轴承钢GCr15铸坯夹杂物的分析研究

针对国内某厂采用100 t电炉冶炼高碳铬轴承钢(GCr15),在生产过程中很难将铸坯全氧稳定控制在10×10-6以下的情况,采用全尺寸三维分析法和大样电解法对轴承钢铸坯中的夹杂物进行了分析研究。研究结果表明:轴承钢中大型夹杂物含量较高,主要是球型的Al2O3系夹杂和含K的块状夹杂,球型Al2O3类夹杂物主要来源于脱氧产物,含K的块状夹杂主要来源于结晶器保护渣的卷入。通过优化反应器流场和底吹氩气,可以促进大型Al2O3类夹杂物上浮和去除;对于含K的块状夹杂,通过优化结晶器流场和电磁搅拌来减少其卷入。显微夹杂物中Al2O3系夹杂物尺寸较大,钢液中存在少量的Mg或Ca都可以将Al2O3转变为尺寸较小的MgO·Al2O3、MgO或CaO·Al2O3·MgO系夹杂物。     

高碱度精炼渣对GCr15轴承钢洁净度的影响

 利用实验室渣-钢平衡试验研究了高碱度精炼渣对GCr15轴承钢中[w(T[O])]和夹杂物的影响。结合试验结果和热力学分析,探讨了钢中[w(T[O])、]夹杂物尺寸分布和粒径大小的变化规律,以及氧化物夹杂的转变过程。研究结果表明,碱度为6时,精炼渣(59.4%CaO-24.8%Al2O3-9.8%SiO2-6%MgO)可将钢中[w(T[O])]控制在0.000 6%以内,氧化物夹杂平均尺寸最小为2.26 μm。随着钢中[w([Ca])]和[w([Mg])]的增加,钢中氧化物夹杂转变过程为Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→MgO→CaO-Al2O3-MgO复合夹杂物(核心为MgO,外围包裹着CaO-Al2O3)。渣-钢反应前期钢中以MgO·Al2O3为主,后期以MgO和CaO-Al2O3-MgO复合夹杂物为主。氧化物夹杂转变的试验结果与热力学分析结果相一致,大多数氧化物夹杂尺寸小于5 μm。     

高碱度渣精炼对轴承钢夹杂物的影响

对国内外几家特钢厂生产的GCr15轴承钢中夹杂物进行了试验分析 ,结果表明 ,在炉渣碱度较高 (CaO SiO2 =3～ 4 5 )的精炼条件下 ,低氧含量 (≤ 7× 10 - 6 )的轴承钢中夹杂物主要为 :含Cr、Fe的复合MnS夹杂 ,TiN型夹杂 ,具有不同MgO含量的镁铝尖晶石 (MgO·Al2 O3)夹杂 ;未发现单独存在的铝酸钙型 (CaO·Al2 O3)球状夹杂物。随渣碱度提高和钢中氧含量降低 ,镁铝尖晶石夹杂物中的MgO含量增加 ;当渣系碱度CaO SiO2 达 4 5时 ,镁铝尖晶石夹杂物中含有CaO。     

120 t BOF-LF-RH-CC流程GCr15轴承钢洁净度研究

对“120 t BOF-LF-RH-CC”流程GCr15轴承钢的洁净度研究结果表明,LF精炼结束以Al2O3·MgO尖晶石和Al2O3-MgO-CaO夹杂为主,RH真空处理后,Al2O3·MgO尖晶石几乎全部消失,钢中夹杂物以液态钙铝酸盐为主,T.O含量降至5.3×10-6;浇注过程中间包重新生成Al2O3·MgO尖晶...     

GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢液洁净度变化

 研究了EAF→LF→VD→软搅→CC工艺生产GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢中T[O]及非金属夹杂物的变化情况。通过将电炉出钢碳质量分数控制为0.2%～0.4%、出钢加铝强脱氧及造预精炼渣、LF精炼过程造高碱度强还原性炉渣、VD真空强搅拌及防止中间包二次氧化,可以生产[w(T[O])]等于8×10－6的轴承钢。在炉外精炼过程中夹杂物经历了Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3演变。LF精炼过程夹杂物平均尺寸减小,经过VD真空处理后尺寸增加,接着在软搅和中间包过程继续减小。利用VD真空处理可以去除高达74%的夹杂物。     

GCr15轴承钢120t LF精炼终点CaO-MgO-Al2O3夹杂的特性研究

采用ASPEX自动扫描电子显微镜夹杂物分析系统,结合热力学理论分析,研究了GCr15轴承钢LF精炼终点CaO-MgO-Al2O3夹杂的形成机理.结果 表明,LF精炼开始达到稳定时,钢液中的夹杂物主要以Al2O3夹杂为主,到LF精炼终点时演变成为近似球形的Al-Mg-Ca-(S)类复合夹杂.MgO·Al2O3/CaO·A...     

铝脱氧轴承钢GCr15精炼渣最优成分的分析与实践

为了研究铝脱氧轴承钢GCr15最适合的精炼渣系,利用FactSage热力学计算软件对MgO对精炼渣熔点的影响、精炼渣对平衡钢液成分的影响及精炼渣的脱硫能力等进行热力学计算,得出最适合的渣系成分,并将优化结果应用于国内某厂"100tEAF→LF→VD→CC"流程生产轴承钢GCr15的工业试验。结果表明,优化后的精炼渣系的主要成分(质量分数)为CaO 50%~55%,Al2O325%~33%,SiO26%~10%,MgO 5%~7%,R=5~7;使用该渣系进行工业试验,VD出站时全氧质量分数可达到0.001 1%~0.001 3%;铸坯中主要夹杂物为Al_2O_3、MgO-Al_2O_3、MnS、TiN、钙铝酸盐和硅酸盐等,其中氧化物类夹杂的个数密度在3个/mm~2以下,平均等效直径在4μm以下。     

精炼渣对SUS444铁素体不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

在1 873K,MgO坩埚内进行了VOD精炼渣与SUS444铁素体不锈钢之间的脱氧平衡试验,考察了精炼渣对不锈钢中T.O含量及夹杂物组成、数量和尺寸分布的影响。结果表明,脱氧终点钢中w(T.O)=0.006 3%~0.007 4%,提高精炼渣碱度,降低渣中Al2O3的活度,有利于降低钢中T.O含量。精炼渣碱度增加,试样中单位面积夹杂物的个数及夹杂物的平均面积分数都减小。降低渣中Al2O3含量,夹杂物平均粒径也降低。加入脱氧合金后,钢中夹杂物主要为Al2O3、MgO·Al2O3及含有少量SiO2、MnO的复合氧化物;钙处理后,钢中夹杂物主要为球形的MgO·Al2O3-CaO。随着精炼渣中a(MgO)/a(Al2O3)的增加,MgO·Al2O3夹杂物中xMgO/xAl2O3随之增加。根据试验,R=3.5、w(Al2O3)=10%、w(MgO)=10%、w(CaF2)=5%的精炼渣具有良好的精炼效果。     

钙处理对高碳铝镇静钢中夹杂物的影响

 为了研究高碳含硫铝镇静钢中夹杂物的控制策略,利用ASPEX自动扫描电镜研究了钙处理对高碳铝镇静钢中夹杂物形貌、成分等特征的影响。结果表明,钙处理后夹杂物并未由LF精炼结束时的MgO·Al2O3转变为低熔点钙铝酸盐,而是转变为[x(MgO·Al2O3)·(1－x)CaS]复杂成分体系,夹杂物中MgO/Al2O3的质量比维持在1[∶]3不变。原因在于,钢液中[w([S])/w(T[O])]比较高,导致钙主要与硫结合生成CaS,而较少参与MgO·Al2O3的改性;精炼渣碱度低使得钙无法还原MgO。在此基础上对钙处理时夹杂物的生成与转变机理进行了讨论。     

电渣重熔对GCr15轴承钢化学成分和夹杂物特性的影响

对采用(/%):45CaF_2,10CaO,40Al_2O_3,5MgO渣系重熔的2.3 t GCr15轴承钢电渣锭轧成的φ26 mm钢材进行了试验和分析。结果表明,电渣重熔后,电渣锭小头Al、Si烧损及增氧较大头更为严重,母材、小头、大头的Si,Ah和O含量(/%)分别为0.24,0.16,0.21;0.025,0.011,0.017和0.001 0,0.003 0,0.002 0。钢中夹杂物主要以Al_2O_3,Mg-Al-O,Ca-Al-O为主,并含有少量FiN以及以Mg-Al-O为核心,以TiN为外围的复合夹杂物;小头夹杂物总量为16.49个/mm~2,大头夹杂物总量为14.96个/mm~2,电渣锭小头以单一Al_2O_3夹杂物为主,大头以Mg-AlO,Ca-Al-O夹杂物为主,主要原因是大头Al含量较高,对渣中MgO,CaO的还原程度较高。     

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The behaviors of inclusions in liquid bearing steel were in- situ observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Samples from 4heats were reheated to steel making temperature, and after a period of holding the samples were rapidly cooled. Then the samples were observed under SEM with EDS to analyze inclusions. The results show that inclusions in original bearing steel samples are mostly MgO??Al2O3 with out- layer of CaS, while inclusions in liquid bearing steel after CLSM treatment are xAl2O3??yCaO. The inclusions with high liquid ratio spread on the interface between liquid steel and argon gas, as well as there are collision and combination of xAl2O3??yCaO and MgO??Al2O3. It can be concluded that the main formation cause of Ds inclusions is collision and combination between xAl2O3??yCaO inclusions with high liquid ratio or between these inclusions and MgO??Al2O3 inclusions. Reducing Ca content in liquid steel to decrease CaO content in inclusions and the liquidation of inclusions can decrease the formation of Ds inclusions.     

GCr15轴承钢探伤缺陷与夹杂物的关系

 为了系统分析某厂高碳轴承钢(GCr15)高频探伤缺陷的形成原因,采用ASPEX自动扫描电镜跟踪了冶炼各环节与缺陷相关类型夹杂物的来源和演变。结果表明,造成高频探伤不合格的主要原因存在于基体中的大颗粒MgO-Al2O3夹杂物;冶炼过程中LF工序和中间包是MgO-Al2O3夹杂物产生的主要场所,此类夹杂经VD处理后降低了93.1%;通过提高中间包耐火材料的体积密度和耐压强度,合理降低耐火材料中SiO2和MgO的质量分数,使得中间包耐火材料的侵蚀程度大幅度降低,GCr15轴承钢高频探伤合格率从79%提高到98%。     

GCr15轴承钢LF精炼过程中夹杂物的演变机理研究

为了探索国内某钢厂GCr15轴承钢LF精炼过程中夹杂物的存在形式及形成机理,针对LF精炼过程进行了系统取样,利用ASPEX自动扫描电镜并结合FE-SEM,研究分析了L F精炼过程中夹杂物的演变过程.研究发现,GCr15轴承钢LF精炼开始稳定时,非金属夹杂物主要为Al2 O3类夹杂物,到LF精炼终点逐渐演变成近似球形的D...     

LF精炼渣碱度变化对304不锈钢夹杂物成分的影响

采用氧氮分析仪、扫描电镜、金相显微镜等分析手段,系统研究LF精炼渣系对304系不锈钢全氧质量分数wT[O]、夹杂物数量、尺寸及成分的影响。研究结果表明,当LF精炼渣碱度由1.5升高至2.6时,LF出站溶解氧质量分数w[O]由11.6×10~(-6)降低至4.8×10~(-6),铸坯wT[O]由47×10~(-6)降低至24×10~(-6),铸坯夹杂物总数量降低,但当量直径不大于10μm的夹杂物所占比率由77.7%增加至95.1%。热力学计算结果表明:在钢液中各元素达到平衡状态时,渣系碱度越高,低熔点夹杂物2MgO·2Al_2O_3·5SiO_2生成区域越小,MgO·Al_2O_3尖晶石类夹杂物生成区域越大,与生产试验结果一致。随着LF炉渣碱度升高,铸坯夹杂物成分中MgO和Al_2O_3的质量分数分别升高了14.4%和9.1%,当碱度不大于1.9时,铸坯中不会存在镁铝尖晶石。     

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Effect of cooling conditions on the evolution of non- metallic inclusions in high manganese TWIP steels was investigated based on experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The inclusions formed in the high manganese TWIP steels are classified into nine types: (??) AlN??(??) MgO??(??) CaS?? (??) MgAl2O4?? (??) AlN+MgO?? (??) MgO+MgS?? (??) MgO+MgS+CaS?? (??) MgO+CaS?? (??) MgAl2O4+MgS. When the cooling rate decreases from 4. 83 ??/s to 0. 75 ??/s, the inclusion types change from (??), (??), (??)(??) to ????(??), (??) and (??). With the increase of the cooling rate, the volume fraction and area fraction of inclusions are almost constant; the size of inclusions decreases and the number density of inclusions increases in the steels. With increase of cooling rate, the variation of the size, number, and area fraction of AlN is the same with the variation of those of total inclusions in the steels. The thermodynamic results of inclusion types calculated with FactSage are consistent with the observed results.     

渣 钢反应对高强度合金结构钢中生成较低熔点 非金属夹杂物的影响

 钢中非金属夹杂物绝大多数为较低熔点夹杂物,可以显著改善钢材的抗疲劳破坏性能。对炉渣 钢液 夹杂物间相互作用进行了实验室研究,发现钢中MgO Al2O3系高熔点夹杂物的比率随渣 钢反应时间增加而减少,与Al2O3的质量分数为20％和CaO/SiO2约为5的炉渣相比,采用Al2O3的质量分数为41％和CaO/SiO2约为65的炉渣,CaO MgO Al2O3 SiO2系夹杂物的比率由24.3%增加至81.7％,大多数夹杂物位于较低熔点成分区域（≤1500 ℃）。     

Inclusion evolution in 50CrVA spring steel by optimization of refining slag

In order to control the CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO system inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel in a lower melting temperature region, high temperature equilibrium experiments between steel and slag were performed in the laboratory, under the conditions of the initial slag basicity within 3-7 and the con-tent of Al2O3 between 18-35 mass%, to investigate the formation and evolution of this type of in-clusion.The results indicate that the total oxygen content in the steel decreases with the increase of slag basicity and the decrease of Al2O3 content in slags, and CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO inclusions tend to deviate from the low melting point region with the increase of Al2O3 content in slags.The most fa-vorable composition for the refining slag is composed of 51-56 mass% CaO, 9-13 mass% SiO2 , 20-25 mass% Al2O3 and 6 mass% MgO.In this case, the inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel are mostly in the low melting point regions, in which their plasticities are expected to improve during steel roll-ing.The MgO-based inclusions were observed in the steel matrix and the formation mechanism was theoretically and schematically revealed.It is also found that adding around 11 mass% of MgO into the refining slags is beneficial to reducing the refractory corrosion.Further work should be carried out focusing on the evolution rates of MgO-based inclusions.