The nutritional property of endosperm starch and its contribution to the health benefits of whole grain foods

Purported health benefits of whole grain foods in lowering risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are supported by epidemiological studies and scientific researches. Bioactive components including dietary fibers, phytochemicals, and various micronutrients present in the bran and germ are commonly considered as the basis for such benefits. Endosperm starch, as the major constituent of whole grains providing glucose to the body, has been less investigated regarding its nutritional property and contribution to the value of whole grain foods. Nutritional quality of starch is associated with its rate of digestion and glucose absorption. In whole grain foods, starch digestion and glucose delivery may vary depending on the form in which the food is delivered, some with starch being rapidly and others slowly digested. Furthermore, there are other inherent factors in whole grain products, such as phenolic compounds and dietary fibers, that may moderate glycemic profiles. A good understanding of the nutritional properties of whole grain starch is important to the development of food processing technologies to maximize their health benefits.     

Bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots: health benefits and prospects for developing functional foods

Juvenile bamboo shoots have long been used as food and in traditional medicine in many Asian countries, but scientific evidences of its health benefits have been highlighted recently. According to ancient Chinese medicinal books, the consumption of young shoots helps in improving digestion, relieving hypertension, sweating, preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The young shoots are delicious and rich in nutrient components such as proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and bioactive compounds. The health benefits of the young shoots are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds mainly phenols, phytosterols and dietary fibres, which play a potential role in health promotion and providing protection against many chronic and degenerative diseases. Phenolic compounds in bamboos have multiple biological effects such as antioxidation, anti‐ageing, antifatigue, antimicrobial and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary fibres and phytosterols have a beneficial effect on lipid profile and bowel function and reduce total serum cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. This study discusses the bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots and how, due to its nutritive value and health benefits, the shoots can be utilised as an ingredient in the development of functional foods.     

Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health

Phytochemicals, as plant components with discrete bio‐activities towards animal biochemistry and metabolism are being widely examined for their ability to provide health benefits. It is important to establish the scientific rationale to defend their use in foods, as potential nutritionally active ingredients. Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as: (1) substrates for biochemical reactions; (2) cofactors of enzymatic reactions; (3) inhibitors of enzymatic reactions; (4) absorbents/sequestrants that bind to and eliminate undesirable constituents in the intestine; (5) ligands that agonize or antagonize cell surface or intracellular receptors; (6) scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals; (7) compounds that enhance the absorption and or stability of essential nutrients; (8) selective growth factors for beneficial gastrointestinal bacteria; (9) fermentation substrates for beneficial oral, gastric or intestinal bacteria; and (10) selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria. Such phytochemicals include terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids and fiber. Research supporting beneficial roles for phytochemicals against cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, inflammation, microbial, viral and parasitic infections, psychotic diseases, spasmodic conditions, ulcers, etc is based on chemical mechanisms using in vitro and cell culture systems, various disease states in animals and epidemiology of humans. However, it must be emphasized that a distinction needs to be drawn between the types of information that can be obtained from studies in vitro, in animals and in humans. Mechanisms of action must certainly be established in vitro; however, the efficacy of these same ingredients with their mechanisms of action, must also be demonstrated in vivo. The rapid growth in the use of phytochemicals in nutraceutical and functional foods requires that the food and pharmaceutical industries face new challenges: in addressing worldwide public concern over the efficacy and safety of supplements and foods claimed to be health‐promoting; in government regulations related to safety, labeling and health claims for products that contain phytochemicals; in the manufacturing of foods with different qualities and stabilities; and in marketing issues, particularly as they relate to consumers' recognizing added value. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Functional compounds in dragon fruit peels and their potential health benefits: a review

Recovery of bioactive or functional compounds from fruit wastes is a current research trend, not only to lessen the waste disposal burden, but also to meet the increasing demand from the public for health-beneficial plant-based products. In this review, the main groups of functional compounds from dragon fruit peels including betalains, phenolics and dietary fibres are comprehensively scrutinised. The potential health benefits of these phytochemicals in individuals or in matrices are discussed, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, prebiotic, antibacterial, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities, and blood lipid profile improvement. These analyses provide insights in the development of the products and bioactive compounds derived from dragon fruit peels for human consumption to prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.     

Sustainable recovery of grape skins for use in an apple beverage with antiglycation properties

An apple puree formulated with red grape skins was developed on pilot scale as a new beverage with antiglycation properties. The addition level of grape skins was selected by a liking test with 70 consumers. The selected formulation was a fibre‐rich source and delivered grape anthocyanins, flavonols and flavanols resulting in ~ twofold higher antiglycation activity than the apple puree. Pasteurisation (3‐D in the target microorganism Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris) did not affect the antiglycation activity, which decreased by 30% upon sterilisation. Storage for 1 month in the temperature range 15–35 °C affected the contents of anthocyanins, monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric flavanols, while chlorogenic acid, flavonols and dihydrochalcones were stable. About 90% antiglycation activity was retained after one‐month storage at 15 °C. The use of red grape skin as ingredient could represent an opportunity for the apple processing industry to develop a value‐added product.     

Food protein-derived bioactive peptides: production, processing, and potential health benefits

Bioactive peptides (BAPs), derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins, have demonstrated potential for application as health-promoting agents against numerous human health and disease conditions, including cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. The feasibility of pharmacological application of these peptides depends on absorption and bioavailability in intact forms in target tissues, which in turn depends on structure of the peptides. Therefore, production and processing of peptides based on important structure-function parameters can lead to the production of potent peptides. This article reviews the literature on BAPs with emphasis on strategic production and processing methods as well as antihypertensive, anticancer, anticalmodulin, hypocholesterolemic, and multifunctional properties of the food protein-derived peptides. It is recommended that future research efforts on BAP should be directed toward elucidation of their in vivo molecular mechanisms of action, safety at various doses, and pharmacological activity in maintaining homeostasis during aberrant health conditions in human subjects.     

The sensory acceptance of fibre‐enriched cereal foods: a meta‐analysis

Improved understanding of the sensory responses to fibre fortification may assist manufacturers and health promotion efforts. The effects of fibre fortification (or modified ingredients) on sensory acceptability of baked cereal foods (bread, cookies, muffins) were estimated by linear random‐effects meta‐analysis of twenty eligible studies (869 panellists, 34% male). As little as 2 g per 100 g fortification caused moderate–large reductions in overall acceptability, flavour acceptability, and appearance acceptability in most items, with cookies most negatively affected. Fortification of base nonfortified foods with low initial acceptability improved acceptability; however, at higher basic levels, fortification lowered acceptability. Fortification improved texture acceptability of muffins and bread with low base acceptability, but lowered texture acceptability when base acceptability was high. Flavour improvement of muffins with fortification decreased with increasing base food acceptability. Fibre fortification of baked cereal foods lowers acceptability, but food format and base food acceptability affect the magnitude and direction of responses. Refining fibre fortification approaches could improve consumer uptake.     

Functional foods: a survey of health claims, pros and cons, and current legislation

Functional foods stand for a new category of remarkably promising foods bearing properties (i.e., low cholesterol, antioxidant, anti-aging, anticancer, etc.) that have already rendered them quite appealing. There are many classes offunctionalfoods (pro- and pre-biotics, dietary fiber, low fat, etc.), and their definition is occasionally confused with that of nutraceuticals and novel foods. Consumers' main skepticism regarding functional foods resides in the veracity of health claims and in the low and often inadequate control of their claimed properties. Legislation concerning this matter is progressing at an extremely low pace and currently only Japan, the U.K., U.S.A., and Scandinavian countries have managed to make notable progress. Moreover, the labeling of functional foods is far from informative, providing scanty information about nutritional value, storage, and cooking recipes. It is anticipated that technological advances in the food industry, in conjunction with extensive clinical trials and governmental control, will eventually guarantee the credibility of health claims and ensure consumers' confidence in functional foods.     

Pulse-based snacks as functional foods: Processing challenges and biological potential

Despite their high nutritional value and potential health benefits, pulse intake has not increased in the last three decades. Several strategies have been implemented to increase pulse consumption, such as their incorporation in bakery products, breakfast cereals, and snacks. The inclusion of pulses in these products could be an alternative to satisfy the consumers’ demand for healthy foods. However, pulse-based snacks face important challenges, including reducing antinutritional factors, achieving consumer acceptance, and consolidating the pulse-based snacks as functional foods. This review summarizes and discusses methods for producing snacks where cereals or tubers were replaced with at least 50% pulses. Also, it briefly assesses their effect on nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, sensory acceptance, and different health benefits evaluations. Extruded snacks exhibited high protein and dietary fiber and low fat content, contrary to the high fat content of deep fat–fried snacks. Meanwhile, baked snacks presented moderate concentrations of protein, dietary fiber, and lipids. Pulses must be pretreated using process combinations such as soaking, dehulling, cooking, fermentation, germination, and extrusion to reduce the antinutritional factors. Pulse-based snacks show good sensory acceptance. However, sensory evaluation should be more rigorous using additional untrained judges. Several studies have evaluated the health benefits of pulse-based snacks. More research is needed to validate scientifically the health benefits associated with their consumption. Pulse-based snacks could be an alternative to improve the nutritional composition of commercially available snacks. The use of pulses as ingredients of healthier snacks represents an important alternative for the food industry due to their low cost, sensory characteristics, high nutritional profile, and environmental benefits.     

麦胚与麦麸保健食品的研制开发

麦麸和小麦胚芽是面粉加工厂的主要副产物,过去一直作为饲料利用,而现代科学研究表明,小麦胚和麦麸富含多种营养活性成分如蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素E、脂肪、矿物质和膳食纤维等,是重要的保健食品原料。主要研究如何利用现代食品技术,对这些副产物进行综合利用,以生产符合现代消费需求的营养保健食品,同时提高面粉企业的经济效益。     

Wholegrains: a review on the amino acid profile,mineral content,physicochemical, bioactive composition and health benefits

Wholegrains are a rich source of phytochemicals, dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, lipids and vitamins that may have the tendency to increase heath beyond the simple provision of nutrition and energy. They are highly nutritive due to their balanced amino acid profile and other macro- and micronutrient composition. It is considered well-balanced diet having functional characteristics that have shown to possess medicinal benefits. The inverse relation between consumption of wholegrains and the reduced risk of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes are reported in several studies. The consumption of wholegrains is on the rise due to the growing health-conscious populace and health-promoting components support the dietary consumption of wholegrains and their products. Accordingly, the conclusive evaluation of wholegrains and the human intervention studies conducted for the whole grain intake, and the inference that the wholegrains, functional properties and the health outcomes associated with wholegrains are discussed.     

Functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina: A review

Bioactive peptides represent specific sequences of amino acids that have biological activity with several health effects and potential applications, which can be obtained from diverse protein sources. Spirulina, the cyanobacterium known for its high protein content and therapeutic properties, has been investigated as a potential source of bioactive peptides. Some bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina are under study for their ability to offer specific health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antiallergic, antihypertensive, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. Bioactive peptide fractions from Spirulina biomass can be obtained through a series of operations, including cell lysis and protein extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, potential bioactivity screening, fractionation, and purification. Potentially, Spirulina-derived peptide fractions can be applied as nutraceutical ingredients in foods and pharmaceuticals. This article reviews the functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides from Spirulina, and presents potential mechanisms by which bioactive components can be exploited in the development of novel foods with special health claims. In addition, this article describes recent developments in proteomics, bioactivity screening methods, and opportunities for designing future peptide-based foods.     

我国全谷物食品发展的必要性与挑战

针对我国动物性食物与脂肪摄入量增加,谷类食物的摄入逐渐减少,而粮食加工精度越来越高,B族维生素等微量营养素的缺乏日益严重的情况以及心血管疾病、2型糖尿病、肠胃癌症等非传染性慢性疾病高发对社会经济发展带来的威胁,系统地综述分析与探讨了发达国家全谷物食品发展情况、我国粮食消费的特点、我国发展全谷物的重要意义、面临的问题及发展思路。     

气相离子迁移谱技术在谷物食品中的应用研究进展

作为一种新兴的检测分析技术,气相离子迁移谱兼备气相色谱的高效分离能力和离子迁移谱的快速响应能力。因检测速度快、用时短、数据可视化等优势,在食品领域中得以广泛应用,特别是在食品等级分类、掺假检测、食品新鲜度评价、食品加工过程品质监测与贮藏期间变化方面。玉米、小麦、大米、大麦、高粱、糙米等谷物是我国重要的经济作物,不仅提供机体所需的营养素和能量,同时作为重要的传统美食加工原料,在日常生活中需求量大。随着人们对于健康营养食品的消费意识增加,围绕谷物及其制品的研究成为了关注的热点。基于此,本文介绍了气相离子迁移谱的原理及特点,并系统整理了该技术在谷物食品产地溯源、香气成分分析、原料精深加工等方面的研究情况,旨在为谷物资源的开发利用和品质调控提供重要支撑。     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染水平及其风险评估

目的 了解我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品(以下简称谷类辅食)脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)污染情况并评估婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露风险。方法 在我国6省共采集了360份市售谷类辅食样品,包括米粉类183份、饼干类91份、面条类67份、其他类19份,检测每份样品中DON、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-Ac-DON)和15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-Ac-DON)含量。分别采用点评估和简单分布评估方法估计3岁以下婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON急性和慢性暴露风险。结果 谷类辅食DON检出率为60.3%(217/360),平均含量为116.3 μg/kg,最大值为1 198.7 μg/kg;面条类DON平均含量最高(342.7 μg/kg),其次为饼干类(173.0 μg/kg),米粉类最低(12.0 μg/kg)。3岁以下婴幼儿食用面条类辅食的DON急性暴露量可能超过成组急性参考剂量(ARfD)。食用谷类辅食的婴幼儿DON平均暴露量为0.27 μg/(kg·d),其中7.3%(243/3 320)的个体来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露量超过成组暂定每日最大耐受摄入量。不同年龄组谷类辅食食用者DON平均暴露量分别为0～<1岁0.22 μg/(kg·d)、1～<2岁0.31 μg/(kg·d)、2～<3岁0.37 μg/(kg·d)。面条类辅食对DON平均暴露量的贡献率最高,达77.8%。结论 在当前谷类辅食DON污染水平下,3岁以下婴幼儿来源于谷类辅食的DON暴露量可能存在健康风险,需要关注。     

保健食品贮藏过程中主要功能成分与免疫活性变化规律研究

摘 要：目的 探究保健食品贮藏过程中主要功能成分与免疫活性的变化规律。方法 以5种功能成分不同、声称具有增强机体免疫力的市售保健食品为研究对象,分别置于室温和4℃条件下贮藏12个月,探究其贮藏过程中主要功能成分含量的变化,包括辅酶Q10、维生素C、蛋白质、粗多糖、三萜和番茄红素;并从体外培养小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖活性、吞噬率、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxide, NO)分泌量、免疫因子白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)释放量等方面,评价5种保健食品贮藏过程中免疫活性的变化。结果 贮藏期间,5种保健食品主要功能成分的稳定性各不相同,番茄红素、辅酶Q10、维生素C、三萜、蛋白质和粗多糖的衰减率在室温条件下分别为37.70%、27.13%、14.14%、5.20%、1.32%和1.10%;4℃条件下分别为17.80%、20.16%、7.67%、2.95%、1.10%和0.70%。贮藏后期,室温对番茄红素、辅酶Q10、维生素C、三萜含量出现显著影响。随着贮藏时间的延长,保健食品激活巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、促进NO和免疫因子释放的能力逐渐下降。结论 保健食品贮藏过程中免疫活性的衰减速率与其主要功能成分的稳定性有关。综合比较,蛋白粉颗粒和灵芝枸杞葡萄籽胶囊的稳定性相对较强。保健食品一般生产后6~9个月内室温与4℃贮藏下功能成分和免疫活性差异均不显著,超过9个月的贮藏期,保健食品需低温贮藏。     

宏基因组测序技术在传统酿造食品微生物群落分析中应用研究进展

我国传统酿造食品发展历史悠久,种类丰富,以其独特的魅力深受消费者喜爱。传统酿造食品中微生物群落的多样性是影响产品风味、品质与安全的重要因素,因此微生物群落结构特征、演替变化和功能基因挖掘等成为近年来的研究热点。高通量测序技术以其通量高和结果准确等优势,成为传统酿造食品微生物群落研究中的重要工具。该文以基于高通量测序技术的宏基因组测序技术出发,综述了宏基因组测序技术在传统酿造食品微生物群落分析研究中的进展,并分析讨论其面临的主要问题和发展趋势,为酿造食品的科学研究和工业生产提供相关理论基础。     

松花粉作为保健食品的优势和特点

该文概述了松花粉作为保健食品原料的优势和特点,详尽阐述了松花粉的安全性、营养性和功能性,并且对松花粉资源的分布特点和产业化开发的现实意义进行了说明。     

浅析我国特殊医学用途配方食品监管概况

长期以来,我国特殊医学用途配方食品一直采用药品审批制度,严重制约了该类产品的使用与发展,不能满足临床需要。2015年颁布的《食品安全法》将特殊医学用途配方食品列为特殊食品,2016年3月7日《特殊医学用途配方食品注册管理办法》出台,表明我国特殊医学用途配方食品由\     

Eleocharis dulcis corm: phytochemicals,health benefits,processing and food products

Eleocharis dulcis, an aquatic plant belonging to Cyperaceae family, is indigenous to Asia, and also occurs in tropical Africa and Australia. The edible corm part of E. dulcis is a commonly consumed aquatic vegetable with a planting area of 44.46 × 10³ hm² in China. This work aims to explore the potential of E. dulcis corm for use as a new food source for sufficient nutrients and health benefits by reviewing its nutrients, phytochemicals, functions, processing and food products. Eleocharis dulcis corm contains starches, dietary fibers, non-starch polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, phenolics, sterols, puchiin, saponins, minerals and vitamins. Among them, phenolics including flavonoids and quinones could be the major bioconstituents that largely contribute to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and hypolipidemic functions. Peel wastes of E. dulcis corm tend to be enriched in phenolics to a much higher extent than the edible pulp. Fresh-cut E. dulcis corm can be consumed as a ready-to-eat food or processed into juice for beverage production, and anti-browning processing is a key to prolonging shelf life. Present food products of E. dulcis corm are centered on various fruit and vegetable beverages, and suffer from single categories and inadequate development. In brief, underutilized E. dulcis corm possesses great potential for use as a new food source for sufficient nutrients and health benefits. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.