Effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage

The effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage were investigated. Fish samples were treated with aqueous solution of 2% chitosan, and then stored at −3 °C for 30 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count), chemical (pH, TBA, TVB-N, K-value), and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that the effect of chitosan coating on fish samples was to retain their good quality characteristics and extend the shelf life during frozen storage, which was supported by the results of microbiological, chemical, and sensory evaluation analyses.     

A new technology for fish preservation by combined treatment with electrolyzed NaCl solutions and essential oil compounds

This study was undertaken to establish a new technology, using pre-treatment with electrolyzed NaCl solutions and essential oil compounds, to extend the shelf-life of carp fillets. Samples of skinless carp fillets were treated with 100-fold (by weight) of electrolyzed NaCl solutions [cathodic solution, EW(−) and/or anodic solution, EW(+)] and 1% oil (0.5% carvacrol + 0.5% thymol) [1%(C + T)]. Then chemical [pH, volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid], microbiological (total viable count) and sensory analyses were used to evaluate the preservative effect of this new technology during storage at 5 and 25 °C. Our results from the chemical assays indicated that EW(−), followed by EW(+) and subsequently 1%(C + T) [EW(−)/EW(+)/1%(C + T)], significantly suppressed the lipid oxidation compared with other treatments. Data from sensory evaluation and microbiological assay showed that treatment with EW(−)/EW(+)/1%(C + T) extended the shelf-life of carp fillets to 16 and 1.3 days compared with 4 and 0.3 days for the control samples during storage at 5 and 25 °C, respectively.     

Combined effect of MAP and thyme essential oil on the microbiological,chemical and sensory attributes of organically aquacultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets

The present study evaluated the combined effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) using two different gas mixtures (40% CO₂/50% N₂/10% O₂; treatment M1, 60% CO₂/30% N₂/10% O₂, treatment M2), and thyme oil (0.2% v/w, T) used as a natural preservative, on the quality and shelf life extension of fresh filleted sea bass, product of organic aquaculture, during refrigerated storage (4± 0.5 °C), for a period of 21 days. Aerobically packaged sea bass fillets (A) were used as control samples. The dominant bacteria in the microflora of sea bass fillets, irrespective of treatment, were the pseudomonads and the H₂S-producing bacteria while lactic acid bacteria were also part of the dominant microflora. Total viable counts for fresh sea bass fillets stored aerobically exceeded 7 log CFU/g after 7 days, while treatments A+T, M1, M2 and M2+T reached the same value on days 9, 10, 12 and 19, respectively. Among the chemical indices determined, TBA values were within the good quality limits (2–4 mg MDA/kg), during the sensory shelf lives of sea bass samples, irrespective of treatment. TVB-N proved to be a suitable index for the spoilage of sea bass fillets stored at 4 °C. Samples A and A+T, M1, M2, M2+T exceeded the proposed upper TVB-N acceptability limit (10 mg N/100 g) on days 6, 8, 9, 13 and 17 of storage respectively. TMA-N values of the samples A, A+T and M1, M2, M2+T exceeded the proposed limit (4 mg N/100 g) on days 6, 9, 9–10, 13 and 19 of storage, respectively, and correlated well with the microbiological data, indicating that along with TVB-N, TMA-N may serve as a useful index for sea bass fillets spoilage. As regards sensory evaluation, the presence of thyme oil proved to improve the sensory quality of sea bass fillets when used in combination with MAP2, providing a shelf life of 17 days as compared to 6 days of the control samples.     

The effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil concentration on liquid-smoked vacuum-packed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) fillets during chilled storage

This study examined the effects of thyme oil on chemical properties, microbiological changes, and sensory quality in vacuum-packed liquid-smoked rainbow trout fillets under chilled storage. After 150 days of storage, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values were 30.52, 27.5 and 39.43 mg/100 g, and total viable counts (TVC) were 5.34, 4.96 and 5.53, for thyme oil additions of 10 (T10), 50 (T50) and 0 (control; T0) mL/L brine, respectively. The highest acceptable TVB-N value was adopted as 30 mg /100 g, corresponding to shelf lives of 135, 150, and 105 days for T10, T50, and T0, respectively. T50 addition of thyme oil to liquid-smoked rainbow fillets extended shelf life T10 and T50, gave acceptable sensory quality and limited microbiological growth during chilled storage.     

盐处理对脆肉鲩冷鲜鱼片贮藏品质的影响

对脆肉鲩鱼肌肉进行涂盐和浸泡盐水1min处理后,置于0℃条件下冷藏保鲜,然后对脆肉鲩鱼片贮藏过程中的pH值、TVB-N值、菌落总数、汁液流失率、TBA值、颜色变化进行分析研究。研究结果表明:最佳的处理方式为m(鱼片)∶m(盐)=100∶2的涂盐处理,15d后鱼片TVB-N仍未超过国标规定的20mg/100g,蒸煮后感官评价结果也显示其颜色、气味、口感和总体接受度为最优。     

白鲢鱼片在0 ℃贮藏条件下鲜度和品质的变化

以白鲢鱼为研究对象,以菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值、pH值、色差值、三甲胺（trimethylamine,TMA）值、2-硫代巴比妥酸（2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值为指标,结合电子鼻、质构和感官评价,探究0 ℃条件下鲢鱼片新鲜度变化规律。结果表明,在0 ℃条件下贮藏的鲢鱼片TVB-N值、TMA值、菌落总数值均随贮藏时间的延长而呈增长趋势;pH值先降低后增高;感官评分、硬度和弹性呈降低趋势;电子鼻可以对不同贮藏时间的鲢鱼片进行有效区分;色差值和TBA值对白鲢鱼鱼片品质的判断不具有参考价值。理化指标之间具有相关性,TVB-N值和TMA值与菌落总数值呈显著正相关（RTVB-N值=0.964、RTMA值=0.951）。0 ℃贮藏条件下鲢鱼片的货架期为12 d。     

Shelf-life extension of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) using natural preservatives during chilled storage

The effect of the natural preservatives, tea polyphenols and rosemary extract, on microbiological [total viable count (TVC)], chemical [pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), K-value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values], texture and sensory changes of air-packaged whole crucian carp (Carassius auratus) stored at 4 ± 1 °C was investigated for 20 days. The shelf-life of crucian carp was found to be 7–8 days for untreated group (control), 13–14 days for tea polyphenols group and 15–16 days for rosemary extract treated group according to sensory assessment results, for which the corresponding microbiological assessment also showed an increased shelf-life. Meanwhile, the increases of pH, TVB-N, K-value and TBA values were significantly delayed in both treated groups of samples compared to the control group. Thus, either tea polyphenols or rosemary extract could be used as potential preservatives to extend the shelf-life of crucian carp during chilled storage.     

Chemical quality and sensory attributes of marinated Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) during vacuum-packaged storage at 4 °C

This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical changes and sensory attributes of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), brined (12% NaCl brine solution) or marinated (12% NaCl + 2% acetic acid; or 12% NaCl + 3% acetic acid solutions) followed by vacuum-packaging and storage at 4 °C for 90 days. The chemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the pH value, total volatile bases nitrogen (TVBN), and trimethylamine (TMA) contents in marinated versus brined fillets. Lipid oxidation, as indicated by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, was significantly delayed in marinated fillets in comparison with the brined fillets. The growth rate of psychrotrophic bacteria was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in marinated versus brined fillets. No significant differences were detected for the sensory attributes between the two marinating conditions although the overall acceptability was significantly higher in marinated versus brined fish. Both conditions of the marinating process resulted in an extension of the shelf life of the product to more than 90 days versus only 60 days for the control brined fillets. The study concluded that marination of Pacific saury can delay the undesirable chemical changes, retard lipid oxidation, improve the sensory attributes and extend the shelf life of the product during refrigerated storage.     

鱼精蛋白结合壳聚糖对草鱼片的冷藏保鲜效果

为探讨鱼精蛋白-壳聚糖复合保鲜剂对草鱼贮藏保鲜的可行性,本研究采用3种不同复合比例处理草鱼,4 ℃冷藏期间定期测定其菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、pH、鲜度指标K值并进行感官评价,反应鱼肉品质变化情况。结果表明:复合处理组(CP1、CP2、CP3)贮藏期间感官评分均显著高于对照组(CK),但处理组对pH变化影响较小。各组感官评分值与菌落总数、TVB-N、汁液流失率、K值变化趋势均表现出极显著相关性(p<0.01),相关系数r在-0.887~-0.991之间。其中CP2处理组(1%壳聚糖+0.5%鱼精蛋白溶液)保鲜效果最佳,贮藏10 d各指标均在可接受范围,相比对照组至少延长保鲜期4 d以上。这表明壳聚糖-鱼精蛋白复合保鲜剂能在贮藏期间较好的保持草鱼品质,延长其货架期。     

Correlation Between Electrical Conductivity of the Gutted Fish Body and the Quality of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Heads Stored at 0 and 3 °C

The changes in impedance change ratio (Q value), pH value, texture, K value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total aerobic count (TAC), drip loss, and sensory assessment (SA) of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) during 0 and 3 °C storage were investigated. Simultaneously, correlation models were developed by analyzing the correlation between the measured values. The results indicate that during postmortem storage, Q value is significantly (p?<?0.05) related to pH value and texture indexes (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience); during long-term storage, SA exceeds the acceptable limit on the 15th day at 0 °C and the 12th day at 3 °C, while K value, TVB-N, TAC, and drip loss increase to 72.4 %, 18.9 mg/100 g, 4.82 log₁₀ cfu/g, and 7.09 % at 0 °C, and 78.5 %, 14.0 mg/100 g, 4.97 log₁₀ cfu/g, and 5.08 % at 3 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, Q value declines to 18.9 % at 0 °C and 12.7 % at 3 °C. The correlation coefficients between Q and K values, TVB-N, TAC, drip loss, and SA are 0.955, 0.964, 0.966, 0.965, and 0.994 at 0 °C, and 0.969, 0.967, 0.979, 0.960, and 0.996 at 3 °C, respectively, indicating significant linear relationships (p?<?0.05). Therefore, Q value can be used as a fast nondestructive method to estimate the quality of bighead carp heads during storage at 0 and 3 °C.     

光照和温度对草鱼和三文鱼鱼肉贮藏品质的影响

采用4、10(无光照)、10(5 000 lx)、25℃条件,同时贮藏草鱼鱼片(除去红肉)和三文鱼鱼片,研究光照和温度对草鱼和三文鱼贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,草鱼和三文鱼贮藏过程中pH值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值和色差变化差异显著(P0.05),且菌落总数(total viable count,TVC)、pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值、色差、ATP分解产物(adenosine triphosphate-related decomposition products)K值均随着贮藏时间的延长而增加。光照(5 000 lx)对于草鱼、三文鱼贮藏过程中的pH值变化、TBA值变化影响显著(P0.05),能使鱼肉中pH值增加量高于避光保存,促进光氧化,提高TBA值增加速率,而对于TVC、TVB-N值、K值、色差变化影响不显著(P0.05)。贮藏温度的差异(4、10℃)对两种鱼肉品质变化都有显著影响(P0.05)。     

壳聚糖对冷藏鲤鱼片品质变化的影响

为了解壳聚糖处理对4 ℃冷藏条件下鲤鱼片品质的影响,测定对照组、T1组（20 g/L壳聚糖＋体积分数0.5%醋酸）、T2组（体积分数0.5%醋酸）鲤鱼片4 ℃冷藏条件下感官分值、菌落总数（total aerobic counts,TAC）、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值和生物胺含量等指标的变化,分析壳聚糖对冷藏鲤鱼片品质的影响。结果表明：3 组鲤鱼片的感官分值随着贮藏时间的延长逐渐降低,对照组鲤鱼片在贮藏8 d后感官不可接受,T1组鲤鱼片的总体感官分值高于T2组;3 组鲤鱼片的TVB-N含量在贮藏期间呈增长趋势,贮藏10 d时,对照组鲤鱼片的TVB-N含量与T1、T2组差异显著（P＜0.05）,对照组鲤鱼片贮藏10 d时的TVB-N含量达31.37 mg/100 g,而T1组仅为13.07 mg/100 g;T1组鲤鱼片TAC的增长速率显著低于对照组和T2组（P＜0.05）;腐胺、尸胺的含量随着贮藏时间的延长而升高,贮藏后期,T1、T2组鲤鱼片的腐胺含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。壳聚糖的加入可以改善冷藏鲤鱼片的品质,并可将货架期延长2 d。     

Changes in quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets preserved with salt and sugar at low concentrations and stored at 4°C

The effects of dry-curing with low concentrations of salt and sugar on the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets were studied over a 16-day storage period at 4°C. Physicochemical characteristics (total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), biogenic amines (BAs), ATP-related compounds and K value), microbial populations (total aerobic counts (TAC), H₂S-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and lactic acid bacteria) and sensory (SA) indicators were analyzed. Fish samples were subjected to the following treatments: untreated (control), dry-cured with 1.3% salt (T1), and dry-cured with 1.3% salt that also contained 0.9% sugar (T2). SA indicated that the sensory quality of the control, T1, and T2 was unacceptable after 8, 12, and 12 days of storage, respectively. Moreover, the cadaverine concentration of treated samples was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the control after storing for 8 days. T1 and T2 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control in inosine 5-monophosphate (IMP) content from the 2th to 10th day. Cadaverine, putrescine, hypoxanthine, and TAC were correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with SA, and these seemed to be reliable indicators of fish quality. The results indicated that curing treatments extended the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets, which could be exploited by processors.     

紫苏水提物联合蒸煮处理对脆肉鲩鱼片冻藏过程中品质的影响

为了研究蒸煮处理及紫苏水提物对脆肉鲩鱼片冻藏品质的影响,以紫苏水提物浸泡的生鱼片（生鱼片组）、紫苏水提物浸泡再进行蒸煮制备的熟鱼片（熟鱼片组）、蒸馏水浸泡的生鱼片（对照组）为研究对象,研究这3 组鱼片在冻藏过程中质构、持水性、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活性、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N）含量和感官评分的变化。结果表明：熟鱼片及生鱼片组通过最大冰晶生成带的时间比对照组长;与对照组和生鱼片相比,熟鱼片在冻藏过程中一直维持较高的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、TBA值和较低的持水力、盐溶性蛋白含量、TVB-N含量;与对照组相比,生鱼片组的质构特性、持水力、盐溶性蛋白含量和Ca2＋-ATPase活力更高,而TBA值和TVB-N含量更低,冻藏300 d后,生鱼片TBA值是贮藏初始时的3.85 倍,TVB-N含量低于20 mg/100 g;感官评价结果进一步表明,3 组样品感官品质在冻藏过程中不断下降,其质地、口感以及汤汁浑浊度评分从高到低依次是熟鱼片、生鱼片和对照组。研究结果证明了紫苏水提物联合蒸煮处理更有利于冻藏过程中脆肉鲩鱼片品质的维持。     

低盐腌制对乌鳢冷藏过程中品质变化的影响

本文以乌鳢(Ophicephalus argus)为研究对象,研究了冷藏(4±1) ℃条件下分别以0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的食盐腌制对乌鳢鱼肉品质变化规律的影响,通过感官评分、pH、色泽、嫩度、蒸煮损失、汁液损失、盐溶蛋白、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)等指标,探究了不同浓度食盐对生鲜及腌制鱼肉贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:随贮藏时间的延长感官分值逐渐降低,对照组(0%食盐组)于第8 d就已失去食用价值,而T₃组(1.5%食盐组)在第12 d时仍可食用。在贮藏过程中,盐溶蛋白呈下降趋势;pH呈现波动性变化;蒸煮损失总体呈下降趋势。此外,TBARS值、汁液损失率、挥发性盐基氮含量在贮藏期间呈增长趋势。研究表明,T₃组(1.5%食盐组)在一定程度上减缓冷藏过程中乌鳢鱼片的品质变化,但会降低肌肉保水性、促进脂肪的氧化。     

Effect of thyme essential oil and packaging treatments on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4 °C

The present study evaluated the effect of thyme essential oil and packaging on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4 °C. Treatments in the present study included the following: air (A), modified atmosphere packaging (M), air with thyme oil (AT) and MAP with thyme oil (MT). Of the physicochemical parameters examined, TBA values for A and M swordfish samples were variable, indicative of no specific oxidative rancidity trend, whereas MT treatment inhibited lipid oxidation in swordfish samples during storage. On the basis of microbiological and sensory data, TMA-N and TVB-N limit values of acceptability for Mediterranean swordfish, of ca. 3.72 and 24.5 mg N/100 g, for the initiation of fresh Mediterranean swordfish spoilage, may be proposed. Of the treatments used in the present study, MT and M were the most effective for the inhibition of pseudomonads and H₂S-producing bacteria in swordfish. Lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae (to a lesser extent) were also found to be part of the natural microbial flora of swordfish, irrespective of packaging treatment. Based primarily on sensory data, the shelf-lives of fresh refrigerated Mediterranean swordfish were 8 and 13 days under aerobic and MAP conditions, respectively. Addition of 0.1% thyme essential oil extended the product’s shelf-life under aerobic conditions by 5 days, whereas the combination of MAP and thyme oil resulted in a significant shelf-life extension of the swordfish fillets, i.e. by approximately 7½ days, according to sensory data, as compared to the control sample.     

Chemical and biochemical changes of hybrid catfish fillet stored at 4 °C and its gel properties

Chemical and biochemical changes of aquacultured hybrid catfish fillet (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) and its gel-forming ability as affected by age and sex of fish along with storage time were investigated. Fillets were stored at 4 °C for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. There was no significant effect of sex and age of fish as well as storage time on fat, moisture and ash contents (P > 0.05). The total protein, water soluble protein, and salt soluble protein contents of the fillets significantly decreased with storage time (P < 0.05). On the other hand, pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and autolytic degradation products (ADP) increased as storage time continued (P < 0.05). Decreases in Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and gel properties were observed as storage time increased. However, there was no significant effect of either sex or age of fish on textural properties of gel (P > 0.05). Hybrid catfish fillet stored at 4 °C should be processed within 6 days.     

Chemical and microbiological quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) slaughtered by different methods

The effect of two slaughter methods (immersion in ice-water slurry and electrical stunning followed by ice slurry asphyxiation) on chemical and microbiological parameters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) stored in ice for 20 days was evaluated. No differences in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, carbohydrate or protein content of mucus were observed between the slaughter methods. Ice-slaughtered fish had lower bacteria counts at the beginning of storage, but higher counts than fish slaughtered by electricity at the end of storage (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the shelf life were observed between the slaughter methods evaluated (limit of acceptability – counts > 3 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ – attained after 13–16 days). Results indicated that the chemical parameters evaluated have a limited applicability to assess the shelf life of grass carp stored in ice, since pH limit (6.8) was exceeded after 4 days, while TVB-N limit (30 mg%) was not attained after 20 days of storage.     

Effects of different freezing treatments on physicochemical responses and microbial characteristics of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas) fillets during refrigerated storage

In order to establish an effective freezing method for quality control, the present research evaluated the effects of the different freezing treatments on the quality of Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas) over a period of 20 days storage at 0 ± 1 °C. Fish pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), K-value, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), drip loss, hardness, color, biogenic amines, microbiological characteristics were measured. Sea bass fillets were stored at −18 °C (T1), −55 °C for 24 h and then −18 °C (T2), −55 °C (T3) for 3 months prior to refrigerated storage. T2 showed lower TVB-N, pH value, biogenic amines and drip loss than T3 and T1 did. Significant lower value of bacterial loads, b* value and hardness were observed in T1, T2 and T3 than those of control group. No significant differences were observed among T1, T2 and T3 for TMA-N and a* value. The study demonstrated that Japanese sea bass fillets treated with −55 °C for 24 h and then −18 °C up to 3 months maintain better quality during refrigerated storage.     

Cinnamon and nisin in alginate-calcium coating maintain quality of fresh northern snakehead fish fillets

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and nisin in alginate-calcium coating were used to maintain quality of northern snakehead fish fillets at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Northern snakehead fish fillets were left untreated (CK), or were treated with alginate-calcium coating (Y0), alginate-calcium coating incorporating 10 μL mL⁻¹ cinnamon (Y1), alginate-calcium coating incorporating 2000 IU mL⁻¹ nisin and 150 μg mL⁻¹ ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Y2), or alginate-calcium coating incorporating 10 μL mL⁻¹ cinnamon and 2000 IU mL⁻¹ nisin and 150 μg mL⁻¹ EDTA (Y3). Y1 and Y3 had better effects on inhibiting bacterial growth and maintaining values of pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of northern snakehead fish than CK, Y0 and Y2. Lightness (L*) values of fish fillets of all treatments were higher than CK. Cinnamon in alginate-calcium coating treatments could efficiently maintain quality of northern snakehead fish fillets during storage, but colors of fish fillets of Y1 and Y3 were evidently changed due to the color of cinnamon.