纳米滤芯过滤静注人免疫球蛋白去病毒工艺的蛋白耗损分析

目的分析使用纳米滤芯过滤静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)去除病毒时的蛋白损耗。方法通过分析蓉生静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)使用纳米滤芯除病毒过滤前后的蛋白含量,探讨纳米过滤总量、纳米滤芯批号、纳米滤芯数量对纳米滤芯除病毒过程中蛋白损耗量及损耗率的影响。结果纳米过滤蛋白损耗并未随批量增加而增加,使用不同批号滤芯和使用不同数量滤芯进行生产,蛋白损耗变化均较小。结论使用纳米滤芯进行IVIG纳米过滤生产,制品量、滤芯批号及数量对纳米过滤蛋白损耗影响均较小。     

静注人免疫球蛋白新生产工艺病毒灭活/去除效果的验证及评估

目的对静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous human immunoglobulin,IVIG)新生产工艺的病毒灭活/去除效果进行验证及评估。方法选择4种脂包膜病毒[人免疫缺陷综合征病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)、伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus,SV)和水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)]及非脂包膜病毒[猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)]作为验证病毒,在缩小的生产规模条件下考察辛酸钠沉淀/深层过滤、低pH孵放和纳米膜过滤步骤对一种或几种指示病毒的灭活/去除能力。结果辛酸钠沉淀/深层过滤步骤可灭活/去除PPV 1.88 Log;低pH孵放对HIV、PRV、SV和VSV的灭活效果最低分别为≥5.22、≥4.26、≥6.56和≥5.69 Log;Bio EX纳米膜可去除PPV达4 Log以上。结论 IVIG新生产工艺的病毒灭活/去除效果合格,可有效灭活/去除未知的、新出现的病原体。     

静注人免疫球蛋白制剂抗巨细胞病毒中和抗体效价的筛查

目的筛查国内、外静注人免疫球蛋白(human intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)和静注巨细胞病毒人免疫球蛋白(human intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin,CMV-IVIG)制品抗CMV中和抗体效价。方法采用微量细胞病变法检测国内、外IVIG制品及CMV-IVIG抗CMV中和抗体效价,并进行比较。结果国外CMV-IVIG制品Cytogam(3 648 U/g IgG)和Cytotect(3 104 U/g IgG)抗CMV中和抗体效价分别是IVIG制品Privigen(1 048 U/g IgG)和Intratect(980 U/g IgG)的3.5和3.2倍;国内CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价(7 195 U/g IgG)是国内13家企业19批IVIG制品(1 836 U/g IgG)的3.9倍;国内IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价是国外IVIG制品Privigen和Intratect的1.8和1.9倍,国内CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体平均效价是国外CMV-IVIG制品Cytogam和Cytotect的2.0和2.3倍。结论国内、外的CMV-IVIG制品抗CMV中和抗体效价均为相应IVIG制品3倍以上,采用微量细胞病变法筛查血浆用于制备CMV-IVIG具有可行性,为CMV相关疾病的被动免疫制剂的制备提供了实验依据。     

静注人免疫球蛋白生产工艺对凝血因子Ⅺ的去除效果

目的评价低温乙醇及压滤生产工艺对静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)中凝血因子Ⅺ(FⅪ)的去除效果。方法取9批次低温乙醇工艺不同阶段分离的血浆蛋白及3批次FⅡ沉淀精制和制剂阶段的样品,采用部分凝血酶时间(nonactivated partial thromboplastin time,NAPTT)试验检测样品中FⅪ的含量。结果 FⅠ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ分离对FⅪ的去除效率约为6%,FⅠ+Ⅲ分离对FⅪ的去除效率约为154%,FⅡ分离对FⅪ的去除效率约为10%。半成品中FⅪ含量稳定,且均低于30 mIU/mL。结论低温乙醇及压滤生产工艺能稳定有效地去除IVIG中的FⅪ,确保产品质量安全。     

静注人免疫球蛋白在治疗阿尔茨海默病中的应用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病。AD已经造成了严重的社会负担,而且目前仍无有效的方法可以治疗。近年来,使用静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIg)治疗AD被认为是一种有潜力的疗法。本文对AD、Aβ级联假说、IVIg治疗AD的作用机制以及临床试验等作一综述,并对未来IVIg治疗AD的研究进行了展望。     

静注人免疫球蛋白质量控制要求的比较

静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)p H 4目前已广泛用于治疗各种免疫缺陷疾病及自身免疫性疾病。严格的质量控制是确保IVIG临床疗效的重要保障,欧美及我国药典均对IVIG的质控作出了严格规定。但IVIG成分复杂,随着其作用机制逐渐明确以及新的临床适应症不断增加,现有的规定可能需实时补充、完善和改进。本文比较了目前国际主流药典关于IVIG制品质量控制要求的差异,以及现有文献资料中对于IVIG制品质量控制新方法的探索,以期对相关人员研究及血液制品企业生产质控有所启发。     

不同种类预过滤膜对纳米膜（DV20 nm）过滤人免疫球蛋白效果的影响

目的比较不同种类预过滤膜对纳米膜(DV20 nm)过滤人免疫球蛋白效果的影响。方法以A、B、C厂家生产的纳米膜(DV20 nm)和不同预过滤膜对1 000 mL 5. 3%IgG样品进行膜通量筛选实验,比较蛋白回收率及通量;应用筛选的预过滤膜和纳米膜对样品中滴度为6. 50 LgTCID50/0. 1 mL猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)进行去除病毒验证。结果选取A厂Minisart预过滤膜,120 min通量为7. 68 L/(m~2·h),蛋白回收率为96. 1%;B厂FTKDJL预过滤膜,120、300及400 min通量分别为9. 87、3. 93和1. 85 L/(m~2·h),蛋白回收率为97. 6%。A及B厂的纳米膜过滤约1 200 min,通量分别为2. 39和3. 74 L/(m~2·h),指示病毒PPV下降滴度分别为≥4. 63和≥4. 25 LgTCID50/0. 1 mL,均能在有效过滤量之内完全去除PPV,蛋白回收率均在96%以上。结论不同预过滤膜对纳米膜过滤通量有明显影响,筛选的预过滤膜及纳米膜均可有效去除PPV,可用于人免疫球蛋白规模化生产工艺。     

两种低pH孵放法灭活静注人免疫球蛋白中脂包膜病毒效果比较

目的比较两种低pH孵放法对静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulins,IVIG)中脂包膜病毒的灭活效果。方法 IVIG中分别加入两种核酸类型的脂包膜病毒水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)及伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)作为指示病毒,以经典工艺(23～25℃灭活21 d)及新工艺[(37±0. 5)℃灭活9 h]低pH(pH为3. 8～4. 4)孵放法进行病毒灭活,分别检测不同灭活时间的病毒滴度,比较灭活效果。结果经典工艺低pH孵放法对VSV灭活效果≥5. 88 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,对PRV的灭活效果≥6. 00 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,且灭活的样品在敏感细胞盲传3代无细胞病变。新工艺低pH孵放法对VSV灭活效果≥4. 62 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,对PRV的灭活效果≥6. 12 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL。结论两种低p H孵放法对指示病毒的灭活能力均符合国家标准,但经典工艺对两种指示病毒的灭活效果好且灭活彻底。     

蓉生静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)质量稳定性考察

目的考察蓉生静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)存放于不同温度、不同时期的质量稳定性,以及内包装材料对制品质量稳定性的影响。方法将静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)分别放置于2~8℃和20~25℃的条件下,定期取样。依照《中国生物制品规程》(2000年版)的相应标准进行检测,并比较进口与国产模制瓶灌装对产品质量的影响。结果静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)在2~8℃条件下存放2年后,与出厂时的检验结果比较,质量指标无显著变化;在20~25℃条件下存放2年后,分子大小分布、抗-HBs效价、浊度等质量指标变化显著。静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)灌装于进口模制瓶的质量稳定性优于国产模制瓶。结论蓉生静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)保存在2~8℃在有效期内质量稳定。     

静注人免疫球蛋白纯化用层析介质使用寿命的验证

目的 验证用于静注人免疫球蛋白生产的Fractogel?EMD TMAE（简称TMAE）层析介质的使用寿命。方法 建立TMAE凝胶层析缩小模型,通过对层析介质运行过程中的层析图谱、蛋白回收率、IgA、IgM、分子大小分布、压力、理论塔板数、对称系数和总有机碳（total organic carbon,TOC）进行趋势分析。对每次层析过程中的参数进行比对,分析随着循环次数的增加关键参数的变化情况,确定层析介质使用寿命。结果 IgA检测均值≤100μg/mL,IgM检测均值≤50μg/mL,IgG单体与二聚体含量之和> 95.0%,均符合产品质量标准。层析介质的压力呈逐步升高的趋势,蛋白回收率下降,均在可接受范围内,同时层析柱的每米理论塔板数和对称系数符合使用要求。结论 用于静注人免疫球蛋白生产的TMAE层析凝胶使用寿命暂定为240次。     

实验设计法优化高浓度静注人免疫球蛋白制剂的处方

目的通过实验设计法优化高浓度(10%)静注人免疫球蛋白(human immunoglobulin for intravenous injection,IVIG)的制剂处方。方法采用单因素试验(包括等电点、二级结构、分子大小分布,转变中点温度4个指标)确定IVIG(10%)的pH范围,同时经国外相关数据和产品质量指标选择IVIG的稳定剂甘氨酸和聚山梨酯80的浓度范围,再采用实验设计法优化IVIG的pH及稳定剂浓度。以转变中点温度为指标,通过单因素试验优化IVIG(10%)的离子强度。结果最佳IVIG(10%)制剂处方为聚山梨酯80:80 mg/L,pH:4. 5,甘氨酸:0. 25 mol/L。最适离子强度为0 mmol/L氯化钠。结论成功优化了IVIG(10%)的制剂处方,可确保制剂的稳定性,提高临床用药安全性。     

静注肠道病毒71型人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)的研制

目的研制静注肠道病毒71型人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)[Enterovirus 71 human immunoglobulin(pH 4)forintravenous injection,EV71-IVIG],用于治疗重症手足口病。方法采用细胞病变抑制法检测原料血浆的抗EV71中和抗体效价(EV71 neutralizing antibody titer,EV71-NT),确定EV71抗体血浆的筛选标准;从健康人血浆中筛选中和效价较高的EV71血浆,按《中国药典》三部(2010版)的生产工艺连续制备3批EV71-IVIG;以乳鼠模型评价EV71-IVIG的治疗效果,并以细胞病变抑制法检测EV71-IVIG对EV71临床分离株及CA16病毒的中和活性。结果从90批原料血浆中筛选出约3.8吨EV71抗体血浆,制备的3批EV71-IVIG符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)"静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)"的质量标准,EV71-NT为国内普通IVIG的4～5倍。0.5 mg EV71-IVIG即可充分保护经10 LD50EV71攻击的乳鼠,存活率达100%。EV71-IVIG对最近几年流行的EV71临床分离株有较高的中和活性。结论已成功研制EV71-IVIG,为重症手足口病患者的治疗提供了新的用药选择。     

高效液相色谱法测定静脉注射犬血免疫球蛋白的麦芽糖含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定静脉注射犬血免疫球蛋白中的麦芽糖含量。方法采用苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物为基质的阳离子交换色谱柱(300mm×7.8mm,8μm),流动相为0.004mol/L硫酸溶液,流速为0.8ml/min,柱温50℃;将麦芽糖含量与其峰面积进行直线回归,建立标准曲线;样品经磺基水杨酸处理后进样,根据峰面积计算麦芽糖含量。结果该方法的标准曲线相关性良好,r=0.99968,精密性检测RSD为0.35%,回收率为99.58%。结论高效液相色谱法快速、准确、回收率高,适用于检测静脉注射犬血免疫球蛋白的麦芽糖含量。     

Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from synthetic waters and surface water by nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. In synthetic solutions, arsenic rejection experiments included variation of arsenic retentate concentration, transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. Arsenic rejection increased with arsenic retentate concentration. Arsenic was removed 93-99% from synthetic feed waters containing between 100 and 382 μg/L as V, resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of about 5 μg/L. Under studied conditions, arsenic rejection was independent of transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. In surface water, the mean rejection of As V was 95% while the rejection of sulfate was 97%. The co-occurrence of dissolved inorganics does not significantly influence arsenic rejection. The mean concentration of As in collected permeated was 8 μg/L. The mean rejection of TDS, total hardness and conductivity were 75, 88 and 75% respectively.     

Salt rejection in nanofiltration for single and binary salt mixtures in view of sulphate removal

Three commercial membranes (NF70, NF90 and TFC-SR) were firstly characterized in terms of pure water flux and the rejection of uncharged (alcohols and sugars) compounds. Subsequently, the rejection of monovalent (sodium and chloride) and divalent (calcium and sulphate) ions in single (NaCl, CaCl, and Na₂SO₄) and binary (NaCI/Na₂,SO₄ CaCl₂/CaSO₄, NaCI/CaCl₂, and Na₂SO₄/CaSO₄) salt mixtures was studied. According to the pure water permeability the TFC-SR membrane is a loosely packed NF membrane (12.3 L.m ⁻².h⁻¹.bar⁻¹), while both NF70 and NF90 are tightly packed (2.6 and 3.6 Lm⁻².h⁻¹.bar-). According to the uncharged solute rejection, the MWCO_NF70 = 60, MWCO_NF90= 200 and MWCO_TFC-SR > 500. NF70 and NF90 were equally efficient in rejecting 1-2, 1-1 and 2-1 salts (>90%), while TFC-SR showed typical negatively charged surface behaviour, i.e., R (1-2) salt > R (11) salt > R (2-1). Sulphate rejection decreased in the presence of sodium chloride more significantly than in the presence of calcium chloride due to the more efficient retention of the bivalent calcium.     

Reactive dye removal in dye/salt mixtures by nanofiltration membranes containing vinylsulphone dyes: effects of feed concentration and cross flow velocity

In this study, DS5 DK type nanofiltration membranes were tested to recycle the reactive dye bath effluents. Reactive black 5 (RB5), reactive orange 16 (RO16), reactive blue 19 (RB19) and NaCl were used in the experiments to prepare the synthetic dye and salt mixtures. Effects of feed concentration, pressure and cross flow velocity on the permeate flux and color removal were investigated. Permeate flux increased with increasing pressure for all NaCl solutions. Dye concentration had a significant effect on flux values. Under the fixed NaCl concentrations the flux decreased with increasing dye concentrations. Dye rejections greater than 99% were achieved. Permeate was almost colorless. A gel layer formed by the rejected dye on membrane surface operates as a resistance to the permeation of dyes due to complete rejection of high molecule weight dyes, especially for the low salt concentrations. The presence of salt concentration has an interesting effect on color removal. Color removal decreased with increasing salt concentration. Cross flow velocities had also a significant effect on flux values. The dye formed agglomerates at high NaCl concentrations. High cross flow velocities decreased this effect.     

国产静脉注射人免疫球蛋白制品中凝血激活物水平分析

目的分析11家中国血液制品企业共计64批次上市后的静脉注射人免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin for intravenous injection,IVIG)(p H 4)制品中凝血激活物水平,对国内IVIG制品在促凝血方面的安全性作出评估,为提高制品质量标准提供参考。方法利用非活化的部分凝血活酶时间法(non-activated partial thromboplastin time,NAPTT)、凝固法(一期法)及本实验室建立的改良凝血酶生成试验(modified thrombin generation test,M-TGT),分别测定64批次国产和7批次进口IVIG样品的NAPTT、系列凝血因子活性、活化凝血因子Ⅺ(FⅪa)的含量及凝血酶生成含量达到最高值时所需时间(time to peak,TTP),分析IVIG的凝血激活物水平。结果除国内厂家F所生产的2批IVIG中FⅪ活性为0.030~0.036 IU/ml外,其余国产62批次产品中FⅪ活性均低于试剂最低检测限未检出;所有产品中TTP均大于40 min,FⅪa含量均小于0.37 nmol/L,NAPTT均大于203 s。结论所调查的11家共计64批次的国产IVIG制品的凝血激活物水平均较低。今后在我国是否推行IVIG制品的凝血激活物检测尚需进一步研究。     

Influences of molecular weight, molecular size, flux, and recovery for aromatic pesticide removal by nanofiltration membranes

Eleven aromatic pesticides were used for a removal study using a 4040 spiral-wound polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membrane. The influences of molecular weight, molecular size (length and width), flux, and recovery were studied. The molecular weights of these pesticides are from 198 Da to 286 Da. Molecular sizes were determined by theoretical calculation for their length and width by “Hyperchem” based on their structures and orientation. Furthermore, the study held constant for two operated recoveries and fluxes to determine their effects. The results showed that the NF membrane can remove pesticides from 46% to 100% based on their molecular weights, lengths, fluxes and recoveries. The rejections were increased as the molecular weight increased, and a sharp increase to complete rejection (100%) was observed around MW 200 Da. Therefore, a molecular weight cut-off (MWC) of 200 Da can be determined for this membrane from this result. In addition, the results showed the molecular length was more significant than molecular width for these pesticides. The rejections were not only dependent on molecular weight and length, but also on operational flux and recovery. For a particular pesticide in the two operational fluxes and recoveries, the highest percent rejections occurred on high flux and low recovery, and lowest percent rejection occurred on low flux and high recovery, which would indicate the basic diffusion control theory.