Deactivation and regeneration of hybrid catalysts in the single-step synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas and CO2

Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) has been studied in a single reaction step, from H₂ + CO and H₂ + CO₂, in a fixed bed reactor on CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ and CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃/NaHZSM-5 hybrid catalysts. It has been proven that water content in the reaction medium (which is higher when CO₂ is fed) contributes to efficiently decreasing deactivation by coke in both catalysts and, consequently, when water is in the feed deactivation is insignificant for 30 h reaction. Nevertheless, water also decreases the activity of γ-Al₂O₃ acid function, due to its high adsorption capacity on the acid sites. Due to its importance in the viability of the industrial process, a study has been carried on the regeneration of both catalysts by coke combustion under controlled conditions (in order to avoid CuO sintering). For this study, the catalysts have been used under severe deactivation conditions. It has been proven that γ-Al₂O₃ does not have a suitable hydrothermal stability and that CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃/NaHZSM-5 catalyst has an excellent performance and is suitable for using it in uninterrupted reaction–regeneration cycles.     

Pt-ZSM-5/Pd-ZSM-5催化剂对正丁烷异构化反应性能的影响

采用贵金属Pt、Pd为活性组分,HZSM-5沸石为载体,制备正丁烷异构化催化剂,在加压连续微反-色谱装置上对催化剂的反应性能进行考察。结果表明,负载Pt的贵金属催化剂在350℃具有较好的活性和选择性,在该温度下,HZSM-5沸石负载质量分数0.3%的Pt时,异丁烷选择性为40.0%,在相同温度下负载质量分数0.3%Pd时,异丁烷选择性为32.9%。     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from carbon-monoxide-rich synthesis gas: Influence of dehydration catalysts and operating conditions

Various dehydration catalysts were studied in the synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) directly from carbon-monoxide-rich synthesis gas under a series of different reaction conditions. The investigated catalyst systems consisted of combinations of a methanol catalyst (CuO/ZnO system) with catalysts for methanol dehydration based on γ-Al₂O₃ or zeolites and γ-Al₂O₃ was identified as the most favorable dehydration catalyst. Various reaction parameters such as temperature, H₂/CO ratio and space velocity were studied. The impact of water on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated and no deactivation could be observed at water contents below 10% during running times of several hours. A running time of several days and a water content of 10% led to a significant increase of CO conversion but the water gas shift reaction became dominating and CO₂ was the main product. After termination of water feeding significant deactivation of the catalyst system was observed but the system returned to high DME selectivity. Catalyst stability and the influence of CO₂ in the gas feed were studied in experiments lasting for about three weeks. The presence of 8% of CO₂ caused an approximately 10% lower CO conversion and an about 5% lower DME selectivity compared to the reaction system without CO₂.     

Effect of the P/Al ratio on the performance of modified HZSM-5 for methanol dehydration reaction

The precipitation method was used to modify HZSM-5 by coating it with aluminophosphate at P/Al molar ratios of 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.5. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, NH₃-TPD, BET, FT-IR, ICP-TEOS and SEM and evaluated as catalysts for the methanol dehydration reaction. The ZALPO0.8 catalyst achieved 86% conversion which was the highest conversion till 315 °C. It was found that primary benefits of AlPO modification were that it tended to retard the activity of the highly active acid sites which promote dimethyl ether decomposition and led to decrease in the apparent activation energy.     

氧化镁改性HZSM-5分子筛的酸性及在合成气直接制二甲醚反应中的应用——镁前驱体的影响

以乙酸镁为前驱体采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同氧化镁(MgO)含量(0%～20%)的镁改性HZSM-5分子筛,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)方法对其结构和酸性进行了表征.在连续流动加压固定床反应器中及温度260℃、压力4 Mpa和气体空速1500 mL·gcat·h)-1条件下,考察了以上述HZSM-5分子筛为甲醇脱水活性组分与铜基甲醇合成活性组分(CuO-ZnO-Al2O3)所组成的双功能催化剂对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能.结果表明,HZSM-5分子筛经适量的MgO改性后,产物中二甲醚的选择性由49.1%提高到68%以上,而二氧化碳和烃类副产物的选择性则分别由37.1%和9.3%降低到27%和0.1%以下.烃类和二氧化碳副产物减少的原因是MgO改性降低了HZSM-5分子筛强酸中心的酸量,尤其是减少了强Br?nsted酸的酸量.另外,与以硝酸镁为前驱体制备的MgO/HZSM-5不同,MgO在较大的范围(2.5%～20%)内对其催化性能几乎无影响.     

碱处理改性对Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能的影响

以不同浓度的NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理改性后所得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛作为活性组分制备甲醇制芳烃催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD和N2吸-脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,分别考察了碱处理改性对分子筛催化剂骨架结构、酸性质、孔结构以及催化性能的影响.结果表明,通过合适浓度的NaOH碱溶液处理后,HZSM-5分子筛在保持微孔骨架结构的同时,可以调变其晶内介孔孔道结构分布以及酸性质.随着NaOH碱溶液浓度升高,HZSM-5分子筛的酸量、介孔孔容、介孔表面积都增加、孔容分布变宽,催化剂的活性和稳定性等催化性能得以改善.HZSM-5分子筛碱处理改性适宜的NaOH溶液浓度为0.4 mol/L,改性后的催化剂芳烃收率由25.07％增加到32.22％,使用寿命由8d增加到16d,但NaOH溶液浓度超过0.6 mol/L后会严重破坏HZSM-5分子筛骨架结构,催化活性下降较快.     

Synthesis and characterization of BZSM-5 and its catalytic performance in the methanol to hydrocarbons reaction

Five kinds of BZSM-5 molecular sieve with different Si/B ratio and a SiZSM-5 molecular sieve were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method followed by acid exchange and pelletization.The samples were characterized by XRD,SEM,FT-IR,ICP,low temperature N_2 physical adsorption and desorption,NH3-TPD and Py-IR.The catalytic performance in the reaction of methanol to hydrocarbons was evaluated in the fixed bed reactor.Compared with SiZSM-5,the amount and strength of Bronsted(B) acid were enhanced by introducing skeleton boron and the activity of the catalyst was greatly improved.The characterization and evaluation results indicated that the BZSM-5 catalyst synthesized from the gel of SiO_2/B_2 O_3 20 with Si/B ratio 74.48 had modest acidity strength,acid amount of 0.18 mmol NH_3·g~(-1) and large mesopore volume of 0.23 cm~3·g~(-1).The B acid ratio was higher and the acid strength of BZSM-5 was weaker than that of AIZSM-5,which could inhibit the deep coke formation and increase the activity stability.B-2 had the best lifetime which could reach 672 h under the same evaluation reaction conditions,due to the best matching of moderate acidity and good diffusion properties.     

Strong modification of Pt-CO interaction caused by alloying with chromium in Pt-Cr/HZSM-5 catalysts

The catalysts Pt/HZSM-5 and Pt-Cr/HZSM-5 are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy using CO as a probe molecule, and by transmission electron microscopy. The major fraction of the metal phase detected in the micrographs exhibits particles in the range of 1–3 nm uniformly distributed in the zeolite crystals. Nanodiffraction analysis of single particles confirmed the formation of fcc Pt-Cr alloy with lattice constanta = 0.386 nm. The infrared spectra at 300 K exhibit bands assigned to CO linearly bonded to zeolite-hosted metal particles at 2089 cm^–1 for Pt/HZSM-5, and at 2120 and 2092 cm^–1 for Pt-Cr/HZSM-5. The temperature increase to 610 K resulted in a strong shift of the 2089 cm^–1 band for Pt/HZSM-5 by 25 cm^–1 and a slight shift of the corresponding bands for Pt-Cr/HZSM-5 by 6 cm^–1. The differences are referred to different electron backdonation capacities of the CO binding Pt surface atoms of the metal particles. The lower capacity for the Pt-Cr/HZSM-5 sample is due to alloying in the metal particles.     

Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite from expanded perlite and its catalytic performance in FCC gasoline aromatization

A hydrothermal synthesis method for ZSM-5 preparation was investigated by using expanded perlite as the only alumina source. The effect of crystallization conditions on ZSM-5 zeolite formation, such as temperature, time, pH, chemical composition of the reaction mixture, were studied. The samples were characterized by XRD, IR, SEM, XRF and BET surface area measurements. The ZSM-5 zeolite from expanded perlite showed better catalytic activity for the FCC gasoline aromatization reaction compared to ZSM-5 prepared by the standard method.     

Characterization of an HZSM-5/MnAPO-11 composite and its catalytic properties in the synthesis of high-octane hydrocarbons from syngas

Zeolite HZSM-5 is known to be active for the catalytic conversion of methanol into hydrocarbons, but its strong acidity and narrow channels may lead to high selectivity to aromatics, thus decreasing the quality of synthesized gasoline. In this work, an HZSM-5/MnAPO-11 composite was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis, and the catalytic synthesis of high-octane gasoline from syngas was studied in flow-type fixed-bed reactors. The catalysts were characterized employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-diffusive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Compared with HZSM-5 and a mechanical mixture of HZSM-5 and MnAPO-11, the HZSM-5/MnAPO-11 composite showed the highest gasoline yield and iso-paraffin selectivity due to the presence of more mesopores and moderate acid sites. The results provide new perspectives on the synthesis and application of composite molecular sieves in the production of gasoline.     

Roles of interaction between components in CZZA/HZSM-5 catalyst for dimethyl ether synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation

The roles of interaction between two catalyst components in CuO–ZnO–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ (CZZA)/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis via carbon dioxide hydrogenation were investigated. It was found that CZZA catalyst showed excellent stability during methanol (MeOH) synthesis for 100 h, while there was a severe loss of catalytic activity in the bifunctional catalyst for DME synthesis. Hence, the effects of different degrees of intimacy of two catalyst components were studied for DME synthesis, including mixed and separated modes. For the mixed mode, the particle size of catalysts and the amount of reaction intermediates were proven to influence the catalyst deactivation. For the separated mode, the catalysts showed rapid deactivation within a short time. Various characterizations indicated that the remarkable deactivation of separated mode was mainly caused by the decrease of copper active centers (e.g., sintering and oxidation) and blockage of acid sites via increased coke deposition on HZSM-5.     

Control of acid-site location of ZSM-5 zeolite membrane and its application to the MTO reaction

ZSM-5 zeolite membrane, which shows high selectivity toward olefins in the methanol conversion, was developed by controlling the location of the acid sites. First, the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst membrane without pinholes was successfully prepared by synthesizing a ZSM-5 zeolite layer on an outer surface of a cylindrical alumina ceramic filter. The membrane was used as the catalytic membrane reactor to recover olefins from methanol. Though the olefins were successfully produced from methanol with high selectivity (ca. 80%), production of paraffin and aromatics was observed at the feed side of the zeolite membrane. To prevent the such production, the location of the acid site of the ZSM-5 zeolite membrane was controlled by a new method called the catalytic cracking of silane (CCS) method. Selective deactivation of acid sites at the outer surface of the zeolite membrane (feed side of reactant) by the CCS method allowed us to increase the selectivity of the olefins by 10% as compared to the untreated membrane.     

Hydrogen back-spillover effects in the aromatization of ethylene on hybrid ZSM-5 catalysts

The involvement of hydrogen back-spillover is confirmed for the aromatization of ethylene. Using hydrogen monitoring during catalytic reactions with ethylene, it has been observed that the amount of hydrogen in the gaseous effluents is much more important on hybrid catalysts than on pure ZSM-5 zeolites. The active sites on ZnO based co-catalysts are believed to be partial reduction zinc sites created during the induction period. ZnO precipitate favors the release of hydrogen species as ethane. ZnO/Al₂O₃ co-precipitate favors hydrogen recombination.     

不同硅铝比HZSM-5分子筛对合成气一步法制二甲醚的影响

采用固定床高压反应装置,以工业用（CuO／ZnO／Al2O3）作为甲醇合成催化剂,四种不同硅铝比（硅铝比为25、38、50和150）的HZSM-5作为甲醇脱水催化剂,二者机械混合制备出一步法合成二甲醚双功能催化剂。考察了催化剂中脱水组分（HZSM-5分子筛）的硅铝比对二甲醚合成反应的影响,并通过BET、XRD和NH,-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,一步法合成二甲醚催化剂中脱水组分HZSM-5的最佳的硅铝比为50。     

Phosphorus poisoning of ZSM-5 and Pt/ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in diesel exhaust gas conditions

Powdered ZSM-5 and Pt/ZSM-5 catalysts were studied as fresh and after two treatments: hydrothermal ageing and phosphorus poisoning in hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that the deactivating effect of phosphorus was stronger than the effect of the hydrothermal treatment alone. Phosphorus had accumulated in the samples during the ageing. The decrease in specific surface area and increase in Pt particle size indicated the possible reasons for deactivation.     

咪唑改性HZSM-5分子筛的制备及其催化CO2加氢合成二甲醚

以咪唑为添加剂,四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,采用水热法制备了咪唑改性HZSM-5型分子筛, 用XRD、SEM、EDS、BET、TG和NH3-TPD等手段对合成的分子筛进行了表征,结果表明当在制备分子筛的前驱液中加入少量咪唑时,制备的HZSM-5型分子筛粒径明显减小且分布更加均匀,酸性增强,并具有更好的抗高温性能. 采用浸渍法制备了CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/咪唑改性HZSM-5双功能催化剂,探讨了其催化二氧化碳加氢制备二甲醚的活性,在反应温度270 癈、反应压力3.0 MPa、CO2 : H2 = 1 : 3（体积比）、CuO : ZnO = 2 : 1（摩尔比）和CuO-ZnO2-Al2O3 : 咪唑改性HZSM-5 = 2 : 1（质量比）的条件下,CO2的单程转化率和二甲醚的选择性分别达到了42.3 %和33.1 %.     

Relationship between surface acidity and activity of solid-acid catalysts in vapour phase dehydration of methanol

A series of solid-acid catalysts comprised of γ-alumina and modified γ-alumina with different of silica were prepared by co-precipitation method. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, TGA, NH₃-TPD and BET techniques. Dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) on solid-acid catalysts was studied in a fixed-bed reactor at the same operating conditions (T = 300 °C, P = 16 bar, WHSV = 26.07 h^− 1). According to the experimental results, silica-modified catalysts have shown better performance compared to the pure γ-alumina. It was found that surface areas increase with increasing silica loading. The results of NH₃-TPD analysis showed that the surface acidity of aluminosilicate catalysts increases with increase in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio. Also, it was found that the catalysts with highest portion of weak and/or moderate acid sites exhibit the best catalytic performance and stability. The sample with 3 wt.% silica loading has exhibited the best activity for methanol conversion.     

Fe-Cu/ZSM-5催化剂及其胺化催化性能研究

制备了一种Fe-Cu/ZSM-5胺化催化剂,考察其在乙醇胺选择性合成哌嗪、三乙烯二胺反应中的催化活性。结果表明,随着Fe、Cu负载量的增加,催化剂表面酸性逐渐向强酸方向位移,总酸量增加,反应转化率提高;Cu负载量对反应转化率及乙二胺选择性的影响相对较弱,但对哌嗪的生成有明显的促进作用;催化反应性能不仅受催化剂酸性的影响,还与负载组分的性质及负载组分与载体间的相互作用有关。     

ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中的催化性能

合成了3种不同晶粒尺寸的ZSM-5分子筛,并制得MTP催化剂,对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在MTP反应中的性能进行系统研究。采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附和TGA等对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行表征,发现小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛具有良好的抗积炭性能,在MTP反应中具有较高的稳定性。采用小晶粒分子筛制成的催化剂,考察反应工艺条件对催化剂催化性能的影响,结果表明,丙烯选择性随反应温度和空速提高而增加,降低反应压力和提高水醇质量比也有利于提高丙烯选择性,为调整MTP工艺的产物分布和优化反应工艺条件提供了技术依据。     

Interaction between ammonium heptamolybdate and NH4ZSM-5 zeolite: the location of Mo species and the acidity of Mo/HZSM-5

Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts show high reactivity and selectivity in the activation of methane without using oxidants. Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts with Mo loading ranging from 0 to 10% were prepared by impregnation with an aqueous solution of ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM). The samples were dried at 393 K, and then calcined at different temperatures for 4 h. The interaction between Mo species and NH₄ZSM-5 zeolite was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and temperature programmed decomposition (TPDE) and NH₃-TPD at different stages of catalyst preparation. The results showed that if Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts were calcined at a proper temperature, the Mo species will interact with acid sites (mainly with BrØnsted acid sites) and part of the Mo species will move into the channel. The Mo species in the form of small MoO₃ crystallites residing on the external surface and/or in the channel, and interacting with BrØnsted acid sites may be responsible for the methane activation. Strong interaction between Mo species and the skeleton of HZSM-5 will occur if the catalyst is calcined at 973 K. This may lead to the formation of MoO ₄ ^2– species, which is detrimental to methane activation.