Evaluation on Effectiveness of CVD and PVD Coated Tools during Dry Machining of Incoloy 825

With wide applications of nickel-based superalloys in strategic fields, it has become increasingly necessary to evaluate the performance of different advanced cutting tools for machining such alloys. With a view to recommend a suitable cutting tool, the present work investigated various machinability characteristics of Incoloy 825 using an uncoated tool, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a bilayer of TiCN/Al₂O₃, and physical vapor deposition (PVD) of alternate layers of TiAlN/TiN-coated tools under varying machining conditions. The influence of cutting speed (51, 84, and 124 m/min) as well as feed (0.08, 0.14, and 0.2 mm/rev) was comparatively evaluated on surface roughness, cutting temperature, cutting force, coefficient of friction, chip thickness, and tool wear using different cutting tools. Although the CVD-coated tool was not useful in decreasing surface roughness and temperature, a significant reduction in cutting force and tool wear could be achieved with the same coated tool under a high cutting speed of 124 m/min. On the other hand, the PVD-coated tool outperformed the other tools in terms of machinability characteristics. This might be attributed to the excellent antifriction and antisticking property of TiN and good toughness due to the multilayer configuration in combination with a thermally resistant TiAlN phase. Adhesion, abrasion, edge chipping, and nose wear were the prominent wear mechanisms of the uncoated tool, followed by the CVD-coated tool. However, remarkable resistance to such wear was evident with the PVD TiAlN/TiN multilayer-coated tool.     

铁基粉末冶金材料的高速干切削试验研究

用陶瓷刀具、涂层刀具和硬质合金刀具进行了铁基粉末冶金零件的干切削对比试验,研究了切削速度、切削深度以及进给速度与刀具耐用度和加工表面粗糙度的关系,分析了陶瓷刀具的磨损机理。结果表明所选用陶瓷刀具的切削性能明显优于涂层刀具和硬质合金刀具;陶瓷刀具前刀面主要磨损形式为月牙洼磨损与剥落,后刀面的主要磨损原因为磨粒磨损;认为陶瓷刀具更适合用于粉末冶金零件的切削加工。     

The effect of cutting parameters and cutting tools on machining performance of carbon graphite material

Abstract

The present study focuses on the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and cutting tool material on the machining performance of carbon graphite material. Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) cutting tools are used in machining experiments and its performance is compared with the tungsten carbide (WC) and Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools. Machining performance criteria such as flank and nose wear and resulting surface topography and roughness of machined parts were studied. This study illustrates that feed rate and cutting tool material play a dominant role in the progressive wear of the cutting tool. The highest feed rate and cutting speed profoundly reduce the tool wear progression. The surface roughness and topography of specimens are remarkably influenced from the tool wear. Major differences are found in the wear mechanisms of PCD and WC and CBN cutting tools.     

Wear behaviour of alumina based ceramic cutting tools on machining steels

The advanced ceramic cutting tools have very good wear resistance, high refractoriness, good mechanical strength and hot hardness. Alumina based ceramic cutting tools have very high abrasion resistance and hot hardness. Chemically they are more stable than high-speed steels and carbides, thus having less tendency to adhere to metals during machining and less tendency to form built-up edge. This results in good surface finish and dimensional accuracy in machining steels. In this paper wear behaviour of alumina based ceramic cutting tools is investigated. The machining tests were conducted using SiC whisker reinforced alumina ceramic cutting tool and Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool on martensitic stainless steel-grade 410 and EN 24 steel work pieces. Flank wear in Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool is lower than that of the SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool. SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool exhibits poor crater wear resistance while machining. Notch wear in SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool is lower than that of the Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool. The flank wear, crater wear and notch wear are higher on machining martensitic stainless steel than on machining hardened steel. In summary Ti[C,N] mixed alumina cutting tool performs better than SiC whisker reinforced alumina cutting tool on machining martensitic stainless steel.     

Experimental assessment of textured tools with nano-lubricants in orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy

In this study, we investigated the effects of composite nano-Cu/WS₂ lubricating oil and single-point diamond indentation-textures on improving the cutting performance of YG8 cemented carbide tools, which is crucial for textures tool applications. The aims of the study were to improve wear resistance and reduce chip adhesion at the tool’s rake face in cutting of titanium alloys. Dot textures with different spacings were fabricated on the surface of YG8 cemented carbide tools through the single-point diamond indentation method, and composite nano-Cu/WS₂ lubricating oil was prepared. Orthogonal cutting tests were carried out under dry cutting and minimal quantity lubricated (MQL) conditions. Investigate the effect of different texture spacing on the cutting performance in the light of cutting forces, friction coefficient, the deformed chip thickness, tool adhesions, and chip morphology. The results show that the dot texture effectively improved the lubrication conditions in machining titanium alloys under the MQL conditions. The dot texture is effective at low speed in the dry cutting conditions. With the increase of cutting speed, the friction coefficient of dot texture tool is affected by texture spacing, and the friction coefficient of DT-200 tool is the smallest. In addition, composite nano Cu/WS₂ lubricating oil forms a lubricating film on the wear path by atomizing the lubricating oil and stores it in the dot texture, which enhances the anti-wear performance in the cutting process and reduces the cutting force and friction coefficient at the tool chip interface. By evaluating cutting force, friction coefficient, chip and tool morphology, it is concluded that DT-100 tool is more effective in improving lubrication conditions.

     

在刀-屑界面持续润滑刀具切削45钢的性能及润滑机理

为提高刀具润滑性能,尽量减少切削液的使用,制备出在刀屑界面持续润滑的新型刀具,能够将切削液通过微通道直接输送到刀屑接触界面内部。采用该新型刀具与普通刀具在干切削和浇注切削液条件下分别进行切削45钢试验,测量了切削三向力,对刀具前刀面磨损面进行SEM微观形貌分析及元素检测,分析了刀具的摩擦磨损特性及润滑机理。试验结果表明,与普通刀具在干切削和浇注切削液条件下相比,刀屑界面持续润滑刀具能够有效减少切削过程中的摩擦磨损,而切削液用量只有传统浇注式切削的1/120。分析前刀面的元素可知,切削液能够更加深入到离主切削刃更近的区域,并能持续供给,这是该刀具具有更好的减摩抗磨效果的主要原因。尽管新型刀具的黏结情况大大缓解,但刀具的磨损机理仍然以黏结磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

激光超声复合切削硬质合金的刀具磨损及其对工件表面质量的影响

基于激光加热辅助切削和超声椭圆振动切削提出了激光超声复合切削加工工艺。采用聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀具对YG10硬质合金进行了常规切削,超声椭圆振动切削,激光加热辅助切削和激光超声复合切削对比试验。检测了刀具磨损量、刀具磨损形貌、工件表面粗糙度以及工件表面形貌,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)对刀具磨损区域进行了能谱分析,同时研究了激光超声复合切削硬质合金时PCBN刀具的磨损及其对工件表面质量的影响。最后,与常规切削、超声振动切削及激光加热辅助切削进行了对比试验。结果表明:激光超声复合切削时刀具使用寿命显著增加,加工后的工件表面粗糙度平均值分别降低了79%、60%和64%,且工件表面更加平整光滑。激光超声复合切削硬质合金时,PCBN刀具的前刀面磨损表现为平滑且均匀的月牙洼磨损,后刀面磨损表现为较窄的三角形磨损带和较浅的凹坑和划痕;刀具的失效机理主要为黏接磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损的综合作用。     

Ultraprecision turning of electroless nickel: effects of crystal orientation and origin of diamond tools

This paper deals with (i) the performance of natural and artificial diamond tools and (ii) the effects of crystal orientations at rake face of diamond tool for long distance (>200 km) ultraprecision machining of electroless nickel. The criteria for cutting performance of the diamond tool include flank wear, crater wear, workpiece surface finish, and cutting forces. Experimental results show that the natural diamond tool has superior performance compared to the artificial one as it experienced lower cutting forces and lower flank and crater wears. It was also found that the cutting tool with {110} crystal orientation at rake face performs better than the tool with {100} crystal orientation in terms of amount of wear, surface finish, and cutting forces.     

Effect of cutting atmosphere on dry machining performance with Al2O3/ZrB2/ZrO2 ceramic tool

In this paper, Al₂O₃/ZrB₂/ZrO₂ ceramic cutting tool was produced by hot pressing. Dry cutting tests in air and nitrogen atmospheres were carried out on normalized AISI 1045 steel. The tool wear, cutting temperature, cutting force, and friction coefficient were measured. Compared in nitrogen, the friction coefficient in air was reduced when the cutting speed was higher than 160 m/min. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis techniques were employed to observe the worn surfaces of the ceramic tools, and the wear mechanisms were simultaneously discussed. Experimental data and observations revealed the formation of oxide film under air in dry machining, which related to the decrease of the friction coefficient and the improvement of cutting performance.     

High-Speed Machining of Malleable Cast Iron by Various Cutting Tools Coated by Physical Vapor Deposition

The coating material of a tool directly affects the efficiency and cost of machining malleable cast iron.However,the machining adaptability of various coating materials to malleable cast iron has been insufficiently researched.In this paper,turning tests were conducted on cemented carbide tools with different coatings(a thick TiN/TiAlN coating,a thin TiN/TiAlN coating,and a nanocomposite(nc)TiAlSiN coating).All coatings were applied by physical vapor deposi-tion.In a comparative study of chip morphology,cutting force,cutting temperature,specific cutting energy,tool wear,and surface roughness,this study analyzed the cutting characteristics of the tools coated with various materials,and established the relationship between the cutting parameters and machining objectives.The results showed that in malleable cast iron machining,the coating material significantly affects the cutting performance of the tool.Among the three tools,the nc-TiAlSiN-coated carbide tool achieved the minimum cutting force,the lowest cutting tempera-ture,least tool wear,longest tool life,and best surface quality.Moreover,in comparisons between cemented-carbide and compacted-graphite cast iron machined under the same conditions,the wear mechanism of the coated tools was found to depend on the cast iron being machined.Therefore,the performance requirements of a tool depend on multiple factors,and selecting an appropriately coated tool for a particular cast iron material is essential.     

TURNING STUDIES OF DEEP CRYOGENIC TREATED P-40 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE CUTTING TOOL INSERTS – TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

In the present work, coated tungsten carbide tool inserts of ISO P-40 grade were subjected to deep cryogenic treatment at ?176°C. Turning studies were conducted on AISI 1040 workpieces using both untreated and deep cryogenic treated tungsten carbide cutting tool inserts. The turning performance was evaluated in terms of flank wear of the cutting tool inserts, main cutting force and surface finish of the machined workpieces. The flank wear of deep cryogenic treated carbide tools was observed to be lower than that of untreated carbide tools in machining of AISI 1040 steel. The cutting force during machining of AISI 1040 steel was lower with the deep cryogenic treated carbide tools when compared with the untreated carbide tools. The surface finish produced on machined AISI 1040 steel workpieces was superior with the deep cryogenic treated carbide tools as compared to the untreated carbide tools.     

EFFECTS OF CUTTING SPEED WHEN TURNING AGE HARDENED INCONEL 718 WITH PCBN TOOLS OF BINDERLESS AND LOW-CBN GRADES

Application of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools as an alternative for ceramic and cemented carbide tools in machining superalloys has been frequently identified as a solution for enhancing process efficiency but only a limited number of studies has been done in this area. The current study explores the effect of the cutting speed, which was varied in a wide range (2–14 m/s), on machinability of age hardened Inconel 718 with PCBN tools. Performance of binderless PCBN grade and grade with low-cBN content was evaluated in terms of tool life, tool wear, cutting forces and surface quality. Chip formation and process dynamics were analyzed as well. It was found that low-cBN grade provided 70–90% better surface finish and tool life than the binderless at moderate speeds (5–8 m/s). Performance of both grades at low and high speed ranges was non-satisfactory due to notching and flaking respectively. At low cutting speed adhesive wear plays a major role while as the speed increases a chemical wear becomes dominant.     

Microgrooving on electroless nickel plated materials using a single crystal diamond tool

Diamond tools are used in ultra precision machining for their outstanding hardness and crystalline structure, which enable the fabrication of very sharp cutting edges. Single crystal diamond tools are thus extremely useful to machine electroless nickel-plated dies which are generally used for making molds for optical components. This paper deals with the objective to evaluate the performance and suitability of a single crystal diamond tool during microgrooving on electroless nickel plated workpieces. Effects of different machining parameters on overall machining performance were also investigated. The experimental results revealed that long distance (50 km) machining of microgrooves on electroless nickel is possible with a single crystal diamond tool without any significant tool wear. Some groove wear on the rake face were found after machining 28.5 km. No evidence of chipping or wear had been observed on the flank face during the total machining length. The surface roughness range of the machined workpieces was found to be 4–6 nm. Both thrust and cutting components of the machining forces showed an increasing trend with increasing machining distance, though magnitude of the thrust forces were found to increase more than the cutting forces.     

Finish Machining of Nickel-Base Inconel 718 Alloy with Coated Carbide Tool under Conventional and High-Pressure Coolant Supplies

Single-point turning of Inconel 718 alloy with commercially available Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)-coated carbide tools under conventional and high-pressure coolant supplies up to 20.3 MPa was carried out. Tool life, surface roughness (Ra), tool wear, and component forces were recorded and analyzed. The test results show that acceptable surface finish and improved tool life can be achieved when machining Inconel 718 with high coolant pressures. The highest improvement in tool life (349%) was achieved when machining with 11 MPa coolant supply pressure at higher speed conditions of 60 m · min^?1. Machining with coolant pressures in excess of 11 MPa at cutting speeds up to 40 m · min^?1 lowered tool life more than when machining under conventional coolant flow at a feed rate of 0.1 mm · rev^?1. This suggests that there is a critical coolant pressure under which the cutting tools performed better under high-pressure coolant supplies.

Cutting forces increased with increasing cutting speed due probably to reactive forces introduced by the high-pressure coolant jet. Tool wear/wear rate increased gradually with prolonged machining with high coolant pressures due to improved coolant access to the cutting interface, hence lowering cutting temperature. Nose wear was the dominant tool failure mode when machining with coated carbide tools due probably to a reduction in the chip-tool and tool-workpiece contact length/area.     

Measuring procedures of cutting edge preparation when hard turning with coated ceramics tool inserts

In this paper, the authors introduce the methodology of combined studies on cutting edge preparation and tool performance testing. Five main fields of research on cutting edge preparation are identified in this study of cutting edge preparation while cutting edge microgeometry consists of data associated with tool edge and rake face. Uncoated and TiN coated mixed oxide ceramics inserts have been tested concerning their microgeometry and wear resistance and there is presented a sequence of measuring to identify cutting edge preparation and properties of coating. Authors propose the sequence which considers cutting edge preparation as a factor controlling performance of cutting edge in hard turning operations. Four steps in the sequence of performance testing include measurements with effects of wear criterion and machining time. Measured results show that combined effects of both preparation and coating reduce considerably friction forces in scratch tests and there is very negligible change of microhardness of uncoated and coated ceramics. Relationships between cutting edge microgeometry and acceptable machined surface roughness which results from the sequence in tool performance testing have been identified. Finally, tool performance indices are based on units which characterize machined surface roughness, tool edge wear and forces when hard turning.     

清洁切削高温合金涂层刀具切削性能及加工表面完整性

针对高温合金高速干切削刀具磨损严重、加工表面质量差等突出问题,基于清洁切削技术,采用硬质合金涂层刀具进行高速铣削高温合金GH2132试验,研究干式切削、液氮不同喷射温度对涂层刀具切削性能以及加工表面完整性的影响规律,探究运用清洁切削高温合金来延长涂层刀具寿命和提高加工表面质量的可行性。研究表明：液氮低温切削GH2132时的切削合力随喷射温度的降低而增大,切削区温度在-150～-190℃喷射时已完全处于低温状态;随着液氮喷射温度的降低,刀具涂层剥落面积明显减小,且降低了黏结磨损和氧化磨损,在-150℃喷射条件下可获得较长的刀具寿命;加工表面粗糙度S_a在-30～-150℃喷射条件下获得较小值,随喷射温度的降低,加工硬化和残余拉应力分别增大和减小;与干式切削相比,液氮切削喷射温度在-150～-190℃下可显著延长涂层刀具寿命并提高加工表面质量。     

铣刀磨损对铣削稳定性及表面位置误差的影响

为了分析刀具正常磨损后铣削颤振稳定域和表面位置误差,对刀具不同磨损状态下的切削力系数进行辨识,基于全离散法研究刀具正常磨损后铣削颤振稳定域和表面位置误差特性。发现当刀具正常磨损后,铣削系统的稳态临界切深呈现上升的趋势;随着工件表面洛氏硬度的提高,铣削系统稳态临界切深逐步下降,刀具正常磨损后临界切深与后刀面无磨损临界切深的差别逐步变小;在稳定域的局部会出现表面位置误差增加的情况。试验表明,该理论模型可以有效优化刀具正常磨损后的加工参数。     

The Effect of Argon-Enriched Environment in High-Speed Machining of Titanium Alloy

A major factor hindering the machinability of titanium alloys is their tendency to react with most cutting tool materials, thereby encouraging solution wear during machining. Machining in an inert environment is envisaged to minimize chemical reaction at the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces when machining commercially available titanium alloys at higher cutting conditions. This article presents the results of machining trials carried out with uncoated carbide (ISO K10 grade) tools in an argon-enriched environment at cutting conditions typical of finish turning operations. Comparative trials were carried out at the same cutting conditions under conventional coolant supply. Results of the machining trials show that machining in an argon-enriched environment gave lower tool life relative to conventional coolant supply. Nose wear was the dominant tool-failure mode in all the cutting conditions investigated. Argon is a poor conductor of heat; thus, heat generated during machining tends to concentrate in the cutting region and accelerate tool wear. Argon also has poor lubrication characteristics, leading to increasing friction at the cutting interfaces during machining and an increase in cutting forces required for efficient shearing of the workpiece.     

表面处理对TiAlSiN涂层刀具表面完整性及切削性能的影响研究

涂层刀具在高速干切削钛合金时容易出现刀具磨损严重、刀具寿命短等问题,对涂层刀具进行表面处理能改善涂层刀具的表面完整性,是提高涂层刀具耐磨性和切削寿命的有效途径。选取TiAlSiN涂层刀具,分别进行深冷处理、微喷砂处理和深冷+微喷砂处理,研究不同处理方法对涂层刀具表面完整性(包括表面形貌、表面粗糙度、显微硬度和表面残余应力等)的影响,并进行钛合金高速干切削试验,分析不同处理方法对涂层刀具切削性能的影响,探究提高涂层刀具耐磨性和切削寿命的方法。结果表明：与单一深冷处理和微喷砂处理相比,深冷+微喷砂处理后涂层刀具表面完整性明显改善,刀具寿命显著提高。深冷+微喷砂处理能减少刀具崩刃、月牙洼磨损和磨粒磨损,有效提高涂层刀具耐磨性。     

高速干切削铁基粉末冶金零件时细晶粒硬质合金刀具的切削性能研究

用细晶粒硬质合金刀具进行了铁基粉末冶金零件的高速干切削试验。研究了切削参数与刀具耐用度以及加工表面粗糙度的关系,给出了刀具的主要磨损形态,通过能谱分析研究了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明:所选用细晶粒硬质合金刀具具有较高的刀具耐用度和较好的加工表面粗糙度,适合于铁基粉末冶金的加工;细晶粒硬质合金的主要磨损形态是前刀面的月牙洼磨损;主要磨损机理是扩散磨损、粘结磨损。