微波辐射相转移催化合成邻硝基茴香醚

采用微波辐射技术和相转移催化剂，在常压下合成了邻硝基茴香醚。最佳反应条件为：反应物n（甲醇）：n（邻硝基氯苯）=2：1，n（三乙基苄基氯化铵）：n（邻硝基氯苯）：4：100，微波功率640W，微波辐射时间6min，产率为86．6％。     

新杀虫剂硫肟醚降解菌的筛选和降解动力学

硫肟醚[O-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]是国家南方农药创制中心湖南基地研制成功的具有知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂。采用富集培养法对硫肟醚降解菌的筛选、分离鉴定和降解进行了初步研究,结果从土壤中分离出了5株能降解硫肟醚的降解菌HNX1、HNX2、HNX3、HNX4和HNX5,其对硫肟醚的降解半衰期分别为1.34、2.02、1.90、2.17和1.27d。根据形态学特征和生理生化反应,初步鉴定HNX1和HNX5为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。     

紫外光-超声波耦合降解邻硝基苯酚水溶液的研究

考察了初始浓度、紫外光（UV）功率、超声波（US）频率和功率、催化剂TiO2加入量、溶液的pH值、H2O2的加入量等各种因素。对紫外光．超声波耦合降解邻硝基苯酚（ONe）水溶液效果的影响。实验结果表明,ONe的紫外光．超声波降解符合表观一级动力学。随着初始浓度的增加,ONP的降解速率和去除率均减小。紫外光．超声波耦合降解效果明显好于紫外光、超声波分别单独降解的效果,两者存在着协同效应。反应速率常数分别为：KUV/US=0．0052min^-1、     

黏土矿物和腐植酸对新农药硫肟醚的吸附及其机理研究

硫肟醚[O-（3-苯氧苄基）-2-甲硫基-1-（4-氯苯基）丙基酮肟醚]是国家南方农药创制中心湖南基地研制成功的首个具有我国自主知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂。为了深入认识硫肟醚在土壤中的归宿，在室内条件下采用振荡平衡法和红外光谱法（IR）对硫肟醚在黏土矿物和腐植酸上的吸附及其机理进行了研究。结果表明，硫肟醚在黏土矿物钙-蒙脱石（Ca-Clay）上的吸附等温线属于S型，而在腐植酸上的等温线属于L型，说明硫肟醚在黏土矿物上的吸附量要大于腐植酸。     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-WO_3光催化降解邻硝基苯酚动力学研究

在高压汞灯下,研究了邻硝基苯酚在SO42-/TiO2-WO3光催化剂表面的降解过程,对邻硝基苯酚在SO42-/TiO2-WO3悬浮体系中的降解机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,光降解反应速率受邻硝基苯酚的初始浓度、气相氧流量、反应温度、溶液pH值、光强度和催化剂用量等因素的影响。基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程和一些假设,分析了邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学机理,推导了固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-WO3催化邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学方程。     

固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2-WO3光催化降解邻硝基苯酚动力学研究

在高压汞灯下,研究了邻硝基苯酚在SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3光催化剂表面的降解过程,对邻硝基苯酚在SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3悬浮体系中的降解机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,光降解反应速率受邻硝基苯酚的初始浓度、气相氧流量、反应温度、溶液pH值、光强度和催化剂用量等因素的影响。基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程和一些假设,分析了邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学机理,推导了固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3催化邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学方程。     

固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3光催化降解邻硝基苯酚动力学研究

在高压汞灯下,研究了邻硝基苯酚在SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3光催化剂表面的降解过程,对邻硝基苯酚在SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3悬浮体系中的降解机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,光降解反应速率受邻硝基苯酚的初始浓度、气相氧流量、反应温度、溶液pH值、光强度和催化剂用量等因素的影响。基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程和一些假设,分析了邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学机理,推导了固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-WO3催化邻硝基苯酚光降解的动力学方程。     

US/O3降解对硝基苯酚的影响因素及机理

研究了US（超声波）/O₃（臭氧）体系中气速、温度、pH值、对硝基苯酚初始质量浓度以及超声声强对对硝基苯酚降解速率的影响.研究结果表明：对硝基苯酚降解速率随着气速、超声声强及pH值（pH≤6时）的提高而提高,随着对硝基苯酚初始质量浓度的提高而下降,而反应温度及在pH>6时影响不明显.对硝基苯酚在US/O₃、US及O₃体系中的降解均遵循拟一级反应动力学规律,其反应速率常数分别为1.50×10^-3 s^-1、3.27×10^-5 s^-1和6.63×10^-4 s^-1,增强因子为216％,具有明显的协同效应,其协同效应主要是由臭氧在空化泡内热解产生•OH引起的.采用液相色谱（HPLC）、离子色谱(IC)、GC-MS等方法测定出对硝基苯酚降解的主要中间产物有邻苯二酚、邻苯醌、对苯二酚、对苯醌、苯酚、反丁烯二酸、顺丁烯二酸、草酸和甲酸等,并依此推导出对硝基苯酚的降解机理.     

Y2O3/TiO2纳米粒子超声光催化降解邻硝基苯酚

以钛酸丁酯为原料,用溶胶——凝胶（Sol-gel）法制备了Y2O3／TiO2纳米粒子。采用X光衍射仪对粉体的粒径、物相进行了表征。研究了超声光催化协同降解水中邻硝基苯酚的效果,考察了超声波声强、反应温度和催化剂投加量对邻硝基苯酚降解速率的影响。研究结果表明：超声光催化协同降解要比单独超声波或光化学处理效果显著,证实了声光联合技术具有明显的协同效应。     

原位荧光标定硝基化合物

介绍了用原位荧光标记法测定硝基化合物２，４－二氯苯基－４′－硝基苯基醚，Ｏ，Ｏ－二甲基－Ｏ－（３－甲基－４－硝基苯基）硫逐硫酸酯，Ｏ－乙基－Ｏ－异丙胺基－Ｏ－（对甲邻硝基苯基）硫逐磷酸酯，Ｏ，Ｏ－二甲基－Ｏ－（对硝基苯基）硫逐磷酸酯的方法，并报告了上述硝基化合物丹酰荧光衍生物的荧光性能。     

On impacts of solid properties and operating conditions on the performance of gas-solid fluidization systems

The characteristics of gas-solids two-phase flow and fluidization in terms of the flow structures and the apparent behavior of particles and fluid-particle interactions are closely linked to physical properties of the particles, operating conditions and bed configurations. To assist the development of useful strategies for the design of fluidized-bed reactors, this paper discusses both positive and negative impacts of particle sizes, bubbles, clusters, and column walls on the fluidized-bed reactor performance.     

纳米碳酸钙四大纳米效应应用表现

介绍了纳米碳酸钙四大纳米效应：量子尺寸效应、小尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应，及其在应用过程中表现出与普通轻质碳酸钙所不同的、反常的物理化学特性。对进一步拓展纳米碳酸钙的应用领域、不断优化其生产工艺参数、突出其纳米特性、提升产品品质等都具有一定的指导意义。     

有机化学中电子效应应用的教学思考

本文介绍了电子效应概念及在有机化学教学中应用电子效应,解释取代基对酸碱性、中间体稳定性、反应方向和反应活性的影响。     

Clouding Behavior of C13EOx (x = 10–19) Micelles in a Wide Range of Salinity and Hardness: Concomitant Effects of Salinity and Degree of Ethoxylation

The effect of salinity and degree of ethoxylation on the cloud point, T_cp, in C₁₃EO_x (x = 10–19) micelles was investigated in distilled water and in the salinity range S = 1.96–196 g L⁻¹. At a fixed x value, the rate dT_cp/dS was given by dT_cp/dS = α _b + β _bS with α _b < 0 and β _b > 0. This trend suggests that dT_cp/dS is the result of two opposing effects, an entirely (negative) surfactant-dependent effect (α _b) and a combined (positive) surfactant-solvent (β _bS)-dependent effect. In addition, the rate dT_cp/dS was found to become increasingly less negative with increasing salinity (dT_cp/dS) < 0), suggesting an overwhelming contribution of the α _b effect as compared to the β _bS effect. On the other hand, at fixed S, the rate was given by dT_cp/dx = α _x + β _xx with α _x > 0 and β _x < 0. This trend also suggests the existence of two opposing effects, a strictly (positive) solvent-dependent effect (α _x) and a concomitant solvent (β _x)-surfactant (x)-dependent effect. Contrary to dT_cp/dS, the rate dT_cp/dx was found to become increasingly less positive with increasing x values (dT_cp/dx > 0), suggesting that α _x is the dominant factor in the surfactants’ susceptibility to be salted in. Both constants α_b and α _x were attributed to a dual temperature-salinity effect on the structure of water molecules not involved in surfactant's hydration. On the other hand, β _b and β _x were associated with the change in the structure of water due to the dehydration of surfactants’ oxyethylene moieties with increasing temperature.     

Thickness effect on fracture energy of cementitious materials

This paper studies the thickness effect on the fracture energy of cementitious materials based on a local fracture energy concept. Similar to the specimen back boundary, the presence of two free surfaces in the thickness direction also influences the local fracture energy dissipation, leading to the boundary or thickness effect. A bilinear local fracture energy model originally developed to characterise the ligament or back boundary effect on the fracture energy is further developed to consider variations of the local fracture energy in the thickness direction. The proposed model is used to analyse available experimental data from the literature. The predictions from the model are in a good agreement with the experiments.     

Influence of fracture process zone height on fracture energy of concrete

The implication of modelling concrete fracture with a fictitious crack of zero fracture process zone (FPZ) height is addressed because FPZ height, in reality, is not zero and is bound to vary during crack growth. The ligament effect on fracture energy G_F is explained by the nonuniform distribution of a local fracture energy g_f showing the influence of specimen boundary and variation of FPZ height. The nonuniform g_f distribution is then used to determine the size-independent G_F. The recent boundary-effect model based on a bilinear g_f function is confirmed by the essential work of fracture (EWF) model for the yielding of deeply notched polymer and metal specimens. The EWF model provides a theoretical basis for the bilinear g_f distribution. The principal rationale of the boundary-effect model, the influence of FPZ height on fracture energy, is supported by experimental observations of thickness effect on fracture toughness of thin polymeric adhesives between metals.     

Phosphorus management in continuous wheat and wheat-legume rotations

The sustainability of cropping systems is closely related to the judicious use of fertilizers. Little research has been conducted on the management of P in rotations in Morocco. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of direct, cumulative, and residual P on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yields under field conditions in two cropping systems: continuous wheat (W-W) and chickpea-wheat (CP-W). Experiments were conducted in 1994–96 at two locations in the arid and semiarid regions of Morocco. Phosphorus was applied the first year at rates of 0, 9, 18, and 27 kg P ha^–1 on both wheat and chickpea. The second year, plots were split into treatments with P and without P fertilizer. The changes in NaHCO₃-P in soil showed that after two years of cropping, P rates of 9 and 18 kg P ha^–1 were needed to increase and maintain soil test P level in the range where a third successive crop could be grown without fertilization at locations 1 and 2, respectively. Also, soils with the same initial NaHCO₃-P soil test levels required different amounts of fertilizer P to produce maximum yields. Inclusion of chickpea in the rotation resulted in a greater response to residual P by wheat at location 2. Differences in wheat grain yield between rotations were not significant. The maximum increase in yields above the nil-P treatment due to the highest amount applied in the the previous year was 1.3 t ha^–1, obtained for continuous wheat at location 2. Though the residual P effect was evident in this study, it did not produce maximum yields. Yields (GY, DM) could be predicted by the inclusion of both P applied in previous year (PR) and P applied in the current year (CP) by the following model: GY or DM = a + b*Ln(RP+1) + c*Ln(CP+1). Based on the range of P rates used in this study, a single P application for a 2-year rotation is not a suitable practice in these soils. The application of 18 kg P ha^–1 each year is recommended for continuous wheat, and 9 kg P ha^–1 the first year plus 18 kg P ha^–1 the second year is recommended for chickpea-wheat rotations. We suggest that either using single large applications of P or performing repeated applications should take into account the range of targeted application rates.     

稀释剂对三辛胺萃取羧酸的影响

研究了三辛胺萃取羧酸过程的机理,发现该过程中稀释剂的影响十分显著,在不同的稀释剂中三辛胺萃取羧酸的分配比相差三十至七十倍。其萃取能力与三辛胺的浓度和稀释剂的性质有关。萃取剂浓度一定时,取决于萃合物与稀释剂的相互作用能力及其在稀释剂中的疏溶作用。相互作用能力越强,疏溶作用越弱,越有利于革取。     

工业废水排放量变化的密度效应和增长效应

以可持续发展理论为基础,运用物质减量反弹效应的方法,给出了工业废水排放量变化的密度效应和增长效应计算公式,并根据1991～2004年<中国统计年鉴>中公布的数据,对全国工业废水排放量变化的密度效应和增长效应进行了计量分析.结果表明,1997年以前,密度效应比增长效应作用明显,全国工业废水排放量呈现下降趋势;1997年以后,增长效应比密度效应作用明显,全国工业废水排放量呈现上升趋势,特别是近3年增长显著.     

Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review

Photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry