功能性低聚糖的开发与应用

在简述低聚糖性质的基础上重点介绍了低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖和大豆低聚糖的理化特性与工业生产的方法以及它们在食品工业中的应用。     

低聚糖在婴幼儿食品中的应用

介绍了母乳中的低聚糖生理特征，对低聚果糖及低聚半乳糖分子结构、来源、生理功能及其目前在婴幼儿食品工业中的应用状况进行了综述。     

功能性低聚糖的研究及在食品中的应用现状

在低聚糖的功能性质的基础上重点介绍了低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖和大豆低聚糖等的功能性质以及它们在食品工业中的应用情况,分析了功能性低聚糖在食品行业中的现状及发展前景。     

低聚木糖在食品工业中的应用

介绍了低聚木糖在饮料、保健食品、焙烤食品等食品工业中的的应用，概述了低聚木糖的发展前景。     

低聚木糖在食品工业中的应用

介绍了低聚木糖在饮料、保健食品、焙烤食品等食品工业中的的应用,概述了低聚木糖的发展前景。     

益生元的生理功能、制造和应用(二)

为了改变消费者的不良饮食习惯,减少环境污染及抗生素的不合理使用而导致的微生态失调,详细介绍了益生元的制备方法,同时介绍了Fm型低聚果糖、GFn型低聚果糖(蔗果低聚糖)、生产蔗果低聚糖的酶、低聚果糖的理化性质和应用、低聚木糖的生理功能和制法、木聚糖酶、低聚木糖的性质和组成.     

低聚木糖在乳制品中的应用发展概况

介绍低聚木糖的一些基本功能,从低聚木糖在乳制品中的应用出发,详细的说明了低聚木糖添加到乳制品中的优点.同时又介绍了低聚木糖在乳制品应用中的国内外发展概况以及低聚木糖在乳品行业的发展方向.     

乳糖的深加工与功能性低聚糖的制造

简述了以乳糖为原料制造功能性低聚糖—异构乳糖、低聚半乳糖和低聚乳果糖的合成原理及生产工艺。     

功能性低聚果糖及其应用

本文报道了我国唯一通过国家级技术鉴定的酶法低聚果糖工业生产装置建成投产的情况;详细引用试验数据论证了低聚果糖通过越强增殖双歧杆菌等有益菌,从而可以发挥对人的排毒洁肠、双向调节生态平衡、降血脂、提高免疫力等优良保健功能,以及对暖血动物下痢的治疗效果;介绍了在食品中的应用。 １功能性低聚果糖 功能性低聚糖类,自日本５０年代开始研究以来,到８０年代,发展很快,陆续出现低聚果糖、低聚半乳精、低聚木糖、β－甘露低聚糖、水苏糖、壳聚糖等。其中,低聚果糖以确切的保健功能和优越的食品配料的双重品格,商品化程度在国…     

低聚木糖的综合开发利用

论述了低聚木糖的生产概况、特性及在食品中的应用状况、并简要概述了低聚木糖的发展前景和重要作用。     

Retention of mineral constituents in frozen brassicas depending on the method of preliminary processing of the raw material and preparation of frozen products for consumption

The content of ash, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni was determined in four species of brassicas: Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and green and white cauliflowers. The investigation covered the raw material, the material blanched or cooked before freezing and frozen products after 12 months of refrigerated storage and prepared for consumption. Frozen products were obtained by the traditional method of freezing the blanched material or by the modified method of freezing the cooked material. The processing of vegetables before freezing (washing, grinding, blanching or cooking) caused statistically significant decreases in most constituents analysed. Blanching did not basically change the content of sodium and calcium; or that of chromium in both types of cauliflower; copper and nickel in white cauliflower; and nickel and phosphorus in Brussels sprouts. Cooking in brine, however, caused increases in the content of ash, sodium and calcium in white cauliflower, decreases in the content of potassium and iron and, in some species, of the remaining constituents. In comparison with the traditional method, a greater content of most analysed elements was found in frozen products obtained by the modified technology and prepared for consumption. However, no significant differences were noted in the level of chromium in all the samples; in the level of calcium in broccoli and green cauliflower; of nickel in broccoli; of nickel, copper and zinc in white cauliflower; and of copper in green cauliflower.     

Distribution of hydrophilic and lipophilic antibacterial drugs in skim milk,cream, and casein

This study determined the distribution of drugs to different milk fractions according to their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic drugs tend to concentrate in skim milk, whereas lipophilic drugs tend to concentrate in cream. The concentration of a drug in casein is related to its degree of binding to milk proteins. Thus, we aimed to determine whether withdrawal time in whole milk differs from that in cream, casein, and skim milk. Amoxicillin and tylosin were selected as prototype hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, respectively. The study was conducted in vitro and in vivo to determine whether in vitro conditions reflect the distribution of drugs in the different milk fractions in vivo. The in vivo study was conducted using a crossover design on 6 healthy Holstein dairy cattle. First, amoxicillin (i.m., single dose, 14 mg/kg) was administered to cows. Following a 1-wk washout period, tylosin (i.m., single dose, 15 mg/kg) was administered. Concentrations of amoxicillin and tylosin in milk and milk fractions were measured using HPLC-UV. In the in vitro study, 0.04 to 400 μg/g of amoxicillin and 0.05 to 50 μg/g of tylosin were spiked to drug-free milk and the concentrations in milk and milk fractions were measured. In addition, the percentage of total protein in milk and milk fractions was determined. Amoxicillin accumulated more in skim milk than in cream and casein, both in vitro (92%) and in vivo (73%, skim milk-to-whole milk ratio). The distribution of tylosin in whole and skim milk was similar to that of amoxicillin in the in vitro study, in contrast to the accumulation of tylosin in cream seen in vivo. However, the accumulation ratio of tylosin in cream was lower than expected. By either method, tylosin was less concentrated in casein than in skim milk and cream. The percentage of total protein was similar in skim milk and whole milk and higher than in cream. Thus, amoxicillin accumulates less in cream and casein, suggesting that these fractions would pose a lower risk to the consumer. Tylosin was still present at the maximum residue limit (50 μg/kg) 24 h after injection in the casein fraction and 48 h after injection in the cream fraction.     

Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: A review

Botanicals are used in many countries for medicinal and general health-promoting purposes. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits have been reported. Aflatoxins or ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in botanicals such as ginseng, ginger, liquorice, turmeric, and kava-kava in the USA, Spain, Argentina, India, and some other countries, while fumonisins have been found in medicinal wild plants in South Africa and in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey. Zearalenone was identified in ginseng root. Dried fruits can be contaminated with aflatoxins, OTA, kojic acid, and, occasionally, with patulin or zearalenone. One main area of concern is aflatoxins in dried figs; bright greenish yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light is associated with aflatoxin contamination. OTA in dried vine fruits (raisins, sultanas, and currants) is another concern. There are also reports of aflatoxins in raisins and OTA in dried figs, apricots, dried plums (prunes), dates, and quince. Maximum permitted levels in the European Union include 4 µg kg^-1 for total aflatoxins in dried fruit intended for direct consumption and 10 µg kg^-1 for OTA in dried vine fruit. This review discusses the occurrence of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits and analytical issues such as sampling, sample preparation, and methods for analysis. Fungal contamination of these products, the influence of sorting, storage, and processing, and prevention are also considered.     

我国不同生态区云烟97烟叶主要品质性状差异分析

为掌握云烟97在我国不同生态区烟叶的主要品质性状差异,系统分析了云南曲靖（清香型烟区）、贵州毕节（中偏清香型烟区）和重庆武隆（中间香型烟区）3个烤烟种植生态区云烟97烟叶的外观质量、化学成分、风格特征和烟气品质。结果表明,贵州毕节烟叶烟气品质综合得分最高,中部叶干草香香韵、香气质、香气量和透发性得分显著高于云南和重庆,还原糖含量和烟气浓度显著高于重庆;云南曲靖烟叶外观质量最好,中部叶总氮含量、氮碱比值以及烟气飘逸感得分均显著高于贵州和重庆,烟气浓度和劲头得分居中,清香型特点显著;重庆武隆烟叶外观质量居中,中部叶总植物碱含量、烟气刺激性、干燥感和悬浮感得分均显著高于云南和贵州,而糖碱比和余味得分则显著低于云南和贵州,中间香型特点显著。由云南经贵州向重庆方向,云烟97烟叶清甜香韵和烟气飘逸感逐渐减弱,木香香韵和烟气悬浮感逐渐加强。     

2009年大连市部分食品中化学污染物监测分析

目的了解大连市部分食品中重金属、有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药残留、有机氯及菊酯农药残留以及环己基氨基磺酸钠的污染现状,对食品安全进行有效控制。方法按GB/T 5009—2003《食品卫生检验方法理化部分》检测铅、镉、汞、有机氯及菊酯农药残留、环己基氨基磺酸钠、有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药残留。结果 39份样品中铅超标5份;镉和汞无超标样品。50份蔬菜样品中检出毒死蜱农药残留1份,超标1份;氯氰菊酯农药残留2份,超标1份。10份茶叶样品中检出联苯菊酯农药残留1份,无超标样品。有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药、有机氯及菊酯农药、环己基氨基磺酸钠均无检出。结论大连市部分水产品中铅含量较高,污染较明显。需要进一步加强监测,控制污染。农药残留水平较低,只在个别蔬菜和茶叶中有不同程度的检出。     

Effects of duration of moderate increases in grain feeding on endotoxins in the digestive tract and acute phase proteins in peripheral blood of yearling calves

Effects of duration of grain feeding on the concentration of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in digesta throughout the digestive tract and on acute phase proteins and LPS in peripheral blood were determined in Holstein yearling calves. Twenty-five Holstein yearling steer calves received either a forage-based diet containing 92% hay and 8% of a mineral and vitamin pellet on a dry matter basis (CON) or a moderate-grain diet, obtained by replacing 41.5% of the hay in the forage-based diet with barley grain, for 3 (MG3), 7 (MG7), 14 (MG14), or 21 d (MG21) before slaughter. Immediately before slaughter, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. Immediately after slaughter, digesta samples were collected from the rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. Rumen liquid digesta, digesta from the intestines, and peripheral blood plasma were analyzed for LPS. Peripheral blood plasma and serum were analyzed for the acute phase proteins amyloid A, haptoglobin, and LPS-binding protein. Feeding the grain diet increased the LPS concentration in rumen fluid linearly from 15,488 endotoxin units (EU)/mL for CON to 70,146 EU/mL for MG7. Concentrations of LPS in rumen fluid in MG14 and MG21 were 61,944 and 56,234 EU/mL, respectively, and did not differ. The LPS concentrations in jejunal digesta were much lower than that in digesta elsewhere in the digestive tract, which suggests that ruminal LPS is broken down in the abomasum or proximal jejunum. The concentration of digesta LPS in the ileum was higher than that of digesta elsewhere in the intestines and similar to that in rumen fluid. The duration of grain feeding increased the LPS concentration in digesta in the ileum and cecum and tended to increase that in the colon cubically. Concentrations of LPS in this part of the digestive tract were highest in the MG3 and MG21 groups. The highest concentrations of LPS in digesta in the cecum, colon, and rectum were 3.7, 3.8, and 5.6 times higher than that in CON, respectively. Grain feeding and the increase in LPS in digesta were not accompanied by an acute phase response or a detectable concentration of LPS in peripheral blood. The absence of LPS in peripheral blood and the lack of increase in acute phase proteins indicated that the grain feeding protocol used in the current study and the accompanying changes in LPS concentrations of the digesta did not result in systemic inflammation.     

红车轴草不同部位中异黄酮含量的测定

采用反相高效液相色谱法对红车轴草不同部位(花、茎和叶)中四种主要异黄酮(鸡豆黄素A、芒柄花黄素、染料木素和大豆黄素)的含量进行了测定,结果表明:以占干物质计,4种异黄酮总量,叶中含量最高(0.856%),茎次之(0.403%),花中含量较低(0.258%)。鸡豆黄素A和芒柄花黄素是红车轴草中两种最主要的异黄酮,主要分布在叶中,其次是茎,花中含量较低。染料木素和大豆黄素,无论是花、茎还是叶,含量均较低。     

酸汤对酸汤牛肉特征风味及品质的影响

研究酸汤（红酸汤、白酸汤、混合酸汤（红酸汤＋白酸汤））煮制对牛肉感官品质、pH值、色泽、水分含量、蒸煮损失率、嫩度、质构等理化特性的影响,并结合气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析酸汤牛肉挥发性成分,评价酸汤牛肉综合品质。结果表明,与对照组比较,酸汤可显著提高牛肉的嫩度和水分含量,降低牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性,改善牛肉的色泽和感官品质。白酸汤牛肉蒸煮损失率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性最低,水分含量最高,红酸汤牛肉水分含量次之。红酸汤牛肉与白酸汤牛肉嫩度无显著差异,红酸汤可以显著提高牛肉红度值和黄度值。混合酸汤对牛肉亮度值提升效果较好。红酸汤和白酸汤中乳酸质量浓度最高,分别为23.27、4.90 mg/mL。酸汤牛肉中共鉴定出挥发性风味物质55 种,不同酸汤牛肉挥发性成分存在明显差异;与对照组比较,酸汤煮制牛肉可降低醛类物质相对含量,增加酯类、酸类和酮类物质相对含量,其中,红酸汤牛肉酯类和酸类物质相对含量较高,醛类物质相对含量较低,感官评分最高,口感风味最佳。红酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为乳酸乙酯、丁醛、乙酸、苯甲醛（二聚体）、2-甲基丙酸等;白酸汤牛肉主要特征风味物质为丙醇、2-丁酮、3-戊酮、丙酸等;混合酸汤牛肉以酮类物质为主要特征风味物质。与对照组相比,酸汤牛肉中部分风味物质增加,形成酸汤牛肉特有的特征风味。综上所述,红酸汤牛肉挥发性风味成分丰富,感官评价及综合品质更好,红酸汤是制作酸汤牛肉的适宜选择。     

贵州云雾茶园土壤高含量重金属和砷在茶叶中的积累与浸出特征

为了研究土壤高含量重金属和砷在茶叶中的积累与浸出行为,选择贵州省云雾土壤高含量重金属和砷茶园,采集了土壤和茶叶样品各46个,对土壤-茶叶-茶汤系统重金属和砷进行分析。结果表明：云雾茶园土壤重金属Cd、Hg和As均有部分超出土壤二级标准限量值,超标率分别为80.4%、69.6%和8.7%,该茶园土壤存在严重的Cd和Hg污染。但是,茶叶和茶汤的重金属和砷并未超标,茶叶对不同土壤重金属和砷的富集能力为Cu＞Cd＞Hg＞Pb＞Cr＞As,茶叶-茶汤系统重金属和砷浸出率最高的元素为Hg,不同重金属和砷的浸出率为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr,Hg和Cu在土壤-茶叶-茶汤系统具有较大富集系数和浸出率。     

西藏4地市糌粑中重金属含量分析与污染评价

通过调查西藏4地市（山南市、日喀则市、林芝市、拉萨市）不同磨制方式生产的糌粑中重金属砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）含量,并开展污染情况全面分析评价,以提高西藏各地市糌粑的质量安全水平,为加强质量安全监管提供可靠的数据支持。从西藏4地市分别采集不同模式生产的糌粑样品101个,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对糌粑样品中5种重金属进行检测分析与质量安全评价。101个糌粑样品中,按照糌粑质量分级标准综合污染指数进行评价,不同磨制方式生产糌粑中应用单因子污染指数、综合污染指数评价结果显示,电磨和水磨糌粑中的重金属As 、Cd 、Cr、Pb、Hg污染等级均属于安全。不同地市生产糌粑中单因子污染指数及综合污染指数评价结果显示,山南市糌粑中的重金属Pb污染等级属基本清洁,As 、Cd 、Cr、Hg污染等级均属安全;日喀则市糌粑中的重金属As污染等级属基本清洁,Cd 、Cr、Pb、Hg污染等级均属安全;林芝市糌粑中的重金属Pb污染等级属基本清洁,As 、Cd 、Cr、Hg污染等级均属安全;拉萨市糌粑中的重金属Pb、As 、Cd 、Cr、Hg污染等级均属安全;根据Nemerow综合污染等级评价4地市中的其他重金属综合污染指数等级均是安全。因此,西藏4地市糌粑中的重金属As 、Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg综合污染指数等级均是安全。