu2+. The enzyme exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics and has an apparent Km of 0.359 mM. Like dehydratases from animal tissues, the yeast enzyme is rather thermostable. During the purification process an enhancement in total delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity suggested the possibility that removal of an inhibitor of the enzyme could be occurring.     

杨桃多酚氧化酶的部分纯化及其特性研究

杨桃多酚氧化酶粗酶液经过DEAE-Toyopearl650M离子交换柱层析,Butyl-Toyopearl650M疏水柱层析后,被纯化了21.6倍,回收率为45.2%。该酶能迅速地催化焦性没食子酸的酶促氧化反应,而对邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚和绿原酸则完全无催化活性。该酶对焦性没食子酸的Km值为7.92mmol/L,其最适pH为8.0,pH稳定性范围在pH4.0-11.0,最适温度为60℃,热稳定性相对较高,在≥90℃加热30min后仍残留约9%的酶活性。该酶的最佳抑制剂是抗坏血酸,其次是NaHSO3和盐酸-L-半胱氨酸,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+等金属离子对该酶也有一定的抑制作用。     

Partial purification and characterisation of cysteine protease in wheat germ

BACKGROUND: Proteases have become an essential part of the modern food and feed industry, being incorporated in a large and diversified range of products for human and animal consumption. The objective of this study was to purify and characterise a protease from wheat germ. RESULTS: After purification a single protease of molecular weight 61–63 kDa (determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was obtained. The purified protease had optimal activity at 50 °C and maintained its activity completely after incubation at 30 °C for 30 min, while over 47% of the activity was lost after incubation at 80 °C for 30 min. The purified protease had optimal activity and maintained maximum stability at pH 5.5, while the activity decreased after incubation for 30 min at other pH values. The protease was inhibited by Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺ and iodacetic acid and stimulated by Li⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, β‐mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, while Zn²⁺, L ‐cysteine and glutathione had no significant effect on its activity. At pH 5.5 the enzyme had a K_m of 0.562 mg mL^?1 with casein as substrate and showed higher affinity to casein than to bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin and gelatin. CONCLUSION: The purified enzyme from wheat germ was identified as a cysteine protease. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Purification and Some Properties of a Protease from Sorghum Malt Variety KSV8–11

A protease from sorghum malt variety KSV8–11 was purified by a combination of dialysis against 4 M sucrose, ion‐exchange chromatography on Q‐Sepharose (Fast flow), gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose CL‐4B. The enzyme was purified 5‐fold to give a 14.1% yield relative to the total activity in the crude extract and a final specific activity of 1348.9 U mg^?1 protein. SDS‐PAGE revealed a single migrating protein band corresponding to a relative molecular mass of 16 KDa. Using casein as substrate, the purified protease had optimal activity at 50°C and maximal temperature stability between 30°C and 40°C but retained over 64% of its original activity after incubation at 60°C for 30 min. The pH optimum was 5.0 with maximum stability at pH 6.0 but 60% of the activity remained after 24 h between pH 5.0 and 8.0. The protease was inhibited by Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, iodoacetic acid (IAA) and p‐chloromercuribenzoate (p‐CMB), stimulated by Cu²⁺, Sr²⁺, phenylmethylsulfonyl‐fluoride (PMSF) and 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) while Mn²⁺ and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) had no effect. The purified enzyme had a K_m of 18 mg·mL^?1 and a V_max of 11.1 μmol · mL^?1 · min^?1 with casein as substrate.     

荧光假单胞菌胞外蛋白酶的纯化及特性研究

采用硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-100 HR凝胶过滤层析方法对从原料乳中分离出一株荧光假单胞菌胞外耐热蛋白酶进行纯化及特性研究。将纯化后的单一蛋白酶进行SDS-PAGE分子质量测定,并考察最适温度、最适pH值、热稳定性、金属离子对其酶活性的影响及对该蛋白酶的氨基酸种类分析。纯化后蛋白酶的分子质量为47kD,经纯化后蛋白酶比活力提高了近61.38倍;最适温度和pH值分别为30℃和7.0;二硫苏糖醇对蛋白酶活性具有一定的抑制作用,Fe2+可以促进蛋白酶活性的提高;该酶具有较强耐热性,原酶液经130℃热处理3min后,残留酶活仍超过原酶液的47.67%;该蛋白酶氨基酸组成中甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)和谷氨酸(Glu)的含量占明显优势,其中Gly含量最高,物质的量分数高达42%。     

大麦芽极限糊精酶的分离纯化及酶学特性分析

将大麦芽提取的极限糊精酶粗酶液,利用硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析和凝胶过滤色谱等分离方法对极限糊精酶进行逐步分离纯化。结果表明：纯化倍数为31.23,回收率为8.81%。经十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后,图谱显示样品具有较高的纯度,分子质量约为97kD。同时研究了纯化前后极限糊精酶在不同作用环境下酶的活性变化,发现纯化后样品在温度45℃和pH 5.5左右具有最大酶活性,与粗酶液中酶活性相比具有明显差异。在体系中添加不同浓度的金属离子,结果发现,Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+在浓度较低时,对酶活性具有激活作用,而浓度较高时,则具有抑制作用;整体上,K+对酶活性影响不大;Zn2+、Fe2+对酶活性具有抑制作用。