子孔径拼接检验法中倾斜的影响及消除方法

在子孔径拼接检测大口径光学平面时,子孔径检测的数据往往存在倾斜,它将会导致拼接的数据沿着一个方向的倾斜累加,最后引入很大的倾斜误差。由于这种倾斜误差难以手动修正,通过实验,先用最小二乘法编制软件对所测子孔径数据进行消除倾斜处理,然后把去倾斜的子孔径数据进行拼接处理,对比消除倾斜的子孔径拼接结果与全口径直接检测结果,证明了去倾斜处理在子孔径拼接检测处理中的有效性。     

基于标记点的子孔径全局优化拼接检测法

为实现小口径干涉仪完成较大口径光学平面镜片的测试,得到镜片的完整面形信息,提出了基于标记点的平面Givens变换,实现了子孔径的精确定位.采用Zemike多项式拟合对每个子孔径数据进行了消倾斜量的处理.建立了全局优化拼接数学模型.利用该模型进行了九孔径拼接计算机仿真实验,利用该方法得到的PV值和RMS值的相对误差均在10-6左右.对直径为150 mm的镜片进行九孔径拼接检测实验,对比全口径干涉检测结果,PV值和RMS值的相对误差为0.36%和2.27%.仿真和实验结果证明:该方法稳定可靠,降低了传统的子孔径拼接干涉检测方法中对导轨的高精度要求.     

平面光学元件平面度动态干涉拼接测量

开展了基于动态干涉仪的平面光学元件平面度干涉拼接测量,并研究了影响测量和拼接的主要误差。用二级减振的方法来抑制环境中振动的影响;根据允许的变化条纹数来控制二维移动平台导轨精度。建立了以ZYGO公司的DynaFiz干涉仪为子口径采集仪器的干涉拼接系统,开展了单口径平面度测量及拼接实验,完成了200mm×300mm 平面光学元件的平面度测试,并与大口径干涉仪所测试的全口径测量数据进行比对,拼接结果的10次实验均方差为0.001λ(λ=632.8nm)。     

基于Shack-Hartmann的子孔径拼接波前检验技术

针对传统的地基大口径望远镜自准直干涉检测受器材限制和环境影响而检测困难的问题,提出了基于Shack-Hartmann波前探测器的子孔径拼接波前检测方法.介绍了子孔径拼接检测理论和拼接算法,研究了Shack-Hartmann下实现子孔径上波前精确测量的方法,设计了具有透射孔的光阑实现自准直光路中子孔径毫米级的定位.实验使...     

环形子孔径拼接算法的精度影响因素分析

优化的拼接算法是环形子孔径扫描测量大口径非球面光学元件的关键问题。针对一种基于离散相位值的环形子孔径拼接算法,从精度评定判据入手,对随机噪声、高阶噪声、重叠区宽度及子孔径数目这几个主要影响因素进行了数值仿真分析。结果表明,该算法对高阶噪声和随机噪声均不灵敏,高阶噪声的影响略大于随机噪声的影响;对口径和相对口径较大的非球面,相邻子孔径间重叠系数应大于 0.15,对于非球面度不大的非球面,重叠系数可大于 0.25, 能以较高精度求得拼接参量。     

以环形子孔径扫描法测量大口径非球面的研究

总结非球面常用检验方法在应用中优、缺点的基础上,使用环形子孔径扫描法来测量大口径非球面。这种方法使被测元件相对于参考波前的斜率差减小到干涉仪允许的测量范围内,每次测量仅是被测表面的一部分,通过算法实现数据“拼接”,从而得到整个面形信息。该方法无需辅助光学元件即可实现对大口径、大相对口径非球面的直接测量,为大口径高精度非球面的加工检验提供了有效手段。     

大型镜面大误差范围相位恢复在位测量研究

研究了一种基于相位恢复技术的新型镜面测量方法,用于测量大型光学镜面研抛加工过程中较高较陡的面形误差,为光学镜面加工中误差收敛的过渡阶段提供可靠的定量在位测量方法。文中构建了基于离焦光场的相位恢复测量系统并设计适用于大误差检测的相位恢复算法。分析了各种误差因素以及系统测量精度以及测量范围。对一面口径150mm球面反射镜进行了在位测量实验。相位恢复测量与干涉测量结果一致。理论分析和实验都表明该方法切实可行,检测范围和相对精度满足加工要求,具有良好的应用前景。     

子孔径拼接干涉检测大口径平面波前

介绍了子孔径拼接检测平面波前的基本原理,提出了基于均化误差和最小二乘法的多个子孔径同时拼接的数据处理方法,有效减小了误差传递和积累.用该方法对Zemax仿真的望远镜光学系统进行了子孔径拼接检测,拼接光学系统波前和直接用Zemax得到的全孔径波前对比,其峰谷值(PV)和均方根(RMS)的偏差分别为0.015 1λ和0.0016λ.并用口径为100 mm的小口径干涉仪对口径为200 mm的平面镜进行了拼接实验,将其全孔径波前与直接检测的结果对比,其峰谷值(PV)和均方根(RMS)的偏差分别为0.055 9λ和0.0004λ.实验结果表明了该算法的有效性,该方法不仅适用于检测光学元件,也适用于对光学系统平面波前检测.     

大口径平面面形绝对测量及重力影响分析

为分析大口径平面光学元件面形绝对测量的准确度,补偿重力引起的形变误差,在分析基于奇偶函数法的三平面互检算法的基础上,利用3片准300 mm口径的待测平面镜进行实验测量分析。对于三平面互检中不同装夹方式下的重力引起镜片形变情况进行有限元仿真分析,据此对测量数据进行修正并对最终面形结果进行补偿,使测量结果更加逼近真实值。     

环形子孔径检测技术中测量数据的准确提取方法

环形子孔径拼接测试技术是一种无需辅助元件就能检测旋转对称大口径非球面镜的有效手段。根据该技术的检测原理及基于Zemike多项式的“拼接”算法,提出了一种相应的环形子孔径数据提取方法。该方法基于商用相移干涉仪的CCD成像系统和其数据处理软件提供的Mask编辑功能,利用被测镜面上方的三个可移动的基准标记进行绝对定位,给出了具体的实施方案。对一口径700mm、F2的抛物面主镜进行实验,研究结果表明,该数据提取方法操作简单可行,适合于加工车间的实施,取得了符合“拼接”算法需求的子孔径测试数据和对应环带的内外半径值。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...