日光照射下城市街道峡谷内活性污染物扩散的数值研究

该文用数值模拟方法对城市街道峡谷内的机动车排放活性污染物扩散进行了研究,并分析了机动车排放中的NOx与大气中的臭氧在太阳辐射的环境下发生的光化学反应对街道峡谷内污染物传输、扩散以及分布产生的影响.研究发现,街道峡谷中的流场导致NOx在背风面产生累积,在给定的条件下,近地面处NOx浓度达到7.5×10-6左右,且随高度的增高而减小,污染物随着气流从背风面上升,流向街道峡谷中线再扩散到迎风面,其浓度也呈逐渐降低趋势;同时由于光化学反应的进行,在背风面一侧附近臭氧的浓度偏低.并对△T=10℃和△T=4℃两种温差下的污染物分布进行了比较,结果显示:增强地面受热能够加快气流的运动,△T=10℃的情况下,背风面附近的NOx浓度较低,而迎风面一侧的NOx浓度较高.这一结果表明增强地面受热能够促进背风面积聚的污染气体向街道峡谷上方和迎风面一侧运输和扩散.     

优选数值计算方法用于不对称街道峡谷的研究

分别将迎风、混合及调和QUICK格式用于对称街道峡谷的汽车排放污染物浓度预测,并与风洞实验结果相比较,研究表明数值模拟与风洞实验吻合较好,调和QUICK格式的预测效果最佳。将调和QUICK格式用于不对称街道峡谷的研究,发现当迎风面建筑物高于背风面建筑物时,峡谷内的流场和浓度场与对称街道峡谷相似,即峡谷内有一个顺时针方向的强漩涡,使得背风面污染物浓度高于迎风面污染物浓度。同时,随着迎风面建筑物高度的增加,漩涡中心的位置成垂直向上分布,且与迎风面建筑物的高度基本成线性关系;当迎风面建筑物低于背风面建筑物且差别较大时,街道峡谷内出现了两个反时针方向旋转的强漩涡,使得峡谷内的流场与浓度场都发生较大的变化,迎风面污染物浓度会高于背风面污染物浓度。同时表明,峡谷上方的顺时针方向漩涡的中心呈抛物线向右上方向发展,而峡谷下方的逆时针方向旋涡的中心呈抛物线向左E方向发展。     

城市对称街道峡谷气流及污染物扩散特征的研究

与风洞实验的对比表明数值模拟能较好地预测街道峡谷浓度场。研究了宽、窄两种峡谷（高宽比范围为0．17～3．25）的内部流场和浓度场。表明：当高宽比大于1时,随着高宽比的增加,峡谷内旋涡数逐渐增多,污染物浓度也随着旋涡的变化而变化;当高宽比小于1时,峡谷内由一个旋涡演变为两个方向相反的旋涡,随着高度的进一步减小,两个旋涡开始左右分离,其浓度也随着旋涡的变化而变化。当旋涡为顺时针时,使得背风面污染物浓度出现显著上升的趋势,而当旋涡为逆时针时,会使得迎风面的污染物浓度出现显著上升的趋势。总体看来,随着建筑物高度的增加,污染物难以扩散,从而使峡谷近地面处的污染物浓度增大。     

城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟中不同湍流模型的比较研究

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT，采用七种不同湍流模型（标准k-ε、RNGk-ε、realizablek-ε、标准k-ω、SSTk-ε、RSM和Spalart-Allmaras）对城市街道峡谷内的气流运动和污染物扩散进行了数值模拟。计算获得的峡谷内气流场和污染物浓度分布表明，虽然七种湍流模型都预测出峡谷内生成一个控制污染物输移的顺时针大旋涡（主旋涡），但它们在次生涡的模拟上存在差异。通过将峡谷迎风面和背风面上的无量纲污染物浓度分布模拟结果与风洞试验数据进行对比分析，揭示出：标准k-ε模型的总体预测效果最好，RNGk-ε模型、realizablek-ε模型以及RSM模型的预测效果次之，而标准k—ω模型、SSTk-ω模型以及Spalart-Allmaras模型的预测效果较差。在环境评价和基于环境容量约束的交通配流方案优选中，本研究成果对于如何合理选择湍流模型来模拟预测机动车排放污染物在峡谷内的扩散分布具有重要指导意义。     

新疆博斯腾湖二维水动力数学模型研究

风场是影响湖泊水动力的重要因素,它可以改变水体运动速度和方向,影响各种物质在湖泊内的输移扩散。通过分析博斯腾湖大湖区风场,准确估算出风力、风向变化情况,构建了博斯腾湖平面二维水动力模型。应用计算模型对博斯腾湖水动力进行模拟预测,分析不同风向、风速对湖泊流场结构的影响,为进一步研究博斯腾湖水动力和污染物输移扩散提供理论依据。     

非对称复式断面明渠中污染物输移扩散的大涡模拟

运用大涡模拟计算了两个非对称复式断面明渠内的水流运动和污染物扩散，其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力与物质扩散通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟。预测结果与Shiono等使用激光多普勒流速计(LDA)和激光诱导荧光技术(LIF)测量的实验数据进行了对比，计算得到的流场结构和污染物浓度分布均较好地吻合于测量结果。成功地再现了在其中一个复式断面明渠中观测到的横向浓度分布呈现显著双峰值的现象，根据计算的流场得出复式断面明渠中流向交替变化的强烈横向流动是产生这种现象的主要原因。     

非对称复式断面明渠中污染物输移扩散的大涡模拟

运用大涡模拟计算了两个非对称复式断面明渠内的水流运动和污染物扩散,其中由亚格子尺度涡运动引起的亚格子应力与物质扩散通过Smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格模型模拟.将计算结果与文献中的激光多普勒流速计和激光诱导荧光技术测量的试验数据进行对比,结果表明,计算得到的流场结构和污染物浓度分布均较好地吻合于测量结果.模拟计...     

隧道群毗邻隧道上游出口污染空气对下游隧道空气的影响

毗邻隧道上游隧道出口污染空气会对下游隧道产生影响,恶化其运营环境。以Realizablek-ε三维紊流模型及多组分扩散传输为物理计算模型,采用FLUENT流体计算软件模拟了上下游隧道间不同污染物的浓度分布以及上游隧道在不同间距不同风速时对下游隧道的影响,同时,根据贴壁射流理论,对其进行了理论分析。结果表明:当隧道距离大于400 m,风速小于2 m/s时,毗邻隧道二次污染小于5%。当上游隧道射流风速为2.5 m/s时,由此计算的理论值和模拟值基本吻合。     

不同扩散角下单侧渐扩消力池水力特性研究

为揭示单侧渐扩消力池在不同扩散角下的流场特性,基于FLOW-3D软件,采用TruVOF法及RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型对单侧渐扩消力池的不同扩散角进行三维数值模拟,重点研究了消力池内的流速与漩涡特性,并将模拟计算得出的水面线、时均压强与物理模型试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：数值模拟与物理模型试验结果基本吻合;消力池底板附近流速分布不均匀,非扩散侧流速较大,且随着扩散角度的增大,最大临底流速逐渐向非扩散侧偏移;随着扩散角度的增大,扩散侧逐渐出现贯穿性立轴漩涡,且漩涡空间尺度也逐渐变大,漩涡位置相对稳定;消力池内漩涡的强涡区均出现在漩涡中部,沿轴向整体呈现“两头小中间大”的分布规律。     

强台风环境下校园封闭式建筑群风场模拟研究

强台风天气对校园安全造成潜在的重大影响。针对高密度中心城区校园建筑相对封闭的特点，以上海某高校校园建筑群为对象，采用三维数值模拟技术对强台风环境下的建筑物风场进行了研究。与微风条件(平均风速4.5 m/s)下的现场风速测量结果对比表明，模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差为10%左右。通过对强台风工况下的风场进行模拟，揭示了不同空间位置的压强效应。研究表明：(1)风场受建筑物相对位置和高度双重影响，产生狭管效应和拐角效应；(2)随着风速增大，迎风面最大压强呈指数形式增加，风速从2 m/s增加至30 m/s时最大压强上升200倍左右；(3)建筑背面多为负压区，最小风压易出现在楼栋靠近迎风面的侧面和顶面处，部分背风区域产生涡旋现象。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.