市场经济条件下工程造价人员面临的机遇与挑战

介绍了新世纪施工企业中的工程造价管理人员面临的机遇及挑战，提出了应采取的措施，以提高工程造价人员竞争力，使中国经济体制尽快全面走向市场化。     

Air pollution abatement and manpower requirements,a regional input-output analysis

Using cost estimates for the control of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions in the state of West Virginia developed in a recent study by William H. Miernyk and J. Sears, this paper examines the impact of meeting federal air pollution abatement standards on manpower requirements in that region. Within a regional input-output framework, the effects of the technological changes and the capital requirements of several abatement alternatives are presented and compared.     

Balancing-market design and opportunity cost: The Swiss case

The energy transition entails many changes to the existing system. This study focuses on the Swiss electricity balancing market and its adaptation in the context of the energy transition. An operational model for a set of Swiss hydropower plants is used to quantify the opportunity costs of balancing provision under the past, current, and future market designs. The results show that compared to the former balancing-market design, significant cost savings can be achieved by the planned modifications. In addition, the analysis shows how the cost dynamics may change in the future with an increasing share of renewable energies.     

Marginal opportunity cost as a planning concept in natural resource management

Renewable resources are being used in non-sustainable ways in many countries in the world. The costs of non-sustainability need to be enumerated and valued in order to establish the desirability or otherwise of such development paths. The appropriate concept is marginal opportunity cost (MOC), a measure of the social costs of resource depletion. This concept is set in the context of models of the development process which stress the relationship between environment and development as a coevolutionary one rather than one of trading off material gain against environmental quality. Measures of MOC need to reflect the often intricate physical and ecological interlinkages within ecosystems, allowing for, e.g., the relationship between deforestation, soil erosion, streamflow and sedimentation. In turn, MOC comprises direct costs of resource use, the externalities arising from ecological interlinkage, and a user cost component which arises because of non-sustainable resource use. Formulated in this way, MOC has implications for shadow pricing exercises, national accounting, and for the choice of sector and geographical area for project appraisal.The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting on their behalf. The authors wish to acknowledge assistance from the World Bank and the UK ESRC for earlier work on which this paper is based.     

建筑经济中造价管理及成本控制分析

主要针对建筑企业造价管理及成本控制存在的问题进行了分析,提出了改进造价管理以及成本控制的有效措施,希望可以为相关建筑企业的造价管理工作提供参考。     

Binational abatement of boundary water pollution in the North American great lakes

The 1972 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States and Canada sets forth water quality objectives and timetables for pollution abatement. The powers, responsibilities and functions of the International Joint Commission. the geographical historical background of the Agreement, and the institutions involved in carrying out the terms of the Agreement are summarized.     

市场经济中如何正确控制工程造价

分析了我国建筑市场实际报价的状况,对国外工程造价管理方面的做法进行了介绍,探讨了如何正确理解工程造价,指出应改变落后观念,确立全过程控制投资意识,从而合理确定造价,取得良好的投资效益和社会效益。     

浅谈金融危机下的小城镇发展机遇与挑战

源自华尔街的金融危机,从最初的"次贷"危机经过两个月的演化骤然升级为席卷全球的红色金融"海啸",其演变速度之快,影响范围之大,破坏威力之强,是地球上绝大多数人无法想象也难以接受的.     

节能门窗幕墙大发展的历史机遇

我国能源形势十分严峻,节能工作极端重要、十分紧迫,既是保证经济持续发展的需要,也是一项重要的政治任务.国民经济和社会发展"十一五"规划已经明确提出节能20%的目标,必须坚决实现.建筑节能利国利民,意义重大,任务艰巨.而建筑门窗幕墙是消耗采暖空调用能的主要部位,也是建筑节能的重点所在,节能门窗幕墙的任务将极为繁重.建筑门窗幕墙行业必须抓住当前建筑节能大发展的历史机遇,健康发展,加速推进.     

Assessing the improvement of the Bilbao estuary water quality in response to pollution abatement measures

To evaluate the success of almost 20 years of pollution abatement in the Bilbao estuary watershed in northern Spain, we analyzed temporal trends in pollution discharges and water quality from 1993 to 2003. Over that period a great portion of the raw wastewater discharge was intercepted and treated, leading to a significant reduction in the pollution load to the estuary (51.8% in biochemical oxygen demand, 70.9% in ammonia nitrogen and 81.9% in faecal coliforms). Temporal trends of mean annual levels of water quality variables showed statistically significant increases in dissolved oxygen saturation (between 2.04 and 4.11%/year) and decreases in ammonia nitrogen (between -4.15 and -175.75 microM NH3/year) and faecal coliforms concentrations (from 2.55 x 10(5) to 2.13 x 10(4) CFU/100ml). The improvement of the Bilbao estuary water quality reported in this paper is primarily attributed to the pollution abatement measures accomplished by the local water authority. Finally, as a result of these pollution control efforts, European bathing water quality standards were met at local beaches.     

对建筑经济成本管理的认识与分析

对建筑经济成本管理的原则和意义进行了分析,从成本管理实际运用方面进行了论述,提出了加强成本管理的方法,力求达到企业成本控制的目的,从而提高企业乃至整个国家的经济效益。     

Environment,trade and the welfare gains from the transfer of pollution abatement technology

We analyse in this article the welfare effect of trade and environmental technology transfer from a developed country to a developing country. We use a two-country, two-sector and two-factor Ricardian general equilibrium model. The two industries are manufacturing and agriculture, and the pollution emitted from the manufacturing industry decreases the natural environment useful to agricultural production. We consider two cases. In the first case pollution in each country is local. In filethe second case pollution in one of the two countries is global. We analyse each case separately and obtain the following results. In the first case the developed country may be worse off if technology is transferred to the developing country. In the second case such a paradox never occurs.Received: 27 November 2001, Accepted: 1 November 2002, JEL Classification: D62, F18, O39We are indebted to Professors Murray C. Kemp, Minoru Kunizaki, Makoto Okamura, Jacques Poot, Tomoko Inoue, and the referees for valuable comments and suggestions. The second author gratefully acknowledges the Zengin Foundation for Studies on Economics and Finance and Nihon Gakujutsushinkokai Aid for Scientific Research (Basic Research A(1) No. 11353001) for financial support.     

考虑机会成本的在线订单配送时隙动态分配策略

在电子履约条件下,合理分配配送时间和节约配送成本是实现利润最大化的关键。由于B2C环境的特殊性,使网络零售商可以根据顾客需求对配送时隙进行实时管理。基于收益管理理论,综合考虑机会成本、订货提前期、预分配时隙和顾客偏好时隙等因素,用Logit模型模拟真实环境下顾客的选择行为。此外,建立时隙分配模型,并分析此种模型下的总收益和总成本变化情况。最后,将时隙分配模型与传统的先到先服务的时隙分配模型进行对比,计算两种模型下的总收益和总成本,并分析相关参数对两者的影响。     

Price competition, pollution, and environmental policy in an open economy

We study three issues about environmental policy in a two country world in which national governments and polluting firms act strategically. First, we examine the conditions under which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy by a country in a setting in which polluting firms play a price leadership game, will make that country worse off. Second, we study the results of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments when national governments care about international pollution, but polluting firms that play a price leadership game, do not. Third, we compare our findings with the corresponding results when polluting firms play a quantity leadership (Stackelberg) game. We find that there are plausible theoretical and hypothetical numerical circumstances in which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy is welfare reducing. We show that the use of a trade policy instrument to control pollution is generally dominated by the other price instruments that we analyze. Finally, if the two national governments are able to compel the polluting firms to choose between prices and quantities, then, generally speaking, they should require the two firms to choose quantities rather than prices. Received: August 1999/Accepted: January 2000     

Changes in the energy cost of goods and services of the Japanese economy

This paper analyzes changes in the energy cost of goods and service production in the Japanese economy in the decade 1975–85. It develops an input-output scheme which explicitly and exhaustively decomposes changes in a sector's embodied energy intensity into three causative components: the effect of changes in direct energy efficiency, the effect of fuel substitution, and the effect of changes in non-energy inputs. The application of this model to the Japanese experience found that during the 1975–85 period Japan's energy conservation efforts moved from an initial emphasis on improving direct energy input efficiency towards a stage of reducing the indirect energy requirements by shifting away from energy intensive inputs. Chemical sectors and metal product sectors led in energy cost reduction in the Japanese economy.     

The cost of a package plant membrane bioreactor

The capital and operating costs associated with a small package plant MBR for small-scale domestic duty has been appraised based on a medium-strength municipal wastewater. The three main membrane configurations were considered, these being multi-tube, hollow fibre and flat sheet, with the most appropriate plant design chosen for each configuration. The analysis proceeded via a consideration of the estimated amortised capital costs of the plant individual components and their installation, coupled with operating costs based largely on energy demand and residuals management. Energy demand was calculated from aeration and pumping costs, with aeration based on a combination of empirical relationships for membrane aeration and mass balance, and the modified Activated Sludge Model version 2 used for estimating tank size and sludge generation. Results indicate that it is possible to produce a single household MBR at a capital cost similar to the current market cost for package treatment plants. Desludging and maintenance of these plants is similar but power requirements for an MBR are around 4 times that associated with more conventional package plants. Economies of scale exist from 6-20 p.e. plants but above 20 p.e. there is little cost difference per head, due to the design assumptions made. CAPEX and OPEX are to some extent interchangeable; reductions in CAPEX are associated with an increase in OPEX and vice versa. Whilst costs are high, the market for package MBRs is significantly influenced by the recycling potential of the effluent produced.     

The cost of a large-scale hollow fibre MBR

A cost sensitivity analysis was carried out for a full-scale hollow fibre membrane bioreactor to quantify the effect of design choices and operational parameters on cost. Different options were subjected to a long term dynamic influent profile and evaluated using ASM1 for effluent quality, aeration requirements and sludge production. The results were used to calculate a net present value (NPV), incorporating both capital expenditure (capex), based on costs obtained from equipment manufacturers and full-scale plants, and operating expenditure (opex), accounting for energy demand, sludge production and chemical cleaning costs.Results show that the amount of contingency built in to cope with changes in feedwater flow has a large impact on NPV. Deviation from a constant daily flow increases NPV as mean plant utilisation decreases. Conversely, adding a buffer tank reduces NPV, since less membrane surface is required when average plant utilisation increases. Membrane cost and lifetime is decisive in determining NPV: an increased membrane replacement interval from 5 to 10 years reduces NPV by 19%. Operation at higher SRT increases the NPV, since the reduced costs for sludge treatment are offset by correspondingly higher aeration costs at higher MLSS levels, though the analysis is very sensitive to sludge treatment costs. A higher sustainable flux demands greater membrane aeration, but the subsequent opex increase is offset by the reduced membrane area and the corresponding lower capex.