电火花成型加工工具电极损耗的研究

在电火花成形加工过程中,工具电极的损耗是影响工件几何形状精度的主要因素之一。从工具电极的制作工艺着手,利用电铸制造工具电极,并在铸液中加入不同的添加剂,进行电极放电损耗试验。试验结果表明,在适当温度和电流密度条件下,加入Cl^-和某苯基添加剂电铸形成铜工具电极的耐电蚀能力比不加添加剂的有明显提高。     

铜-石墨复合电极材料耐电蚀性试验研究

通过复合电铸技术在耐电蚀性强的铜主体中引入抗电蚀性能优异的微粉石墨成功制备了铜-石墨复合电极材料,试验研究了复合电极材料的抗电蚀能力。结果表明：在微粉石墨添加量36-48g／L,阴极电流密度2～3A／dm^2以及适当温度和搅拌强度等条件下制备的复合电极材料表现出优异的耐电蚀性能。     

功能梯度材料微细电火花电极损耗机理研究

论述了功能梯度材料Ni-TiN/Cu微细电火花电极的制备方法,并用实验的方法研究功能梯度材料层在电火花微细加工对电极损耗的影响。Ni-TiN/Cu微细电火花电极通过在圆柱铜电极外侧电沉积功能梯度材料层来制备,纳米颗粒TiN做为增强相。通过使用SEM分析功能梯度材料层的显微组织,使用光学显微镜测量电极加工孔质量与电极损耗情况,对比功能梯度材料电极与均质电极的电火花加工性能。在微细电火花加工中,功能梯度材料层可以有效的抑制高频脉冲条件下电极的损耗效应,改善电流密度分布,从根本上解决因尖端放电引起的电极形状变化问题,实现端面等损耗,保证了微细电火花加工电极的形状精度。实验结果验证了功能梯度材料作为工具电极在微细电火花加工应用的前景。     

弱电解质溶液EDM/ECM复合加工机理研究

弱电解质溶液中利用电沉积补偿电极损耗的电火花/电化学复合加工技术可以大幅降低电极损耗,对提高微细电火花加工效率具有重要意义。由于该工艺方法是EDM/ECM复合加工领域一个新的研究方向,研究成果很少。为加深对利用电沉积补偿电极损耗的电火花/电化学复合加工技术的认识,基于实验结果,对弱电解质溶液中的电火花/电化学复合加工的材料去除机理、放电通道形成机理及电极损耗机理进行了初步探索,得到了以下结果:电火花放电蚀除和电化学溶解共同将工件材料去除;大量气泡存在于电极间隙使复合加工放电通道的形成异于电火花放电加工;电沉积作用和电火花放电蚀除共同对工具电极损耗产生影响。     

电蚀产物对微细电火花电极形状损耗影响的实验研究

针对微细电火花加工技术特点,开展电极形状损耗形成机理的研究,设计了开放状态微细电火花加工实验方法,实现电蚀产物浓度的改变;通过实验对比不同加工状态下微细电火花加工电极形状损耗变化、工件表面微观形貌和重熔层情况,系统研究不同电蚀产物浓度作用下电极形状损耗的影响规律;分析微细电极形状损耗的影响机制,总结内凹坑形状变化与电蚀产物的内在关系。研究成果为实现微细电极的形状控制提供了一定的实验及理论依据,达到了提升微细电火花加工质量和加工稳定性的目标。     

铜-石墨复合电极材料制备及抗电蚀性能分析

通过复合电铸技术,在耐电蚀性强的铜主体中引入抗电蚀性能优异的石墨微粉,制备了铜-石墨复合电极材料,探讨了复合电沉积条件与石墨含量的关系,用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合铸层的形貌特点,测定了表面粗糙度和显微硬度,试验研究了复合电极材料的抗电蚀能力。结果表明,在一定工艺条件下制备的铜-石墨复合电极材料表现出较优异的抗电蚀性能。     

基于积分作用机理的微细电火花单道扫描加工工艺研究

在微细电火花分层扫描加工过程中,电极端部及零件轮廓横截面容易出现钝圆现象。对其中存在的放电脉冲在正负两极产生的积分蚀除机理进行了分析,并利用典型的中空工具电极,结合设计的微细电火花单道扫描加工仿真软件,开展了中空电极在旋转和不旋转两种条件下的单道扫描加工仿真分析与实验验证,对工具电极与试件截面轮廓的测量结果表明,微细电火花单道扫描加工中,放电脉冲对两极存在差异化的积分蚀除作用,该差异受工艺参数影响较大。     

大面积微细结构的电火花高效加工

采用深度光刻与电铸技术相结合较好地解决了大深宽比的电火花工具电极的制造问题。在此基础上,利用优化的微细电火花加工工艺,可以实现大面积微细结构的高效、精细制造。     

基于多功能微机床的复合微细电火花模块设计及实验研究

针对实验室块反铐加工中出现的难以加工较细的微细工具电极问题,根据现有多功能微机床进行设计,按照模块化设计思路,设计出了微细电火花复合加工模块,该模块包括在线块电极磨削加工与在线电极磨削加工两部分。采用块电极磨削与线电极磨削相结合的方法,通过运用不同电源模式实现块反铐加工粗加工、线电极作为中、精磨削的微细电火花电极制作流程,采用蒸馏水为工作液,研究电参数对工具电极影响,并通过该实验验证了该加工工艺方法,且能稳定加工出长直径为50μm、长径比大于84的微细工具电极。     

微细电火花加工中电极材料的蚀除机理研究

在微细电火花加工过程中 ,由于放电时间极短 ,使得其阴阳两极的电极材料蚀除过程产生较大的差异。本文应用传热学和电场的基本理论 ,分别对微细电火花加工阴阳两极的材料蚀除机理进行了理论研究 ,得出了在窄脉宽微细电火花加工中 ,尽量缩短脉宽可提高阳极材料的去除效率 ,同时又不会明显增加阴极材料损耗的结论。为微细电火花加工脉冲电源设计及加工工艺的改进提供了理论依据     

Application of Taguchi-grey multi responses optimization on process parameters in electro erosion

Convention Taguchi method deals with only single response optimization problems. Since the electrical discharge machining process involved with many response parameters, Taguchi method alone cannot help to obtain optimal process parameters in such process. In the present work, an endeavor has been made to derive optimal combination of electrical process parameters in electro erosion process using grey relational analysis with Taguchi method. This multi response optimization of the electrical discharge machining process has been conducted with AISI 202 stainless steel with different tool electrodes such as copper, brass and tungsten carbide. Gap voltage, discharge current and duty factor have been used as electrical excitation parameters with different process levels. Taguchi L₂₇ orthogonal table has been assigned for conducting experiments with the consideration of interactions among the input electrical process parameters. Material removal rate, electrode wear rate and surface roughness have been selected as response parameters. From the experimental results, it has been found that the electrical conductivity of the tool electrode has the most influencing nature on the machining characteristics in EDM process. The optimal combination of the input process parameters has been obtained using Taguchi-grey relational analysis.     

Surface generation and boundary lubrication in bulk forming of aluminium alloy

The electrical contact resistance is measured between the tool and workpiece during plane strain compression of aluminium strip coated with a non-conductive oxide film produced by anodising. Results are correlated with the observed oxide topography after the test. The purpose is to investigate the mechanism of the development of close metal-to-metal contact, the associated material transfer and their effects on the friction coefficient under boundary lubrication conditions. Initially the anodised layer provides electrical insulation between the tool and the strip but, as deformation proceeds, this layer breaks up and fresh metal is extruded through the cracks formed, causing a sharp fall in electrical resistance. Details of this behaviour are explored, showing a dependence not only on strip reduction, but also on the base oil used and the presence of boundary additives. The change in the behaviour is tracked as a transfer layer builds up on the tool.     

A study on cubic boron nitride (CBN) milling of hardened cast iron for productive and quality manufacturing of machine tool structural components

To improve efficiency and cost performance of cast iron machine tool component fabrication, an alternative process must be developed in order to replace the grinding process, which often causes a bottleneck in production. As an alternative manufacturing approach, this research applies cubic boron nitride (CBN) hard milling operations to eliminate the grinding process in order to improve the overall manufacturing process. A variety of hardened cast iron materials with Al and Mg additives and CBN tool types were prepared and tested based on a design of experimentation (DOE) to observe their effect on surface quality and tool life. Al and Mg were added to raw cast iron to achieve generation of oxide layers at the cutting edge during milling to protect the tool from wear. By executing the DOE, the optimal cutting conditions for achieving the best surface quality were introduced. Also, additional machinability tests were conducted with the optimal conditions in order to evaluate tool wear characteristics and surface quality of the machined workpieces. Based on the observation of the used tool by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), a protective oxide layer of additives was observed at the cutting edge. Hardened cast iron with Al and Mg additives is found to show preferable wear and surface quality characteristics.     

进电方式对高阻半导体硅放电加工影响研究

进行了高阻半导体硅的放电铣削加工实验,通过检测脉冲放电电压和电流波形,对固定、旋转、随动三种进电方式下的加工情况进行了对比。结果表明：固定进电方式下,由于进电点会逐步生成不导电的钝化膜,接触电阻不断增大,回路中的总电阻不断增大,放电峰值电流逐步减小,最终导致无法加工;旋转进电方式下,由于进电电极与加工区域距离增大,导致放电回路中的体电阻不断增大,放电峰值电流也会逐步减小;随动进电方式下,放电回路中进电电极会不断刮除产生的钝化膜且极间距离维持不变,因此接触电阻和体电阻能保持始终稳定,放电加工稳定性较好。
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Influence of microstructure on erosion resistance of steels

Erosive wear due to solid particle impingement is a very intensive degradation process of surface layers of metallic materials. Erosion resistance is influenced by the working conditions (impact angle, impact velocity of solid particles, size, shape, hardness and amount of impinging particles) and the parameters of the worn material like hardness and microstructure. In our experiments some structural and tool steels were tested by slurry with SiO₂ particles at a flow velocity of 20 m/s. The microstructures of the tested steels were modified in a broad range by changing the conditions of their heat treatment. Increasing pearlite share in the structure of annealed carbon and low-alloyed steels has a positive effect on their erosion resistance. The growing carbon content in the tested hardened steels increases their erosion resistance. Maximum erosion resistance was found in hardened chromium ledeburite steel. Hardened high-speed steel HS 11-0-4 in spite of its high hardness has lower erosion resistance than ledeburitic chomium steels. An increasing amount of retained austenite and decreasing carbide and martensite shares with growing quenching temperature of the tested ledeburitic chromium steels leads to the reduction of their erosion resistance.     

An experimental work on using conductive powder-filled polymer composite cast material as tool electrode in EDM

This paper introduces the composite tool electrodes made of electrical conductive powder-filled polyester resin matrix material, providing promise for the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. The dendrite-shaped copper powder, graphite powder, and their mixture were used as conductive fillers. Six different types of composite electrodes, namely, plain copper-polyester, pressed copper-polyester, furnaced copper-polyester, plain copper-graphite-polyester, pressed copper-graphite-polyester, and furnaced copper-graphite-polyester were prepared. It is found experimentally that increasing v _f improved workpiece material removal rate, tool wear rate, relative wear, and electrical conductivity of electrodes. The pressed copper-polyester electrodes were found to be promising in the ED finishing of workpieces at low machining current settings. The practical applicability of the proposed composite electrodes in the industry was also illustrated.     

Study on erosion mechanism of graphite electrode in two-electrode spark gap switch

In a high-powered single pulse system, the graphite electrode is better than other common metal electrodes for high energy transfer and pulse discharge. In this paper, the erosion mechanism of graphite electrode is investigated with the thermodynamics theory and the experimental results. Based on a simplified mathematical model, the graphite electrode erosion process of high-powered spark gap switch is also analyzed. The analysis results show that the relationship of the graphite electrode erosion and the charge transfer is linear, which is accordant with the experimental results.     

AC Impedance Measurements of the Resistance and Capacitance of Lubricants

An AC impedance technique in combination with a thin-film (12 μm) cell was employed to separately meusure the electrical resistance and capacitance of electrode-lubricant interfaces and bulk lubricant layers. In this study, three different additives were investigated by measuring the AC impedance spectrum of each additive mixed separately with a commercially available mineral oil. These additives were oleic acid, N-oleyl-1,3 diaminopropane (fatty amine), and mixed alkyl acid orthophosphute (acid phosphate). For lubricants containing 2 mass percent of an acid phosphate or fatty amine, the capacitance of the electrode-lubricant interface, C_i, and the capacitance and resistance of the bulk lubricant layer, C_o and R_o, respectively, were evaluated separately from the AC impedance spectra. The lower limit of the resistance of the electrode-lubricant interface, R_i, was aDo estivnated. For additives, such as oleic acid, which physically adsorbs on the electrodes, the resistance and capacitance of the electrode-lubricant interface and the bulk lubricant layer could not be measured separately.