表面增强拉曼光谱法快速测定液态乳中三聚氰胺方法的研究和评价

目的 建立便携式拉曼光谱法定性检测液态乳中三聚氰胺的快速检验方法.方法 选择市场上有代表性的拉曼光谱仪,确定检测方法.探究增强试剂、常见的添加剂及原料对检测结果的影响以及三聚氰胺类似物对检测结果的影响,确定方法的适用范围并被验证.对指定的3家验证机构进行方法验证.结果 5家企业的快速检测产品中有3家在验证中完全满足方法...     

用于检测果蔬中农药残留的柔性表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底：设计策略和应用进展

随着21世纪人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展,果蔬中的农药残留问题已引起广泛关注。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)因其快速、无损和指纹识别的特性,已成为食品安全检测领域最有潜力的技术之一。柔性SERS基底的引入为非平面果蔬表面的原位检测提供了新的可能性。与刚性基底相比,柔性基底可通过“粘贴-剥离”或拭子取样的方法进行适应,实现了刚性基底无法达到的灵活性。然而,设计和制备同时具备高灵敏度、高稳定性和良好信号重现性的柔性基底仍是一项挑战。本综述首先概述了SERS的基本机理,然后深入探讨了柔性基底的构建策略,包括基底材质的选择和拉曼热点的构建方法。近年来,对于柔性基底在果蔬农残检测方面的应用实例也进行了总结。柔性SERS基底的发展前景广阔,但在实际应用中仍需克服许多困难和挑战。例如,如何确保在不同的检测环境中保持高灵敏度、高稳定性、高选择性和高重现性,如何降低成本实现大规模生产等。最后,本文针对柔性基底研发过程中的困难和挑战提出了一些可能的解决方案,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。这些解决方案和展望旨在推动柔性SERS基底的进一步研究和应用,为果蔬农残的准确、高效检测提供支持。总体而言,柔性SERS基底为果蔬农残检测提供了新的可能性和机遇。通过深入理解其工作机理、优化设计策略并克服现有挑战,有望实现其在食品安全领域的广泛应用。     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): A novel reliable technique for rapid detection of common harmful chemical residues

BackgroundThe irrational usage of chemical substances including pesticides and drugs in agricultural and food production is a significant food safety issue due to its residues. Therefore, the detection of harmful residues in foods is an indispensable step for guaranteeing the consumer's health. Conventional methods, such as HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS are accurate enough, but they fail to meet the requirements of the modern industry for rapid and on-line detection. Novel reliable techniques should thus be developed as alternatives.Scope and approachIn this review, fundamentals of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is introduced. Recent advances in its usage for detecting harmful chemical residues in agricultural products including pesticides, antibiotics and β₂-adrenergic agonists are discussed by two typical ways of detection improvement, and the advantages of SERS are addressed. Finally, future trends to routine use of SERS applications in harmful residues are presented.Key findings and conclusionsSERS is a promising detection technique for the detection of common harmful chemical residues with merits of simple sampling, rapid data collection and non-destructiveness. Despite rapid developments in the technology, there is much studies should be done before SERS could be used as a daily tool for the industry.     

Characterising variances of milk powder and instrumentation for the development of a non-targeted,Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics detection method for the evaluation of authenticity

There is a need to develop rapid tools to screen milk products for economically motivated adulteration. An understanding of the physiochemical variability within skim milk powder (SMP) and non-fat dry milk (NFDM) is the key to establishing the natural differences of these commodities prior to the development of non-targeted detection methods. This study explored the sources of variance in 71 commercial SMP and NFDM samples using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) and characterised the largest number of commercial milk powders acquired from a broad number of international manufacturers. Spectral pre-processing using a gap-segment derivative transformation (gap size = 5, segment width = 9, fourth derivative) in combination with sample normalisation was necessary to reduce the fluorescence background of the milk powder samples. PC scores plots revealed no clear trends for various parameters, including day of analysis, powder type, supplier and processing temperatures, while the largest variance was due to irreproducibility in sample positioning. Significant chemical sources of variances were explained by using the spectral features in the PC loadings plots where four samples from the same manufacturer were determined to likely contain an additional component or lactose anomers, and one additional sample was identified as an outlier and likely containing an adulterant or differing quality components. The variance study discussed herein with this large, diverse set of milk powders holds promise for future use as a non-targeted screening method that could be applied to commercial milk powders.     

动物源性食品安全检测技术研究进展

随着人民生活水平的提高和健康意识的增强,动物源性食品的质量安全问题受到广泛关注。化学污染（三聚氰胺添加、兽药残留、食品添加剂残留等）及致病微生物是导致动物源性食品安全问题的主要原因,不仅威胁人类健康,而且影响社会经济及产业发展。因此,建立动物源性食品安全的快速检测方法非常必要。表面增强拉曼光谱法（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）具有检测速度快、选择性好、灵敏度高等优点,在食品安全检测领域展现出巨大的应用潜力而成为研究热点之一。本文综述了表面增强拉曼光谱技术在动物源性食品安全检测中的应用,详细介绍了SERS对三聚氰胺、食源性致病菌、农兽药残留和食品添加剂的检测应用及发展现状,并对SERS技术在食品中快速残留检测方面的应用进行了总结和展望,旨在为SERS技术在食品安全检测领域的进一步发展提供参考。     

Functionalization techniques for improving SERS substrates and their applications in food safety evaluation: A review of recent research trends

BackgroundFood safety and quality have gained much attention in recent years and the capability to evaluate food quality and safety in a sensitive, rapid, and reliable manner is of great importance in the food industry. Therefore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the advantages of excellent sensitivity, high selectivity, non-destructive nature and significant enhancement to identify the target has demonstrated a great potential for quick detection of chemical contaminants, chemical constitutes, and pathogens in food samples.Scope and approachThe enhancement of Raman signals for SERS is not only related to the interactions between substrates and samples but also the functionalization of substrates to gain SERS active substrates. In the present review, different types of substrates are briefly discussed, functionalization techniques for SERS active substrates are discussed, and applications of functionalized SERS substrate in food samples are presented.Conclusions and key findingsIt is evident that functionalization techniques for improving SERS substrates have given encouraging outcomes, which provides possibility for identifying multiple target analytes within a complex matrix, and thus could be used as a powerful analytical tool in real-world applications in food safety analysis as well as for enhancing food quality surveillance.     

Non-Destructive and rapid evaluation of staple foods quality by using spectroscopic techniques: A review

Staple foods, including cereals, legumes, and root/tuber crops, dominate the daily diet of humans by providing valuable proteins, starch, oils, minerals, and vitamins. Quality evaluation of staple foods is primarily carried out on sensory (e.g. external defect, color), adulteration (e.g. species, origin), chemical (e.g. starch, proteins), mycotoxin (e.g. Fusarium toxin, aflatoxin), parasitic infection (e.g. weevil, beetle), and internal physiological (e.g. hollow heart, black heart) aspects. Conventional methods for the quality assessment of staple foods are always laborious, destructive, and time-consuming. Requirements for online monitoring of staple foods have been proposed to encourage the development of rapid, reagentless, and noninvasive techniques. Spectroscopic techniques, such as visible–infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and spectral imaging, have been introduced as promising analytical tools and applied for the quality evaluation of staple foods. This review summarizes the recent applications and progress of such spectroscopic techniques in determining various qualities of staple foods. Besides, challenges and future trends of these spectroscopic techniques are also presented.     

骆驼乳营养成分及生物学功能研究进展

骆驼乳营养丰富,含有多种对人类健康至关重要的活性成分,其蛋白质组成模式优,不含有易引起过敏反应的β-乳球蛋白,富含乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶等生物活性物质。不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质含量丰富,脂肪消化率高。骆驼乳独特的营养组成赋予其多种生物学功能,相关研究已证明其具有降血糖、抑菌、降血压、抗氧化、调节肠道菌群等多种生理活性,且致敏性低。骆驼乳中的免疫球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶等活性成分易在热处理的影响下丧失活性,因此骆驼乳活性成分和生物学功能的保留程度是确定骆驼乳相关产品热处理技术的重要指标。由于产量与加工技术的限制,对骆驼乳的利用远低于其潜在价值,全面了解骆驼乳的营养成分及组成对于明确其生物学功能、保持营养价值、获得理想的骆驼乳产品、开发适应骆驼乳产品的热处理技术至关重要。本文主要对骆驼乳的营养成分、生物学功能和热稳定性进行阐述,为骆驼乳的开发和利用提供理论基础。     

Applications of emerging imaging techniques for meat quality and safety detection and evaluation: A review

With improvement in people's living standards, many people nowadays pay more attention to quality and safety of meat. However, traditional methods for meat quality and safety detection and evaluation, such as manual inspection, mechanical methods, and chemical methods, are tedious, time-consuming, and destructive, which cannot meet the requirements of modern meat industry. Therefore, seeking out rapid, non-destructive, and accurate inspection techniques is important for the meat industry. In recent years, a number of novel and noninvasive imaging techniques, such as optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, tomographic imaging, thermal imaging, and odor imaging, have emerged and shown great potential in quality and safety assessment. In this paper, a detailed overview of advanced applications of these emerging imaging techniques for quality and safety assessment of different types of meat (pork, beef, lamb, chicken, and fish) is presented. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of each imaging technique are also summarized. Finally, future trends for these emerging imaging techniques are discussed, including integration of multiple imaging techniques, cost reduction, and developing powerful image-processing algorithms.     

Simultaneous detection for adulterations of maltodextrin,sodium carbonate,and whey in raw milk using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics

To achieve rapid on-site identification of raw milk adulteration and simultaneously quantify the levels of various adulterants, we combined Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics to detect 3 of the most common adulterants. Raw milk was artificially adulterated with maltodextrin (0.5–15.0%; wt/wt), sodium carbonate (10–100 mg/kg), or whey (1.0–20.0%; wt/wt). Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification and a partial least square (PLS) regression model were established using Raman spectra of 144 samples, among which 108 samples were used for training and 36 were used for validation. A model with excellent performance was obtained by spectral preprocessing with first derivative, and variable selection optimization with variable importance in the projection. The classification accuracy of the PLS-DA model was 95.83% for maltodextrin, 100% for sodium carbonate, 95.84% for whey, and 92.25% for pure raw milk. The PLS model had a detection limit of 1.46% for maltodextrin, 4.38 mg/kg for sodium carbonate, and 2.64% for whey. These results suggested that Raman spectroscopy combined with PLS-DA and PLS model can rapidly and efficiently detect adulterants of maltodextrin, sodium carbonate, and whey in raw milk.     

Raman spectroscopy a promising technique for quality assessment of meat and fish: A review

Raman spectroscopy data have been compared to different traditional methodologies such as protein solubility, apparent viscosity, water holding capacity, instrumental texture methods, dimethylamine content, peroxide values, and fatty acid composition commonly used to determine quality in fish and meat muscle treated under different conditions of handling, processing and storage through the changes of proteins, water and lipids of muscle food. It has been shown that Raman spectroscopy data are related to the results obtained with these traditional quality methods and could be used to evaluate muscle food quality. In addition, Raman spectroscopy provides structural information about the changes of proteins, water and lipids of muscle food that occur during the deterioration. Raman spectroscopy can also be used for determining muscle food identification. Besides, this spectroscopy technique has several advantages compared to traditional methods since it is a direct and non-invasive technique which requires small portions of sample.     

表面增强拉曼光谱应用于肉制品中食源性致病菌快速检测的研究进展

肉制品安全一直是食品安全中备受关注的一部分,而食源性致病菌是全球公共卫生和人类健康的一大威胁因素,因此肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测是肉品行业和食品安全检测领域的热点问题。考虑到肉制品作为一种快消品,其中食源性致病菌快速检测技术的研发刻不容缓。表面增强拉曼光谱（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）因其优异的检测特性,被许多学者应用于食品安全快速检测领域。本文简要综述SERS技术及其在肉制品食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用,并对其在食品快速检测领域的应用前景作出展望。     

Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology for detection of foodborne pathogens

Rapid control and prevention of diseases caused by foodborne pathogens is one of the existing food safety regulatory issues faced by various countries and has received wide attention from all sectors of society. The development of rapid and reliable detection methods for foodborne pathogens remains a hot research area for food safety and public health because of the limitations of complex steps, time-consuming, low sensitivity, or poor selectivity of commonly used methods. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), as a novel spectroscopic technique, has the advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid and nondestructive detection and has exhibited broad application prospects in the determination of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the enhancement mechanisms of SERS are briefly introduced, then the characteristics and properties of liquid-phase, rigid solid-phase, and flexible solid-phase are categorized. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the advances in label-free or label-based SERS strategies and SERS-compatible techniques for the detection of foodborne pathogens is provided, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges of SERS technology applied in practical applications are listed, and the possible development trends of SERS in the field of foodborne pathogens detection in the future are discussed.     

Raman spectroscopic study of heat-induced gelation of pork myofibrillar proteins and its relationship with textural characteristic

Structural changes, textural properties and their relationships in pork myofibrillar proteins (PMP) were studied by Raman spectroscopy, texture profile analysis (TPA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed the occurrence of secondary structural changes in myofibrillar proteins. Modifications in the amide I (1600-1700 cm(-1)) and amide III (1200-1300 cm(-1)) regions indicated a significant (p<0.05) decrease in α-helix content, accompanied by a significant (p<0.05) increase in β-sheets, β-turns and random coil content. Texture property changes were also determined by TPA. All these features contributed to the formation of strong, irreversible heat-induced gels. The application of a dimensionality reducing technique such as PCA proved to be useful to determine the most influential properties of heat-induced gel. Significant (p<0.05) correlations were found between these structural changes and the textural characteristic (hardness) in the pork myofibrillar proteins system by PCA.     

Emerging drying techniques for food safety and quality: A review

The new trends in drying technology seek a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives to improve the shelf-life and storage stability of food products. On the other hand, the drying process can result in deformation and degradation of phytoconstituents due to their thermal sensitivity. The main purpose of this review is to give a general overview of common drying techniques with special attention to food industrial applications, focusing on recent advances to maintain the features of the active phytoconstituents and nutrients, and improve their release and storage stability. Furthermore, a drying technique that extends the shelf-life of food products by reducing trapped water, will negatively affect the spoilage of microorganisms and enzymes that are responsible for undesired chemical composition changes, but can protect beneficial microorganisms like probiotics. This paper also explores recent efficient improvements in drying technologies that produce high-quality and low-cost final products compared to conventional methods. However, despite the recent advances in drying technologies, hybrid drying (a combination of different drying techniques) and spray drying (drying with the help of encapsulation methods) are still promising techniques in food industries. In conclusion, spray drying encapsulation can improve the morphology and texture of dry materials, preserve natural components for a long time, and increase storage times (shelf-life). Optimizing a drying technique and using a suitable drying agent should also be a promising solution to preserve probiotic bacteria and antimicrobial compounds.     

Quality analysis,classification, and authentication of liquid foods by near-infrared spectroscopy: A review of recent research developments

Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has become one of the most efficient and advanced techniques for analysis of food products. Many relevant researches have been conducted in this regard. However, no reviews about the applications of NIR for liquid food analysis are reported. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent research developments of NIR technology in the field of liquid foods, focusing on the detection of quality attributes of various liquid foods, including alcoholic beverages (red wines, rice wines, and beer), nonalcoholic beverages (juice, fruit vinegars, coffee beverages, and cola beverages), dairy products (milk and yogurt), and oils (vegetable, camellia, peanut, and virgin olive oils and frying oil). In addition, the classification and authentication detection of adulteration are also covered. It is hoped that the current paper can serve as a reference source for the future liquid food analysis by NIR techniques.     

Toward commercial applications of LED and laser-induced fluorescence techniques for food identity,quality, and safety monitoring: A review

The assessment of food safety and quality is a matter of paramount importance, especially considering the challenges posed by climate change. Convenient, eco-friendly, and non-destructive techniques have attracted extensive attention in the food industry because they can retain food safety and quality. Fluorescence radiation, the process by which fluorophore emits light upon the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light, offers the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity. The use of excitation–emission matrix (EEM) has been extensively explored in the food industry, but on-site detection of EEMs remain a challenge. To address this limitation, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and light emitting diode-induced fluorescence (LED-IF) have been implemented in many cases to facilitate the transition of fluorescence measurements from the laboratory to commercial applications. This review provides an overview of the application of commercially available LIF/LED-IF devices for non-destructive food measurement and recent studies that focus on the development of LIF/LED-IF devices for commercial applications. These studies were categorized into two stages: the preliminary exploration stage, which emphasizes the selection of an appropriate excitation wavelength based on the combination of EEM and chemometrics, and the pre-application stage, where experiments were conducted on scouting with specific excitation wavelength. Although commercially available devices have emerged in many research fields, only a limited number have been reported for use in the food industry. Future studies should focus on enhancing the diversity of test samples and parameters that can be measured by a single device, exploring the application of LIF techniques for detecting low-concentration substances in food, investigating more quantitative approaches, and developing embedded computing devices.