双基地MIMO雷达发射功率聚焦的角度估计算法研究

该文针对传统双基地MIMO雷达发射功率在空间发散的问题,提出一种双基地MIMO雷达发射功率聚焦方法。首先,建立了双基地MIMO雷达发射功率聚焦的优化模型,其优化准则为:在感兴趣空域内严格约束优化波束与期望波束的最大误差小于给定门限的前提下,最小化发射方向图的峰值旁瓣功率。同时,构造特殊发射端波束矩阵,不仅能使等效发射/接收导向矢量具有旋转不变性,并且简化了原优化模型,以便采用二阶锥规划理论进行快速求解;其次,利用改进平行因子算法对空间目标的收发角度进行估计,结合发射/接收导向矢量的旋转不变性对平行因子内部最小二乘算法的初始迭代点进行了改进,有效地减小了算法的迭代步数;再次,推导了双基地MIMO雷达发射功率聚焦下多目标角度估计的克拉美罗界(CRB),进一步说明了所提方法的优越性。最后,仿真验证了理论分析的有效性。     

阵元等功率约束下的MIMO雷达发射加权矩阵优化算法

为提高多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达的目标角度估计性能,同时兼顾雷达发射功率利用率的需求,该文以合成发射导向矢量与期望导向矢量二范数误差为目标函数,研究了阵元等功率约束下的发射加权矩阵优化问题。推导了发射加权矩阵向量化条件下的等价优化模型,并基于循环优化方法和改进PDR算法对其进行了求解。在每次迭代过程中,所提方法均能获得子优化问题的闭式解,因而其计算复杂度非常低。在此基础之上,从理论上证明了所提方法的收敛性。由于该方法实现了MIMO雷达发射功率在期望空域的聚焦,在同等条件下相比传统MIMO雷达能够有效提高目标的角度估计性能。最后,仿真实验表明了所提方法的有效性。     

基于发射波束域-平行因子分析的MIMO雷达收发角度估计

该文提出了基于发射波束域-平行因子分析的双基地MIMO雷达收发角度估计方法。针对传统MIMO雷达发射功率分散的问题,将发射功率聚集范围与期望发射方向矢量相结合,提出了发射波束加权矩阵的优化准则,并转化为二阶锥规划形式,通过内点法求出其数值解,进而利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)算法估计出收发角度。仿真结果表明:离线设计得到的波束加权矩阵使发射功率聚集于感兴趣的目标空域,且近似服从均匀分布,因此,在发射功率和角度估计算法相同时,基于发射波束域的角度估计精度优于全向等功率发射时的角度估计精度。     

频率分集阵列“点”型发射方向图综合方法

波束综合技术可将雷达发射功率在感兴趣的空域汇聚,相关研究已从角度维上的聚焦发展到距离-角度二维空间上的聚焦,这种技术在高分辨率成像、远距离能量传输和医学靶向治疗等方面有广阔应用前景。针对现有基于频率分集阵列的“点”型发射方向图综合方法在分辨率和阵元间发射功率均衡性方面存在的不足,在理论分析“点”型发射方向图综合求解算法的同时,提出了基于凸优化的约束加权矩阵综合新算法。仿真结果表明,该算法在有效性、分辨率和旁瓣抑制性能方面比现有算法有较大提高。     

基于 DFT 的 MIMO 雷达发射方向图设计

针对多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达的发射方向图设计问题,为了在保证方向图匹配性能以及空域弱互相关性的前提下,有效降低计算复杂度,提出一种基于离散傅里叶变换(DFT)的方向图设计算法。该算法先依据方向图的匹配性能及空域互相关性构建代价函数,再利用DFT 构造发射信号协方差矩阵,从而避免了采用传统凸优化方法引入的极高复杂度。理论分析表明,该算法设计的信号协方差矩阵能够满足方向图设计模型中的基本约束条件,同时使得代价函数最小,具备一定的合理性。仿真及性能分析结果表明,该算法计算复杂度低,且设计出的方向图匹配性能良好、空域互相关性小。     

双基地MIMO雷达发射波束形成与多目标定位

针对双基地多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达目标定位问题,首先提出一种子波束合成(SBS)算法进行发射波束形成,在此基础上提出一种基于并行因子分解(PFD)的多目标定位算法。SBS算法通过对多个发射信号分别加权形成子波束,在空间叠加使发射能量聚焦在感兴趣空域,提高了接收端信噪比。基于PFD的定位算法根据匹配滤波输出的代数结构,利用迭代算法和角度恢复算法估计目标发射角(DOD)和接收角(DOA),且能自动配对,同时避免了二维谱峰搜索、协方差矩阵估计和多次特征分解造成累积误差。结合以上两种算法可有效提高目标定位精度。仿真结果证明了所提算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于快速张量分解的波束空间MIMO雷达二维DOA估计算法

传统MIMO雷达由于采用全向发射模式导致目标增益损失严重,致使DOA估计算法性能较差.因此,本文提出基于波束空间MIMO雷达的张量模型和快速张量分解的二维DOA估计算法.波束空间MIMO雷达能够通过发射波束成形技术将发射能量集中到指定空域,弥补传统MIMO雷达的发射增益损失.通过高阶张量模型应用MIMO雷达多脉冲接收数...     

基于矩阵分解的多输入多输出雷达解相关算法

多输入多输出(Multi-input Multi-output,MIMO)雷达的多发射正交波形自相关和互相关特性会影响目标参数估计的性能,完全正交的多组波形又很难获得,针对此,提出一种基于矩阵分解的双基地MIMO雷达多发射波形解相关算法,使不完全正交的多组波形解相关.本算法通过对多发射波形相关矩阵做矩阵分解和迭代运算,实现波形解相关.通过对收发角度联合估计精度的分析,验证了所提算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于发射波束域-三迭代的机载MIMO雷达STAP方法

针对传统机载多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达空时自适应处理(STAP)中由于发射功率分散而造成的输出信杂噪比(SCNR)下降的问题,该文提出一种基于发射波束域-三迭代的机载MIMO雷达STAP方法。首先建立了发射波束域MIMO雷达STAP的信号模型,并且给出了发射波束加权矩阵的优化设计准则,能够使发射功率聚集于感兴趣的目标空域。然后对发射波束域MIMO雷达的杂噪比(CNR)进行分析,表明其与发射总功率的关系,理论推导显示:相比于全向等功率发射的传统MIMO雷达CNR,发射波束域MIMO雷达CNR减小。同时,为进一步降低发射波束域MIMO-STAP的训练样本数需求与运算复杂度,采用三迭代算法进行权值降维求解。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明:通过相应的三迭代降维处理,发射波束域MIMO-STAP与传统全向等功率发射MIMO-STAP相比能够获取更加优越的输出SCNR性能,且运算量进一步降低。因此,本文提出的发射波束域-三迭代方法具有重要的工程应用价值。     

一种基于拟牛顿法的MIMO雷达发射方向图综合方法

波形设计直接关系到MIMO雷达目标检测和参数估计的性能,通过设计发射互相关矩阵来分配空间发射功率是一类MIM0雷达渡形设计方法.本文在发射方向图综合的二次规划(Quadratic Programming,QP)模型基础上,提出了一种基于DFP拟牛顿法的MIMO雷达方向图综合设计方法,该方法用可变的一维搜索步长代替了最陡下降法的固定步长,并且不需计算Hesse逆矩阵.仿真结果表明,该方法复杂度低,较最陡下降法收敛速度快,并具有更好的数值稳定性,可以满足MIMO雷达发射方向图设计的要求.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.