煤矸石在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷催化剂载体中的应用与研究

董青石蜂窝陶瓷具有极低的热膨胀系数、较好的抗热震性、较高的化学稳定性,是优良的汽车净化器催化剂载体材料。煤矸石主要成分为SiO₂和Al₂O₃,在陶瓷行业的利用一直是本领域研究的热点。以山西煤矸石为主要研究对象,通过对采用不同化学组成、粒度分布和微观形貌的煤矸石制备的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体样品热膨胀系数进行测定,考察了煤矸石对堇青石蜂窝陶瓷性能的影响。结果表明：不同化学组成的煤矸石制得的蜂窝陶瓷越接近堇青石的理论组成51.4wt.%SiO₂、34.9wt.%Al₂O₃、13.7wt.%MgO,热膨胀系数就越低。随着煤矸石颗粒越细,堇青石蜂窝陶瓷的热膨胀系数越低,选用250目煤矸石原料粉末时,热膨胀系数为1.662×10^-6℃^-1。采用微观形貌为片状的煤矸石粉末比用球形的煤矸石粉末制得的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷热膨胀系数更低。     

堇青石质蜂窝陶瓷的制备

选用3种不同的优质粘土、滑石及工业氧化铝,通过一定的工艺控制,在1 390℃的烧成温度、保温4 h的条件下,研制出纯度较高。结晶性较好,热膨胀系数(20～1 000℃)分别为1.48×10-6,1.50×10-6/℃和1.54×10-6/℃,气孔率分别为15％,25％和33％的堇青石质蜂窝陶瓷载体。较低的热膨胀系数保证了载体有优异的抗热震性能,高的气孔率有利于后期催化剂的浸渍。实验表明:堇青石陶瓷成分的选择及杂质相的含量对于膨胀系数影响显著。     

氧化镁含量及原料煅烧对堇青石陶瓷热膨胀性能的影响

以高岭土、滑石与氧化镁为原料合成堇青石陶瓷,研究了Mg O含量及原料煅烧对试样晶相种类、显微结构与热膨胀性能的影响。结果表明,Mg O不足时形成的α型堇青石较少,过量时易生成顽火辉石,致使膨胀系数升高。高岭土与滑石原料经高温煅烧后,所合成的堇青石陶瓷中杂相含量增多,膨胀系数增大。当原料组成中高岭土含量为81.2%、滑石为9.5%、氧化镁为9.3%且原料未经煅烧时,所合成的堇青石陶瓷材料的膨胀系数最低可达1.43×10~(-6)℃~(-1)(Rt—800℃)。     

氧化铝-堇青石复合陶瓷抗热震性研究

为了提高氧化铝陶瓷的抗热震性,将具有低膨胀系数的堇青石加入到Al2O3中,通过无压烧结工艺,制备出了氧化铝-堇青石复合抗热震陶瓷.结果表明,堇青石加入量为w(堇青石)=10%,烧结温度 1520℃时,陶瓷样品能够承受1500℃温差(空冷)的热震破坏.采用SEM对陶瓷进行组织结构分析,发现在基体内部形成长柱状组织,并呈无规分布状态,这样的显微组织对提高陶瓷的抗热震性具有重要作用.     

蜂窝堇青石陶瓷负载的CaZr_4P_6O_(24)涂层的制备及表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了化学组成为CaZr4P6O24(CZP)的溶胶态前驱物,用其涂覆薄壁蜂窝堇青石陶瓷,经过700℃焙烧2h转化为具有低热膨胀特性的结晶态CZP涂层。用X射线衍射和BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)氮吸附法表征了涂层的物相和孔结构,用扫描电镜观察了涂层表面及涂层与基体的界面结合处的形貌,用能量色散光谱仪分析了涂层中的元素分布及含量。结果表明:在蜂窝堇青石陶瓷基体上形成的涂层组成为CZP;表面沉积了19.5%(质量分数)CZP的蜂窝堇青石陶瓷的BET比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径分别为16.4m2/g,0.0225mL/g和2.74nm。CZP涂层与蜂窝堇青石基体的界面结合良好。发动机台架性能试验结果表明:"CZP-蜂窝堇青石"复合载体负载的单钯催化剂表现出与"γ-Al2O3-蜂窝堇青石"负载的单钯催化剂相近的三效转化活性。     

锂辉石对堇青石多孔陶瓷性能的影响

通过堇青石颗粒料制得的堇青石多孔陶瓷,与加入一定比例锂辉石制得的堇青石多孔陶瓷,在不同的温度下烧成,对气孔率、抗折强度、热膨胀系数等性能进行测试对比研究,对比实验数据表明加入锂辉石对堇青石多孔陶瓷的性能起到了优化作用。结果表明加入5%锂辉石烧成温度1280℃制得堇青石多孔陶瓷气孔率45.83%、抗折强度22.64MPa、热膨胀系数1.73×10-6/℃。     

锂辉石对堇青石多孔陶瓷性能的影响

通过堇青石颗粒料制得的堇青石多孔陶瓷,与加入一定比例锂辉石制得的堇青石多孔陶瓷,在不同的温度下烧成,对气孔率、抗折强度、热膨胀系数等性能进行测试对比研究,对比实验数据表明加入锂辉石对堇青石多孔陶瓷的性能起到了优化作用。结果表明加入5%锂辉石烧成温度1280℃制得堇青石多孔陶瓷气孔率45.83%、抗折强度22.64MPa、热膨胀系数1.73×10-6/℃。     

以稻壳为硅源和碳源制备多孔堇青石陶瓷的研究

稻壳是以C、O、H和Si为主要元素组成的一种农业废弃物。本文以稻壳为硅源和碳源合成了多孔堇青石陶瓷载体,讨论了多孔堇青石的最佳烧成温度、碳质组分含量对堇青石微观结构和性能的影响。实验结果表明:以稻壳中碳质成份为造孔剂,当其添加量为堇青石原料总量的8 wt%、烧成温度为1300℃时,可获得性能较好的多孔堇青石陶瓷。经测试,此样品的显气孔率为37.18%、抗折强度为19.48 MPa、热膨胀系数为3.1×10-6℃-1,可满足工业载体的要求。     

粉煤灰堇青石玻璃陶瓷的抗热震性能

粉煤灰堇青石玻璃陶瓷采用处理后的武汉阳逻电厂粉煤灰为主要原料合成.X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)分析样品的主晶相为堇青石,次晶相为尖晶石.图像分析显示堇青石含量达到84.12％.电子背散射图像显示尖晶石和玻璃相均匀弥散分布在堇青石基体中,气孔分布较均匀.粉煤灰堇青石玻璃陶瓷的热膨胀系数α1为2.80×10-6B/℃(1000℃).样品经过在1200℃到室温(空气)的范围分段淬火(温度间隔为200℃)后,材料的弹性模量不但没有下降,反而略有上升,表明材料抗热震能力△T≈1 200℃.     

烧成制度对MAS系堇青石微晶釉结构与性能的影响

采用天然矿物为原料制备Mg O-Al₂O₃-Si O₂ (MAS)系统堇青石微晶釉,通过XRD、DTA-TG和FE-SEM等测试手段研究了烧成制度对堇青石微晶釉结构与性能的影响,同时分析了该系统中α-堇青石的形成过程。结果表明：烧成温度从1200℃升高到1350℃,釉中α-堇青石的含量由4.7%增加至23.1%,热膨胀系数从5.18×10^-6/℃减小至3.64×10^-6/℃(600℃),釉面硬度从3.5 GPa增大至7.2 GPa。釉料在升温过程经历了原料熔融分解到生成镁铝尖晶石,而后其溶解与釉中石英反应生成α-堇青石的演变过程。当烧成温度为1300℃,保温时间为30 min时制备的样品性能最佳,热膨胀系数为3.79×10^-6/℃(600℃),釉面硬度为7.1 GPa。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。