切纸凹模的高频浸水加热淬火

切名片纸的切卡器凹模（图1），用45钢制造，硬度要求50～55HRC，热处理后凸凹模装配间隙要求0．01～0．02mm。由于凹模整体热处理的收缩变形达0．10～0．20mm，给后序钳工研磨装配带来困难，为此我们试甲高领局部淬火。（1）工艺分析及试验由于凹模使用部位是刃口，且根据使用情况淬硬层不需太深，采用高频刃口局部加热淬火既可满足淬硬层深度要求，又可显著降低收缩变形。但由于刀口薄（6—3mm），如采用局部加热后提出淬火，降温快，不易淬硬；若是由感应器直接喷水淬火，则硬度不均匀；如外部喷淋，操作中配合不好亦达不到理想的淬火…     

复合铸钢支承辊淬火过程温度场数值模拟与实验验证

为研究复合铸钢支承辊在差温加热后的油淬冷却过程中的温度场变化情况,采用交替隐式有限差分方法,建立了包含变物性的淬火温度场计算模型,应用Visual Basic软件计算了φ1 550 mm×1 700 mm的工作层为40CrNiMoA、辊芯材质为35钢的复合铸钢支承辊的油淬冷却过程的温度场,并把计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,发现两者基本符合.     

40Cr钢激光表面淬火显微组织分析

进行了40Cr钢的激光表面淬火试验,观察分析了激光淬硬层的显微组织。试验结果表明:激光淬火预处理可在试验用钢40Cr表面获得0.55～0.65 mm的淬硬层深,激光淬硬层主要由完全淬火区、不完全淬火区与未淬火基材交界区组成。     

马氏体锻球的研制及生产应用

采用攀钢生产的X90方钢材料，通过先进的切割下料、加热、锻造、淬火及低温回火工艺得到锻球，其金相组织袁面为细针状马氏体＋微量残余奥氏体；心部为珠光体＋马氏体＋微量铁素体；锻球淬硬层厚度为20～30mm，淬硬层硬度为59～61HRC，各面之间具有较小的硬度差值1～2HRC，工业性试验表明，平均单耗为0．68kg／t原矿，破碎率〈1％。     

磨削深度及原始组织对42CrMo磨削淬硬层的影响

在磨削深度为0.1～0.6 mm的条件下对调质态、正火态及退火态42CrMo钢进行了磨削淬火试验。结果表明:磨削淬火后,三种原始组织试样磨削淬火后的完全淬硬区显微硬度为510～878 HV。正火、调质及退火态试件的淬硬层厚度分别为1.75、1.5和1.25 mm。磨削淬火后,调质态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层组织为略大的板条状马氏体组织,正火态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层的马氏体组织最为细小,退火态的42CrMo钢完全淬硬层板条状马氏体尺寸居于二者之间。     

钢件感应淬火后淬硬层分布的计算机模拟预测及实验验证

利用梅尼尔组织预测预报数值模拟模型，采用自编程序，对钢件感应淬火后淬硬层组织及其含量分布情况进行计算机模拟预测，并进行了实验验证。结果表明，模拟结果与实验结果比较吻合，具有一定的可靠性，说明梅尼尔模型也可用于对感应淬火工艺下零件淬硬层分布及组织含量的模拟预报。     

采用CCT和TTT曲线预测感应淬火硬化层组织和硬度

基于不同奥氏体化温度和组织含量的45、40Cr和42Cr Mo钢的CCT和TTT曲线,建立了轴感应淬火过程物理模型,用于预测钢感应淬火淬硬层深度、组织及硬度。结果表明:CCT和TTT曲线物理模型的模拟结果相一致,并与Maynier模型的预测结果和轴感应淬火处理的实测结果相吻合。钢的奥氏体化温度、合金元素含量增加,则相应增加感应淬硬层深度,改变了轴径向的组织和硬度分布,钢中含碳量变化使感应淬火的具有相同主要组织含量位置的硬度波动,主要组织含量和相应硬度计算值的误差在0%~5%内波动,表明采用CCT和TTT曲线预测钢感应淬火淬硬层组织硬度具有普适性。     

硅铬系合金铸钢的组织与性能

研究了硅铬系合金铸钢在不同热处理工艺条件下的组织及力学性能.铸钢的铸态组织由片状马氏体和少量的残余奥氏体以及沿晶界呈连续网状分布的碳化物组成,经过空淬和回火处理之后得到回火马氏体和呈粒状分布的合金碳化物.硅铬系合金铸钢在1 000℃奥氏体化,200℃回火时可获得最佳性能.研究表明,经过空淬和回火处理的硅铬系合金铸钢具有很高硬度和一定的冲击韧性,具有很好的耐冲击磨损性能,适合于对冲击韧性要求不是很高,但对耐磨性要求比较高的场合.     

40Cr钢淬硬层深度的涡流无损检测

利用涡流方法和常规硬度分析法对常用的淬火钢-40Cr钢的淬硬层深度进行了检测。通过对检测所得涡流信号的分析、计算及其与硬度实验法测算结果的对比，发现涡流无损检测拟合计算方法与硬度分析法的结果最大相对偏差平均小于6％。本研究将最小二乘法用于涡流硬度检测拟合，拟合值与实测的最大相对偏差为0．55％，拟合率达到了99％，并由此得出了涡流检测淬火钢淬硬层深度的规律。研究结果表明，涡流检测方法可以作为一种可靠的无损检测方法来进行淬硬层深度的测算，且所得结果的误差较小。     

T8A钢薄层硬化

许多工程构件，需要表面具有高硬度，而整体要求有较高强韧性。本文试验了TSA钢薄层淬火工艺，得到；表层高硬度整体有较高强韧性的组织。1试样及其热处理试样尺寸为今14×12mm，分别经调质十预热十淬火一低温回火。加热均在中温盐浴炉中进行。2试验结果及讨论（1）调质处理试样经760℃×15min水淬，660℃×1．5h回火，使片状珠光体转变为粒状回火索氏体，其硬度为29．5～30HRC。（2）预热对淬硬层的影响由表1可见，淬硬层深度随预热温度降低而减小，预热温度越高，奥氏体化驱动力越大，奥氏体化时间越短。共权铜加热速度小于104C／S时…     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.