脂多糖对奶牛乳腺成纤维细胞增殖速率、胞内Toll样受体及其信号通路相关基因mRNA表达水平的影响

目的探讨脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对奶牛乳腺成纤维细胞(bovine mammary fibroblast,BMFB)增殖速率、胞内Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)及其信号通路相关基因m RNA表达水平的影响。方法原代培养BMFB,用LPS(终浓度10μg/mL)刺激BMFB不同时间后,经CCK-8法检测BMFB的增殖速率,实时荧光定量PCR法检测BMFB胞内TLR及其信号通路相关分子m RNA的表达水平。结果 LPS刺激BMFB 0、1、3 h后,BMFB增殖速率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),LPS刺激BMFB 6 h开始,试验组BMFB的增殖速率明显快于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组比较,LPS刺激BMFB 12 h后,TLR2、TLR4、信号转导通路激活核转录因子κB(nuclear factor of kappa B,NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TNF receptor associated factor 6,TRAF6)、白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶1(interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1,IRAK1)基因m RNA表达水平显著升高(P0.05),髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)基因m RNA的表达水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 BMFB可能通过TLR2和TLR4识别LPS,并与NF-κB信号通路级联诱导炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的释放,参与奶牛乳腺先天性免疫应答。     

Toll样受体3配体poly(I:C)干预对糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变的影响

目的探讨Toll样受体3(Toll-like receptor 3,TLR3)配体poly(I:C)干预对糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)大鼠视网膜病变的影响。方法用链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)建立SD大鼠DM模型,4周后处死大鼠,收集视网膜,Real-time PCR法检测早期DM大鼠视网膜中TLR3和炎性因子(IL-6、IL-1α、TNF-α)mRNA的转录水平,Western blot检测大鼠视网膜中TLR3蛋白的表达水平。分别经正常和4周病程的DM大鼠玻璃体腔注射poly(I:C),48 h后处死大鼠,Real-time PCR检测大鼠视网膜中TLR3和IL-6、IL-1α、TNF-α基因mRNA的转录水平,Western blot检测TLR3蛋白的表达水平,HE染色观察大鼠视网膜结构的变化。结果早期DM组大鼠视网膜中TLR3基因mRNA的转录水平和蛋白的表达水平均显著高于NC组(P均0.01),IL-6、IL-1α、TNF-α基因mRNA的转录水平均显著高于NC组(P均0.01);经玻璃体腔注射poly(I:C),能显著上调大鼠视网膜中TLR3基因mRNA的转录水平和蛋白的表达水平(P0.05或P0.01)以及IL-6和TNF-α基因mRNA的转录水平(P0.05);病程4周时,DM组大鼠视网膜结构与正常大鼠比较,无明显异常,而DM干预组较正常干预组视网膜水肿显著加重,结构出现紊乱。结论 DM大鼠早期视网膜中TLR3的表达显著增加;经玻璃体腔注射poly(I:C)可加重正常和DM大鼠视网膜损伤,可能是通过激活TLR3信号通路,上调信号通路下游产物IL-6、IL-1α、TNF-α的表达水平实现的。     

中国荷斯坦奶牛TLR1和CBLB基因SNP位点筛选及分析

目的 研究炎症反应相关基因Toll样受体1(Toll-like receptor 1,TLR1)和Cbl原癌基因B(Cbl proto-oncogene B,CBLB基因的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)与中国荷斯坦奶牛炎性疾病的相关性.方法 以中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验...     

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体基因分型技术的研究进展

杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)是调节NK细胞功能的重要受体,其基因家族具有高度多态性,KIR基因分型对于阐明其功能作用具有重要的意义。本文综述了近年来杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体基因分型等位基因的鉴定及其应用,如单倍型组合分析等方面的研究进展。     

姜黄素对小鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其与Toll样受体4/核因子-κB信号通路的相关性

目的探讨姜黄素对小鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,MIRI)的保护作用及其与Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)信号通路的相关性。方法取健康C57BL/6小鼠,采用随机区组法分为假手术组(Sham组)、MIRI组及姜黄素预处理的MIRI组(Cur组):使用丝线暂时阻断小鼠冠状动脉前降支(left anterior descending,LAD)血流30 min,再灌注4 h,建立小鼠MIRI模型;假手术组接受相同的手术过程,但未阻断LAD;Cur组在缺血前30 min腹腔注射姜黄素(100 mg/kg)。采用伊文思蓝和氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色评估小鼠心肌梗死面积;电化学发光法检测小鼠血清肌钙蛋白(cardiac troponin T,cTnT)水平;RT-PCR法检测小鼠心肌组织TLR4及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor nectosis factor-alpha,TNF-α,)mRNA水平;Western blot法检测小鼠心肌组织NF-κB蛋白表达水平;ELISA法检测小鼠心肌组织TNF-α蛋白表达水平。结果 Cur组小鼠心肌梗死面积及血清cTnT均低于MIRI组(P均0.01);Cur组小鼠心肌组织TLR4、TNF-αm RNA水平及NF-κB、TNF-α蛋白表达水平均低于MIRI组(P均0.05)。结论姜黄素对小鼠MIRI的心肌具有保护作用,可能是通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路实现的。     

PD-1抗体在肿瘤治疗中的应用

肿瘤通过刺激免疫系统的抑制受体改变原有免疫反应,进行免疫逃逸。通过阻断T细胞抑制受体,阻断肿瘤的发生,为抗肿瘤免疫提供了潜在的治疗方法。PD-1(programmed death-1)是T细胞抑制受体,在T细胞功能性紊乱时持续表达,其可作为停止信号在肿瘤中限制T细胞的效应功能。阻断PD-1信号可有效帮助衰竭T细胞,促进抗肿瘤免疫应答。PD-1抗体在癌症治疗及免疫刺激中具有重要作用,本文就PD-1及其配体、PD-1/PD-Ls信号通路以及PD-1抗体在肿瘤治疗中的应用作一综述。     

基于网络药理学的苦地丁治疗肠炎的作用机制研究

目的：基于网络药理学分析苦地丁作用于肠炎的活性成分、靶点和信号通路,探讨苦地丁治疗肠炎的作用机制。方法：使用TCMSP平台获取苦地丁的主要化学成分及对应的基因靶点,再用Uniprot数据库将靶点信息标准化。通过Gene Cards数据库搜索筛选肠炎靶点。使用Venny2.1取药物-疾病靶基因的交集,用Cytoscape3.7.2软件构建苦地丁治疗肠炎的活性成分-靶点网络,通过String数据库分析共同基因的蛋白质间相互作用程度,构建蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络,使用Metascape数据库对共同基因进行基因本体(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路分析。结果：筛选得到苦地丁22个活性成分,71个相应靶点,得到2539个肠炎相关靶点,其中有34个苦地丁治疗肠炎的潜在靶点。富集分析显示苦地丁治疗肠炎主要作用的信号通路有癌症途径、cAMP信号通路、VEGF信号通路、cGMP-PKG信号通路等47个。结论：苦地丁可以通过多成分、多靶点、多通路发挥治疗肠炎的作用。     

ALK抑制剂上市药物的研发历程

ALK为间变性淋巴瘤激酶,是胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶家族中的一员。ALK基因在多种肿瘤细胞中异常活跃,是抗肿瘤药物研究中较为成熟的重要靶标之一。主要对ALK的结构与功能、 EML4-ALK融合基因信号通路在治疗NSCLC中的调控作用以及目前已经上市的ALK抑制剂的研发历程进行综述,旨在为药物,特别是以ALK为靶点的药物研发提供指导。     

基于高通量测序的冷应激大鼠肝脏mRNA差异表达分析

目的高通量测序技术分析冷应激大鼠肝脏基因mRNA差异表达。方法将SPF级大鼠随机分为冷刺激组[(4±0. 05)℃]及常温对照组[(24±0. 05)℃],刺激24 h。采集2组大鼠肝脏组织并提取总RNA,应用Ⅲumina HiSeg平台测序,对筛选的差异表达基因进行基因功能(Gene Ontology,GO)注释及信号通路数据库(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)分析,采用qRT-PCR验证随机筛选的基因mRNA表达水平。结果经测序分析,冷刺激组发掘新基因293个,其中244个有功能注释,差异表达基因98个;经GO分析,差异表达基因显著富集细胞过程、生物调控、代谢过程、细胞组分、细胞器、蛋白质运输等过程;经KEGG分析,大多数差异表达基因注释在原发性免疫缺陷、癌症形成过程、用于IgA生成的肠道免疫网络、细胞因子与细胞因子受体相互作用等通路,在MAPK、PI3K-Akt信号通路和内质网蛋白加工通路中表达量极高,在乙型肝炎和病毒感染通路表达量较低。与常温对照组比较,冷刺激组大鼠肝脏的多配体聚糖4(syndecan 4,Sdc4)及白...     

JAK抑制剂在类风湿性关节炎治疗中的研究进展

Janus激酶(JAK)是一种非受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶,参与体内众多重要的生物学过程,是一条重要的细胞内信号转导通路。研究表明,由其介导的通路通常与炎症性疾病、皮肤性疾病及其他自身免疫性疾病有关,JAK已逐渐成为治疗这些疾病的重要靶标。主要综述了JAK的结构与功能、JAK-STAT信号通路在治疗RA中的调控作用以及近年来JAK抑制剂的研究进展,旨在为以JAK为靶点的药物研发提供参考。     

The Fab Fragment of a Humanized Anti-Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Monoclonal Antibody Reduces the Lipopolysaccharide Response via TLR4 in Mouse Macrophages

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can induce acute inflammation, sepsis, or chronic inflammatory disorders through the Toll receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. The TLR4/MD2 (myeloid differentiation protein 2) complex plays a major role in the immune response to LPS. However, there is not a good method to suppress the immune response induced by LPS via this complex in macrophages. In this article, we aimed to evaluate the effects of humanized anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibodies on LPS-induced responses in mouse macrophages. The peritoneal macrophages of mice were incubated with anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibodies and stimulated with LPS. The expression levels of cytokines were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Additionally, activation of various signaling pathways was evaluated by Western blotting. The results showed that the humanized anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody blocked the inflammatory cytokines expression at both the mRNA and protein level. We also found that the Fab fragment significantly inhibited the nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappaBalpha and decreasing the translocation of p65, resulting in the suppression of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, and IFN-β regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation. Therefore, our study showed that this humanized anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody could effectively protect against LPS-induced responses by blocking the TLR4 signaling pathway in mouse peritoneal macrophages.     

Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenol Phytochemicals on the Intestinal Inflammation via Targeting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

TLR4/NF-κB is a key inflammatory signaling transduction pathway, closely involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory response. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), the first mammalian TLR to be characterized, is the innate immune receptor that plays a key role in inflammatory signal transductions. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), the TLR4 downstream, is the key to accounting for the expression of multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans is a chronic inflammatory disease with high incidence and prevalence worldwide. Targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway might be an effective strategy to alleviate intestinal inflammation. Polyphenol phytochemicals have shown noticeable alleviative effects by acting on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal inflammation. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of more than 20 kinds of polyphenols on intestinal inflammation via targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. We expected that polyphenol phytochemicals targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway might be an effective approach to treat IBD in future clinical research applications.     

Resveratrol Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Injury in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Inhibition of TLR4 Pathway

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been proven to play a critical role in neuroinflammation and to represent an important therapeutic target following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Resveratrol (RSV), a natural occurring polyphenolic compound, has a powerful anti-inflammatory property. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of RSV in protecting against early brain injury (EBI) after SAH remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RSV on the TLR4-related inflammatory signaling pathway and EBI in rats after SAH. A prechiasmatic cistern SAH model was used in our experiment. The expressions of TLR4, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of Iba-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain cortex were determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological function were further evaluated to investigate the development of EBI. We found that post-SAH treatment with RSV could markedly inhibit the expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, MyD88, and NF-κB. Meanwhile, RSV significantly reduced microglia activation, as well as inflammatory cytokines leading to the amelioration of neural apoptosis, brain edema, and neurological behavior impairment at 24 h after SAH. However, RSV treatment failed to alleviate brain edema and neurological deficits at 72 h after SAH. These results indicated that RSV treatment could alleviate EBI after SAH, at least in part, via inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.     

TLR4-Pathway-Associated Biomarkers in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): Potential Targets for Future Anti-Inflammatory Therapies

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with severe neurological deficits for survivors. Among survivors of the initial bleeding, secondary brain injury leads to additional brain damage. Apart from cerebral vasospasm, secondary brain injury mainly results from cerebral inflammation taking place in the brain parenchyma after bleeding. The brain’s innate immune system is activated, which leads to disturbances in brain homeostasis, cleavage of inflammatory cytokines and, subsequently, neuronal cell death. The toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signaling pathway has been found to play an essential role in the pathophysiology of acute brain injuries such as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). TLR4 is expressed on the cell surface of microglia, which are key players in the cellular immune responses of the brain. The participants in the signaling pathway, such as TLR4-pathway-like ligands, the receptor itself, and inflammatory cytokines, can act as biomarkers, serving as clues regarding the inflammatory status after SAH. Moreover, protein complexes such as the NLRP3 inflammasome or receptors such as TREM1 frame the TLR4 pathway and are indicative of inflammation. In this review, we focus on the activity of the TLR4 pathway and its contributors, which can act as biomarkers of neuroinflammation or even offer potential new treatment targets for secondary neuronal cell death after SAH.     

Thalidomide Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Silica in Mice by Inhibiting ER Stress and the TLR4-NF-κB Pathway

Silicosis is the most prevalent occupational disease in China. It is a form of pulmonary fibrosis caused by the inhalation of silicon particles. As there is no cure for the potentially lethal and progressive condition, the treatment of silicotic fibrosis is an important and difficult problem to address. Thalidomide, a drug with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, has been reported to have lung-protective effects. The purpose of this study was to observe the therapeutic effect of thalidomide on silicotic mice and to determine the protective mechanism. By using silicotic mice models and MH-S cells, we found the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway as well as inflammation-related factors were upregulated in the macrophages of silicotic mice. The same indexes were detected in silica-stimulated MH-S cells, and the results were consistent with those in vivo. That is, silica activated ER stress and the TLR4-NF-κB pathway as well as the inflammatory response in vitro. Treating both silicotic mice and silica-stimulated MH-S cells with thalidomide inhibited ER stress and the TLR4-NF-κB pathway as well as the inflammatory response. The present study demonstrates thalidomide as a potential therapeutic agent against silicosis.     

Der f 38 Is a Novel TLR4-Binding Allergen Related to Allergy Pathogenesis from Dermatophagoides farinae

It is difficult to treat allergic diseases including asthma completely because its pathogenesis remains unclear. House dust mite (HDM) is a critical allergen and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is a member of the toll-like receptor family, which plays an important role in allergic diseases. The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel allergen, Der f 38 binding to TLR4, and unveil its role as an inducer of allergy. Der f 38 expression was detected in the body and feces of Dermatophagoides farinae (DF). Electron microscopy revealed that it was located in the granule layer, the epithelium layer, and microvilli of the posterior midgut. The skin prick test showed that 60% of allergic subjects were Der f 38-positive. Der f 38 enhanced surface 203c expression in basophils of Der f 38-positive allergic subjects. By analysis of the model structure of Der p 38, the expected epitope sites are exposed on the exterior side. In animal experiments, Der f 38 triggered an infiltration of inflammatory cells. Intranasal (IN) administration of Der f 38 increased neutrophils in the lung. Intraperitoneal (IP) and IN injections of Der f 38 induced both eosinophils and neutrophils. Increased total IgE level and histopathological features were found in BALB/c mice treated with Der f 38 by IP and IN injections. TLR4 knockout (KO) BALB/c mice exhibited less inflammation and IgE level in the sera compared to wild type (WT) mice. Der f 38 directly binds to TLR4 using biolayer interferometry. Der f 38 suppressed the apoptosis of neutrophils and eosinophils by downregulating proteins in the proapoptotic pathway including caspase 9, caspase 3, and BAX and upregulating proteins in the anti-apoptotic pathway including BCL-2 and MCL-1. These findings might shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of allergy to HDM.     

The effect of toll-like receptor 4 on macrophage cytokines during endotoxin induced uveitis

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal activation of macrophages can lead to endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). Previously, our research group has demonstrated a higher expression of TLR4 in vivo during EIU than normal. In this study, we analyzed levels of peritoneal macrophage cytokines from C3H/HeN mice with LPS stimulation in vitro to elucidate the effect of TLR4 on cytokines during EIU.     

Biglycan Is a Novel Mineralocorticoid Receptor Target Involved in Aldosterone/Salt-Induced Glomerular Injury

The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists (MRAs) for various kidney diseases are established. However, the underlying mechanisms of kidney injury induced by MR activation remain to be elucidated. We recently reported aldosterone-induced enhancement of proteoglycan expression in mitral valve interstitial cells and its association with fibromyxomatous valvular disorder. As the expression of certain proteoglycans is elevated in several kidney diseases, we hypothesized that proteoglycans mediate kidney injury in the context of aldosterone/MR pathway activation. We evaluated the proteoglycan expression and tissue injury in the kidney and isolated glomeruli of uninephrectomy/aldosterone/salt (NAS) mice. The MRA eplerenone was administered to assess the role of the MR pathway. We investigated the direct effects of biglycan, one of the proteoglycans, on macrophages using isolated macrophages. The kidney samples from NAS-treated mice showed enhanced fibrosis and increased expression of biglycan accompanying glomerular macrophage infiltration and enhanced expression of TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3), and phosphorylated NF-κB. Eplerenone blunted these changes. Purified biglycan stimulated macrophages to express TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, and CCL3. This was prevented by a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NF-κB inhibitor, indicating that biglycan stimulation is dependent on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. We identified the proteoglycan biglycan as a novel target of MR involved in MR-induced glomerular injury and macrophage infiltration via a biglycan/TLR4/NF-κB/CCL3 cascade.     

Asprosin Exerts Pro-Inflammatory Effects in THP-1 Macrophages Mediated via the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway

Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ, secreting a plethora of adipokines which play a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and other physiological processes. An altered adipokine secretion profile from adipose tissue depots has been associated with obesity and related cardio-metabolic diseases. Asprosin is a recently described adipokine that is released in response to fasting and can elicit orexigenic and glucogenic effects. Circulating asprosin levels are elevated in a number of cardio-metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. In vitro studies have reported pro-inflammatory effects of asprosin in a variety of tissues. The present study aimed to further elucidate the role of asprosin in inflammation by exploring its potential effect(s) in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated to macrophages by 48 h treatment with dihydroxyvitamin D3. Macrophages were treated with 100 nM recombinant human asprosin, 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 10 μM caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; an inhibitor of NFκB activation) or 1 µM TAK-242 (a Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4, inhibitor). The expression and secretion of pertinent pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by qPCR, Western blot, ELISA and Bioplex. Asprosin stimulation significantly upregulated the expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-8 and IL-12 in vitro. This pro-inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophages was partly attenuated by the treatments with CAPE and was significantly inhibited by TAK-242 treatment. Asprosin-induced inflammation is significantly counteracted by TLR4 inhibition in THP-1 macrophages, suggesting that asprosin exerts its pro-inflammatory effects, at least in part, via the TLR4 signalling pathway.