阳极氧化铝膜过滤BSA溶液过程中的污染分析

采用阳极氧化铝膜过滤牛血清蛋白溶液,考察了孔径20、100、200 nm 3种膜的过滤通量随时间的变化关系,在相同的操作条件下孔径20 nm的膜具有较高的渗透通量(400 L/(m2.h))和较小的过滤阻力(8.3×1011/m)。还考察了蛋白质浓度、泵送时间及清洗对膜污染情况的影响。结果表明,在实验的范围和条件下,随蛋白质浓度的增大,膜污染加重,稳定通量增大;泵送时间增长,膜污染速度加快,通量增大;通过纯水清洗加超声清洗的方法去除可逆污染,清洗后膜与新膜过滤通量相当。     

超细TiO_2粉体洗涤过程中膜污染和再生方法研究

针对陶瓷膜洗涤超细TiO2粉体中Cl-的过程,确定了适合的跨膜压差和膜表面流速,并采用阻力系列模型分析膜污染机理,确定有效的膜再生方法。此过程渗透通量随跨膜压差和膜表面流速的增长而增长,但是增长幅度减缓。合适的跨膜压差和膜表面流速分别为0.10—0.15 MPa和2.0 m/s;主要的膜污染来自粉体在膜表面的沉积;单一的化学和物理清洗方法无法达到理想的清洗效果,采用纯水浸泡、超声波清洗和质量分数0.5%的HCl清洗可使纯水通量恢复至新膜的72%以上,且多次的清洗效果稳定。     

聚醚砜管式膜在海水提镁中的应用

采用聚醚砜管式超滤膜从经过提钙的海水中提取氢氧化镁.试验结果表明,聚醚砜管式膜对海水中氢氧化镁进行分离和浓缩的过程中,通量稳定,抗污染性能好,在0.1 MPa、20℃条件下膜通量达90L·m-2·h-1,对氢氧化镁截留率可达99%以上,浓缩倍数可达7倍.经过酸碱清洗,膜的通量恢复率能达到80%以上.     

陶瓷超滤膜处理含有超细颗粒的乳化悬浮液后膜再生工艺的研究

对陶瓷超滤膜处理含有超细颗粒的乳化悬浮液膜污染后的再生工艺进行了研究,考察了用滤液作清洗剂进行清洗和用酸碱交替清洗的效果。结果表明:①用透过液或低浓度料液作清洗剂,膜通量可恢复到稳定通量的96%,去油率在99.6%以上,固含量去除率在98%以上,膜每正常工作20~21 h后用透过液清洗2~3 h,能实现膜长期稳定工作;②膜受到严重污染时,可采用常温下交替进行碱洗、水洗和酸洗,清洗剂浓度0.15 mol/L碱,0.15 mol/L盐酸,1%柠檬酸。     

膜技术处理含氨废水及膜清洗研究

采用膜技术对含氨废水进行分离、回收和浓缩处理,重点探讨了膜通量随时间的衰减情况以及操作压力和pH等操作参数对处理效果和膜渗透通量的影响,并对膜过程污染的清洗方法进行了研究.结果表明,利用膜处理含氨废水,可将废水的氯化铵浓缩至≥12%,膜系统的透过液氯化铵质量浓度小于80 mg·L-1,可用于生产工艺,实现资源的充分再利用,用排气+水洗+酸洗综合清洗方法可获得较好的清洗效果,膜通量可恢复到新膜的97.1%,且重复性好.     

陶瓷膜分离净化硫氰酸钠工艺研究

采用陶瓷膜分离净化湿法腈纶溶剂硫氰酸钠物料,分析了膜通量随运行时间的衰减变化趋势及浓缩倍数与膜通量衰减的关系,确定了恢复膜通量的方法,比较了不同膜管的分离效果和分离特性。结果表明:陶瓷膜能有效截留硫氰酸钠物料中的杂质,水不溶物去除率大于75%;膜通量都随运行时间的延长而衰减,当平均膜通量低于设计膜通量时,可采用热纯水进行洗脱,使膜通量恢复;当热纯水无法使膜通量恢复,可采用化学方法或更换膜管;不同膜层厚度的膜管对膜通量影响不大,但厚层膜管的分离除杂效果好。     

膜蒸馏技术用于高盐污水回用研究

将膜蒸馏技术应用到高盐污水处理回用领域,以石化反渗透浓水为实验体系,采用几种现有的疏水膜材料,研究了不同类型的各种材质的膜对膜蒸馏过程通量及产水水质的影响。在此基础上,采用酸碱清洗液对膜蒸馏的膜污染进行了清洗,并进行了清洗效果的表征。     

污染聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜的超声清洗

中空纤维超滤膜污染和清洗影响膜处理废水工艺的经济性及可运行性.研究了平板浸没式超声处理器（40 kHz）与2000 mg·L^-1柠檬酸清洗剂对中石化某水处理厂污染聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的清洗效果.利用自定义的除垢率和扫描电镜对清洗结果进行表征并用过滤通量来验证.证明超声对超滤膜的清洗效果显著.单根膜清洗除垢率比不加超声时提高了25%,达到80%左右,且没有破坏膜的表面和结构.得到本批污染膜及自制污染膜组件的优化清洗工艺及超声参数为：频率40 kHz、声强2200 W·m^-2、超声处理时间30 min.未使用反向冲清洗,仅切向气流结合超声清洗膜面,清洗后的通量从原来污染组件的0.0368 cm³·cm^-2·min^-1增加到0.1254 cm³·cm^-2·min^-1,恢复到相当于新膜初始通量的72.5%,通量增加率达到241%.进一步证明了超声清洗膜的可行性和有效性.     

超低压反渗透膜处理矿山酸性废水膜污染及清洗的研究

对超低压反渗透膜处理矿山酸性废水的膜污染及清洗进行了试验研究.结果表明,不同的预处理及反渗透条件其污染程度不同,即使清洗条件相同,清洗效果也不同.较适宜的清洗条件为:在浓缩液流量始终为1200 L·h-1情况下,先关闭透过液阀门,用纯水反渗透15min(0.6MPa,室温),再开启透过液阀门反渗透15min;然后用0.1%NaOH反渗透30min(1.0MPa,45℃);接着用0.3%H202浸泡16h;最后用纯水反渗透30min(0.6MPa,室温),膜通量可恢复99%以上.     

新型聚芳醚砜酮超滤膜污染与膜阻力研究

采用新型聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)超滤膜为分离介质,以炼油污水为研究对象,测定了膜污染和膜阻力.结果表明,PPESK超滤膜在100 kPa下的初始通量为480 L·m-2·h-1,自身阻力为0.78mm-1;在超滤膜运行过程中,溶液通量随运行时间呈指数衰减,通量衰减由60%增加到95%时,膜污染阻力由0.69nm-1增大到5.68 nm-1,膜污染阻力占总阻力的分数从43.95%增大到86.72%,其中不可逆膜污染阻力大小为0.20nm-1.PPESK超滤膜对迭标炼油污水过滤时,因膜污染造成通量衰减,经化学清洗能够得到较大程度的恢复.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.