基于GTN模型的冷轧硅钢边部裂纹扩展研究

针对硅钢板容易在冷轧过程中形成边部裂纹,使用Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)微观损伤模型对带有边部微小缺口的硅钢板在冷轧过程中损伤分布以及裂纹的萌生和扩展进行研究。通过拉伸试验和扫描电镜观察分析得到材料的损伤参数f0、fc和fF,进而通过有限元软件ABAQUS模拟得到各轧制工艺参数对缺口尖端区域损伤分布及微裂纹萌生与扩展的影响,仿真与试验结果表明,在缺口尖端形成两条损伤带,最大损伤值随着压下率的增大而增大,同时裂纹长度随着压下率的增大而迅速增加;当工作辊半径较小时更加容易出现裂纹;沿着轧制方向缺口前侧的比后侧更容易产生裂纹,两侧的裂纹长度都随着摩擦因数的增大而增大;裂纹长度会随着张力的增大而明显增大。研究结果为轧制工艺参数的选择提供理论依据和参考。     

Evaluation of slant crack propagation under RCF in railway rail

Crack propagation due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) could be a significant potential challenge to the integrity of railway rails because it may lead to a serious disaster. Fatigue cracks subjected to cyclic rolling contact force experience a complex non-proportional mixed loading and complicated boundary condition. In the present research, complex crack opening/closure/sliding/locked behaviors as the cyclic contact loading movement is analyzed considering liquid lubrication action on rail surfaces as well as crack faces. Based on a series of FE analyses, the calculations of the effective SIF ranges for RCF cracks under certain contact loading and boundary conditions are proposed in the form of polynomial functions which will be appropriately used to predict RCF crack growth rate.     

Analysis of friction and surface roughness effects on edge crack evolution of thin strip during cold rolling

Experimental investigation and mechanical analysis have been carried out to study the edge crack formation during cold strip rolling using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The effects of friction and surface roughness on edge crack initiation and growth rate have been discussed. Friction leads to an increase in fracture loads and decreasing the friction coefficient is effective in preventing the microcracks. Surface roughness variation along the strip width contributes to stress distribution and inhibits crack nucleation. The findings reveal that the behaviour of crack evolution is influenced by fracture surface roughness as well as rolling friction.     

Numerical analysis for prediction of fatigue crack opening level

Finite element analysis (FEA) is the most popular numerical method to simulate plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure and can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. Finite element analysis under plane stress state using 4-node isoparametric elements is performed to investigate the detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The mesh of constant size elements on the crack surface can not correctly predict the opening level for fatigue crack as shown in the previous works. The crack opening behavior for the size mesh with a linear change shows almost flat stress level after a crack tip has passed by the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level presents a good agreement with published experimental data regardless of stress ratios, which are using the mesh of the elements that are in proportion to the reversed plastic zone size considering the opening stress intensity factors. Numerical interpolation results of finite element analysis can precisely predict the crack opening level. This method shows a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of the stress ratios and kinds of materials.     

Sub-surface damage investigation by high frequency ultrasonic echography on 100Cr6 bearing steel

This paper presents an original ultrasonic technique devoted to the early detection of sub-surface fatigue cracks in 100Cr6 bearing steels. Echographic experiments were carried out during interrupted rolling contact fatigue tests. Crack initiation and crack propagation stages were both investigated. Quantitative measurements of sub-surface crack position, depth and angle with respect to the bearing surface are presented. Experimental results are analysed and discussed in relation to rolling contact fatigue theories. Contrary to what is generally accepted the presented results show that the crack propagation stage could represent an important part of bearing life.     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.     

Acoustic emission monitoring and failure mechanism analysis of rolling contact fatigue for Fe-based alloy coating

The aim of present study is to monitor rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behavior and analyze failure mechanism of the coating by acoustic emission (AE) technology. The results show that AE amplitude and counts are sensitive to RCF damage process, and variation regularities are different during different damage stages. Spalling is the key failure mode. RCF damage process is composed of five stages, such as elastic deformation, plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation, crack stable growth, and unstable growth. Fatigue cracks are liable to initiate and grow along the direction of defects within the coating, such as pores and cracks.     

裂纹闭合临界状态磁特性表征模型

针对工程实际中低周疲劳裂纹闭合状态难以判定与表征的问题,研究了基于磁特性参数的裂纹闭合临界状态表征规律及模型。以Q235B钢为实验材料,进行分级加载、卸载实验,采用TSC-5M-32金属磁记忆检测仪采集磁特性参数,研究了裂尖裂尾不同塑性区对磁场的影响,通过对比柔度微分法,确定裂纹闭合临界载荷来分析裂纹闭合临界状态磁特性参数ΔH_p变化规律。结果表明：载荷小于裂纹闭合临界点P_op时裂纹闭合,ΔH_p出现极小值拐点;载荷等于P_op时处于裂纹闭合临界状态,ΔH_p向上剧烈跳变出现转折点;载荷大于P_op时,裂纹完全张开,ΔH_p维持在较高的水平上下波动。最后在实验的基础上,建立了基于合成磁特性参数ΔH_p的裂纹闭合状态表征模型,验证结果表明,模型加载阶段和卸载阶段的模型预测值与实测值的最大相对误差分别为9.398%和11.549%,为工程实际中判断并表征裂纹闭合状态提供新的思路。     

多条滚动接触疲劳裂纹共存时的瞬态扩展行为分析

利用有限元法建立考虑轮轨瞬态滚动接触载荷的三维滚动接触疲劳斜裂纹扩展分析模型,分析现场中成群出现的钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹之间的相互影响。该模型可以准确反映高频轮轨瞬态滚滑行为对裂纹载荷边界和裂纹面接触的影响,突破了以往研究中基于赫兹接触的稳态接触载荷边界假设带来的种种局限。基于实测,模型中裂纹扩展角度取典型值30°,长度和深度分别取10~20 mm和2~4 mm (长深比固定为5),考虑间距在5~20 mm范围内变化,分析多至5条裂纹共存情况下的裂尖应力场强度因子。300 km/h运行速度下的计算结果表明:相同尺寸的多裂纹共存时某一裂纹尖端的节点力相较于单裂纹时低,但多裂纹时的接触刚度更低,使得裂纹尖端附近两裂纹面间的相对位移较单裂纹更大,最终使得多裂纹工况的裂尖应力场强度因子随裂纹数量的增多而增大;对于特征尺寸(长度)为15 mm的等间距多裂纹,当裂纹间距大于5 mm时,3条裂纹共存模型即足以将裂纹间相互影响精确考虑在内,较5条裂纹共存模型的误差仅为1.7%。对于文中所研究的多裂纹,当裂纹间距大于裂纹特征尺寸时,裂纹间的相互影响可以忽略,即可采用单裂纹模型进行计算。     

Stress intensity factors for elliptical arc through cracks in mechanical joints by virtual crack closure technique

The reliable stress intensity factor analysis is required for fracture mechanics design or safety evaluation of mechanical joints at which cracks often initiate and grow. It has been reported that cracks in mechanical joints usually nucleate as corner cracks at the faying surface of joints and grow as elliptical arc through cracks, In this paper, three dimensional finite element analyses are performed for elliptical arc through cracks in mechanical joints. Thereafter stress intensity factors along elliptical crack front including two surface points are determined by the virtual crack closure technique. Virtual crack closure technique is a method to calculate stress intensity factor using the finite element analysis and can be applied to non-orthogonal mesh. As a result, the effects of clearance on the stress intensity factor are investigated and crack shape are then predicted.     

Effect of Tangential Traction and Roughness on Crack Initiation/Propagation During Rolling Contact

Rolling-fatigue tests of 0.45 percent carbon steel rollers were carried out using a four-roller-type rolling-contact fatigue tester. Tangential traction and surface roughness of the harder mating rollers were varied and their effect was studied. The results of the study indicate that the fatigue life decreases when traction is applied in the same direction as that of rolling. When the direction of traction is reversed, the life increases over that obtained with zero traction. The roughness of harder mating rollers also has a marked influences on life. The smoother the mating roller, the longer the life. Microscopic observation of specimens revealed that the initiation of cracks during the early stages of life is more strongly influenced by the surface roughness, while the propagation of these cracks in the latter stages is affected mainly by the tangential traction.     

使用恒Kmax方法测试物理小裂纹门槛值研究

大量研究表明长裂纹和物理小裂纹扩展行为差异的主要原因是由于裂纹闭合程度不同造成的,消除裂纹闭合效应影响后的长裂纹与小裂纹的裂纹扩展行为应趋于一致.文中使用恒Kmax/增Kmin值降低△K的试验方法来测试裂纹扩展门槛值.此方法在测出△Kth时应力比R已经很高,实际上已不存在裂纹闭合效应的影响.通过对比试验结果表明,恒Kmax法测试长裂纹扩展门槛值能有效去除裂纹闭合效应的影响,用测得的门槛值近似表述小裂纹门槛值,能给出偏于保守的结果.     

A short summary on finite element modelling of fatigue crack closure

This paper presents a short summary pertaining to the finite element modelling of fatigue crack closure. Several key issues related to finite element modelling of fatigue crack closure are highlighted: element type, mesh refinement, stabilization of crack closure, crack-tip node release scheme, constitutive model, specimen geometry, stress-states (i.e., plane stress, plane strain), crack closure monitoring. Reviews are presented for both straight and deflected cracks.     

水介质下打磨磨痕对钢轨疲劳损伤的影响

采用棕刚玉砂纸在钢轨试样表面处理得到不同角度打磨磨痕,利用MMS-2A轮轨摩擦磨损试验机研究了水介质下不同角度打磨磨痕对钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明：水介质条件下打磨磨痕与运行方向夹角在0°～45°范围内时,钢轨表面粗糙度略高,高于夹角为70°、90°打磨磨痕区域表面粗糙度;相比没有打磨磨痕的光滑区域,0°～45°打磨磨痕将加速钢轨接触疲劳裂纹的扩展,20°磨痕区域的裂纹扩展尤为严重,出现了许多分支裂纹;而70°、90°的打磨磨痕一定程度上会减缓疲劳裂纹的生长,90°打磨磨痕区域基本只存在表层裂纹;打磨磨痕角度由0°向90°增大时,裂纹扩展深度先变大后变小,而裂纹扩展角度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。     

Ring crack propagation in silicon nitride under rolling contact

Silicon nitride has been found to have the optimum combination of properties which are suitable for rolling element bearing applications to withstand high loads, severe environments, and high speeds. Surface ring cracks are difficult to detect but are found on the surface of silicon nitride balls. These ring crack defects decrease the rolling contact fatigue life considerably. This paper presents an experimental study and numerical analysis of ring crack propagation in rolling contact. The contribution of this study is to provide understanding of ring crack propagation behaviour and life prediction in rolling contact. Rolling contact tests are performed on the silicon nitride/steel elements. Silicon nitride ball surfaces are examined before testing using a dye-penetrant technique and optical microscopy. The surfaces are examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy during testing and after failure. The numerical calculations are based on a 3D model of ring crack growth. The rolling contact loading is simulated by a repeated Hertzian surface load with normal pressure and tangential traction. Fracture mechanics analysis is utilised to determine the stress intensity along the crack front and the stress intensity factors are analysed using a 3D boundary element model. Life predictions from the present calculations are in line with the experimental observations.     

08Al热轧板表面纵裂纹原因分析

对08Al热轧板出现表面纵裂纹的试样进行系统分析,结合生产工艺,找出了影响热轧板产生纵裂的主要因素:连铸坯表面裂纹严重,经过高温长时加热内氧化严重,在轧制过程未轧合而形成表面裂纹。     

高压输气管道内裂纹相互作用的有限元数值分析

基于三维虚拟裂纹闭合技术（3D-VCCT）,利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对内表面含单条半椭圆裂纹的高压输气管道的应力强度因子进行计算,计算结果与已有结果具有相当好的一致性,并验证了该方法应用于薄壁管道计算的有效性。然后考虑了2条对称副裂纹的短半轴与长半轴的比值,主副裂纹的距离以及主副裂纹环向角度对主裂纹应力强度因子的影响,得到主裂纹应力强度因子的变化规律,并给出了主裂纹最深点和表面点应力强度因子的计算公式。提出的计算方法和结果对高压埋地输气管道的风险评估、设计和施工具有一定的参考价值。     

Rolling friction and adhesion between smooth solids

Rolling friction has been explained in terms of crack propagation through an adhesive joint. The contact between a smooth cylinder and flat has been regarded as an adhesive junction bounded by two cracks moving in the same direction at the same speed, one crack continually opening and one closing. Propagation of these cracks requires a force which is calculated from crack theory and shown to be equal to the friction.The theory has been verified experimentally using glass cylinders rolling on smooth rubber. Results show that rolling friction is closely connected with peel adhesion. Moreover, this adhesion interpretation of rolling friction between smooth surfaces explains several observations: (a) the existence of a static rolling friction, (b) the unusually high value of friction and its independence from load and roller radius, (c) the marked effect of lubricant or dust.     

复杂裂纹涡流检测与评估方法研究

钢轨表面及上表面产生的滚动接触疲劳裂纹通常以斜裂纹或多角度复杂裂纹的形态存在,对其检测和评估是个难题。 基于此,采用基于无线能量传输的涡流检测方法(WPT-ECT),设计新的探头结构并结合神经网络算法对裂纹进行检测和评估。 首先,有别于现有 WPT-ECT 方法,采用增大激励频率,而非串并联电容的方式,构造谐振电路;其次,根据复杂裂纹的特点,设计 由两个八字形激励线圈和两个矩形接收线圈组成的方向性探头结构;最后,充分提取检测信号的特征,并运用径向基神经网络 算法对裂纹进行识别。 仿真和实验结果表明,所提出的探头结构对任何角度的缺陷均敏感。 同时,RBF 算法对斜裂纹、T 裂纹、 Y 裂纹和 1. 2 mm 提离下的 T 裂纹的识别准确率分别为 92. 00% 、 95. 27% 、96. 64% 和 89. 50% 。     

表面疲劳短裂纹在残余压应力场中的扩展

研究Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８镍基合金表面短裂纹在喷丸残余应力场中的扩展行为。用扫描电镜中的疲劳加载装置对表面裂纹的闭合行为进行原位观察和测量。研究表明,表面短裂纹具有较穿透短裂纹更低的扩展门槛值,表面短裂纹的闭合与残余压应力场的大小和分布密切相关,残余压应力场中的表面短裂纹扩展及形状变化完全可以通过其闭合行为的变化进行解释。