波茨坦砂岩的微观结构和碱活性快速检测方法的适应性

为研究集料微观结构对碱活性快速检测方法中对岩石适应性的影响,采用混凝土棱柱体法、快速砂浆棒法、压蒸法、中国快速砂浆棒法研究了波茨坦砂岩的膨胀行为,并研究了膨胀后试件的微观结构.结果表明:快速砂浆棒法、压蒸法、中国快速砂浆棒法均不能正确判定波茨坦砂岩的碱活性,主要是由于这些方法使用的集料中含大量粒径太小、不能反映该砂岩特殊结构特征的颗粒;对该类岩石,除活性组分的类型、数量外,岩石的微观结构特征能够显著影响碱-集料反应发生的位置和膨胀行为.在快速法中采用能够保持岩石原有结构特征的集料粒径是正确鉴定类似波茨坦砂岩微观结构岩石及其它非均质、多矿物岩石碱活性的关键.     

胶砂比和集料级配对ASR膨胀的影响

为建立快速鉴定硅质集料碱活性的方法 ,以沸石化珍珠岩和硅质砾石为集料研究了胶砂比和集料级配对砂浆试体ASR膨胀的影响。结果表明 :对检测集料ASR活性而言 ,快速砂浆棒法 (ASTMC12 6 0和CSAA2 3 2 - 2 5A)所建立的集料级配和胶砂比不是最敏感条件。采用单级配集料和多胶砂比砂浆试体可以更快速、可靠地鉴定集料ASR活性     

杂砂岩碱集料反应特征

杂砂岩集料所含的石英组分是引起碱集料反应的主要活性来源,研究该集料中的石英溶出及其在碱溶液中的行为特征,结果发现:石英颗粒尺寸和相应的硅溶出速度之间存在着一定的相关性,即:石英颗粒尺寸越小,其比表面积越大,同等条件下相应的硅溶出速度越大;石英颗粒的结构特征变化规律与杂砂岩试样本身的碱活性大小之间不存在相关性.集料中的铝主要来源于γ-Al2O3纳米相、黑云母和白云母,其对溶液中硅溶出的影响机理不同.集料中的铝溶出生成铝硅酸盐从而引起溶液中溶出硅含量的降低,砂浆或混凝土碱集料反应膨胀率的大小与溶液中所谓的"自由硅"含量有关,即"自由硅"含量越大,同等条件下的碱集料反应膨胀越大.这些相关性对于实际工程应用非常重要,由此可望建立评价杂砂岩碱活性敏感性的直接测试方法.研究还发现通过添加高铝粉可抑制碱集料反应产生的膨胀.     

鄂尔多斯盆地子长地区盒8、山1段储层特征

根据薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及化验分析等资料,对子长地区盒8、山1段储层岩石学、孔隙类型与结构以及物性特征进行研究,并分析了影响优质储层形成的主要控制因素。结果表明:该区盒8、山1段砂岩组成为岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩、石英砂岩;储层孔隙类型以次生溶孔为主,晶间孔和微裂缝发育;孔喉偏小,孔喉分选和连通性较差,孔隙度和渗透率整体偏低,属于低孔、低渗、特低渗致密储层。盒8段储层孔喉结构和物性略优于山1段。储层主要受沉积作用和成岩作用的控制。沉积作用控制了砂体的展布,强烈的压实、压溶作用及胶结作用是造成该区储层低孔、低渗的主要原因,而高岭石晶间孔、溶蚀作用和破裂作用一定程度上改善了储层物性。     

榆林长北区块盒8储层成岩作用

为揭示榆林长北区块下石盒子组盒8段储层的成岩作用,根据砂岩薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X光衍射等分析化验资料,对盒8段储层的砂体岩石学特征、成岩作用及其演化进行了研究。储层砂体主要成分为岩屑石英砂岩,碎屑颗粒组合具有高石英、高岩屑、低长石的特点,粒度以中砂为主,分选度中上。砂岩的成岩处于晚成岩B期,早期的压实作用、多种矿物交接作用是使得物性变差的主要原因,而普遍存在的次生孔隙对于砂岩的储集性能具有明显的改善作用。     

基于冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能正交性试验研究

为了研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和沙漠砂取代率对冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能的影响,采用粉煤灰部分取代胶凝材料,沙漠砂代替中砂,拌制砂浆,并进行正交性试验.通过层次分析和综合平衡分析得到各因素、各水平的影响权重和最佳配比方案.结果表明:沙漠砂取代率和粉煤灰掺量是影响砂浆稠度的主要因素,粉煤灰掺量是影响分层度和28 d抗压强度的主要因素,而影响90 d抗压强度主要因素的是水胶比.对于一般工程项目,由各因素、各水平的权重之和得到的最优试验组合为:水胶比为0.975,粉煤灰掺量为20％,沙漠砂取代率为20％.最优配比均能满足砂浆强度M10砂浆的配制要求,且经济合理.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延113-延133井区盒8段储层特征及控制因素

鄂尔多斯盆地天然气富集区的南缘研究较少,通过薄片、扫描电子显微镜、压汞测试等方法,表征了鄂尔多斯盆地延113-延133井区盒8段储层岩性、物性、储集空间与孔喉结构,结果表明岩性是影响盒8段物性的控制因素。盒8段储层岩性主要为岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,其中变质岩为岩屑的主要成分,黏土矿物含量随着石英含量的增加而降低。目的层主要发育次生孔隙;结合压汞测试与薄片分析,岩屑石英砂岩主要发育由粒间溶蚀孔构成的较粗孔喉;而岩屑砂岩主要发育岩屑内溶蚀孔、晶间孔与少量的粒间溶蚀孔,具有二元结构孔喉特征,岩屑内溶蚀孔与晶间孔构成的小孔喉占比更大。成岩作用下,岩屑石英砂岩与岩屑砂岩由于岩性差异经历不同的孔喉演化路径,造成差异化的孔喉结构,并最终造成岩屑石英砂岩的孔隙度、渗透率均优于岩屑砂岩。     

四川广元利州地区上三叠统须家河组碎屑组分特征研究

当下,关于龙门山前陆盆地早期发育的争论主要集中三叠世诺利期,以及须家河系统下部的沉淀物的物质来源和基础结构。本文通过薄片鉴定等传统手段,结合野外剖面观察和前人资料,系统统计砂岩碎屑组分并定量分析其变化特征,对研究区须家河组砂岩碎屑组分特征、源区构造背景进行研究。通过研究表明,须1段主要为深灰色粉砂岩、泥岩夹薄煤层,厚度有自西向东减薄趋势。须2段主要为灰黄色巨厚层中粒、粗粒石英砂岩,须3段主要由灰色—深灰色粉砂岩、泥岩、细砂岩夹煤层组成,植物化石丰富,须4段主要为巨厚层砂岩且夹透镜状砾岩。研究区须家河组物源来自再旋回造山带的碎屑岩。     

低孔低渗致密砂岩储层特征及其发育主控因素——以鄂尔多斯盆地榆林气田山西组2段为例

针对榆林气田山2段储集层低孔、低渗、致密的特点,通过分析榆林气田山2段储集层的岩石学特征、孔隙类型及结构特征、物性特征等,阐明了榆林气田山2段储集层发育主控因素及含气性特征。结果表明,榆林气田山2段储集层主要发育石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩;孔隙类型主要有粒间孔、晶间孔、岩屑溶孔,并且石英砂岩以发育粒间孔为主,岩屑砂岩以发育晶间孔和岩屑溶孔为主;岩石类型和成岩作用是控制榆林气田山2段储层发育的主要因素;石英砂岩储层含气性优于岩屑砂岩储层,对今后的储层评价与预测具有一定的参考价值。     

在盐溶液下风积沙水泥砂浆的抗冻性能研究

研究内掺风积沙代替相同质量普通砂的风积沙水泥砂浆在盐溶液下进行快速冻融循环试验,达到一定冻融次数后分析强度、质量损失和相对动弹模量的变化情况及变化规律.结果表明:掺适量风积沙可提高砂浆抗冻性能.为解释掺风积沙提高砂浆抗冻性能原因,进行了电镜扫描试验和气泡特征参数测试,由试验得出:掺适量风积沙可以改善砂浆微观结构和气泡结构.     

物质对油砂热解特性的影响

油砂的开采和提炼是解决当前能源紧缺的重要途径。采用X射线衍射技术（XRD）和热重分析仪（TGA）分别对油砂酸洗前后样品的矿物质组分及其热解特性进行了研究,结果表明：油砂内在矿物质主要为方解石、石英、黄铁矿和黏土矿物等。经HCl/HF酸洗后,能够脱除油砂大部分内在矿物质组分;油砂热解过程可分为两个阶段,即脱水阶段和热裂解阶段;采用Coast-Redfern积分法求解出了油砂热解过程主要阶段的动力学参数活化能和指前因子,发现酸洗后油砂样品的活化能有着不同程度的增加。研究结果为油砂的工业化提供了一定的理论基础。     

油砂萃取技术研究进展

油砂属非常规能源,其储量较大,与传统石油能源相比其开采成本较高,随着石油资源争夺日益激烈,油砂开采与分离技术越来越受到人们的重视,国内大多数油田对油砂采用溶剂萃取法、热解干馏法、水剂处理等技术进行分离。介绍了近年来国内油砂萃取技术研究现状,包括有机溶剂萃取法,超声波辅助萃取法,油砂分离剂萃取法,汽提萃取法,离子液体萃取法,无机热碱水提取法,水洗分离油砂法,对各种方法进行了评价和比较,并对油砂萃取技术今后研究方向提出了建议。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of sands and Geldart A biomass co-fluidization

This article investigated the fluidization of sands and small Geldart A biomass mixtures. The mixture fluidized like Geldart A type particles with a uniform bed expansion regime before bubbling. The video recorded color distance between pure sands and sands–biomass mixtures was used to estimate the sands–biomass mixing. The coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method with a hybrid drag model which couples the Syamlal–O'Brien drag and a filtered drag can capture the mixing while the simulation with Gidaspow drag predicted a segregated bed. The simulations were further validated with experimental measured pressure drops. The time averaged pressure drop equals the weight of the bed material, however, its fluctuation is about three times of the bed material fluctuation.     

世界油砂勘探开发和综合利用

文章重点阐述了油砂作为一种非常规能源,全球资源量丰富,发展前景巨大。目前油砂开采技术上已取得突破,开采成本大幅度降低,通过对油砂的发展现状和全球几个主要油砂储最丰富的国家进行油砂地质分布等阐述,阐明其备自资源量和相关开采等政策,同时分析了油砂发展过程的不足和风险,说明油砂的未来发展趋势。     

宜昌地区第四纪沉积物中玄武岩砾石与峨眉山山玄武岩的关系

本文在对宜昌地区第四纪沉积物中玄武岩砾石所作的微量元素和稀土元素分析基础上,通过与不同区域峨眉山玄武岩特征的对比,发现宜昌地区第四纪沉积物中来自扇三角洲的玄武岩砾石与峨眉山玄武岩无关,而晚于扇三角洲的阶地及河流沉积物中的玄武岩砾石与峨眉山玄武岩有相同的地球化学特征。这一结果证实了三峡贯通,三峡以西的物质能够搬运至三峡以东沉积的时间晚于宜昌地区扇三角洲的形成时代。     

Microwave applications to oil sands and petroleum: A review

This review provides a general overview of microwave applications in oil sands bitumen or shale oil production in petroleum upgrading. The vast oil reserves in the oil sands of Alberta will become a major source of petroleum products in the near future and a number of alternative technologies have been explored for the production and upgrading of oil sands and heavy oil. This study is based primarily on the unique selective heating capacity associated with exposure of materials to microwaves. Of particular interest are applications of microwaves for bitumen extraction, upgrading heavy oils, removing heteroatoms, and the underground heating of oil sands to reduce bitumen viscosity and allow it to be pumped to the surface. The fundamentally different method of transferring energy from the source to the sample is the main advantage of utilizing microwave energy. By directly delivering energy to microwave-absorbing materials, conventional issues such as long heating periods and energy loses can be minimized. Microwave energy was shown to be effective in some applications; however, it is not used commercially at the present time.     

Preliminary studies of methylene blue adsorption as a method of evaluating degradable smectite--bearing concrete aggregate sands

Smectite-bearing degradable concrete aggregate sands have given difficulties during construction of three dams and because of this feature similar type sands were rejected at two other dams. The features that make these type sands objectionable is loss of slump, excessive water demands and potential drying shrinkage volume changes in the concrete.Methylene blue dye is adsorbed more by smectite than the other clay minerals. For example, about three times as much chlorite is required to give the same MBA value as for smectite. Accordingly, the MBA method was performed in separate sieve sizes of four sands: Mabels Pit, Libby, Elk Creek natural and Elk Creek West branch rod-mill. Mabels Pit is one of the source sands that caused construction difficulties. The West Branch rod-mill sand contains mixtures of chlorite and minor smectite, the Libby sand mixtures of chlorite and illite and the Elk Creek natural and Mabels Pit only smectite. The Libby and West Branch sands gave low MBA values, the smectite in the Mabels Pit sand was concentrated primarily in the fine sand sizes and for these fractions gave high MBA values. The Elk Creek natural contains only minor amounts of smectite but gave high MBA results for all sieve fractions. This anomaly is judged to be from marked weathering of this sand.A degradation activity index (DAI) is derived to better pinpoint the degradation versus MBA values for these sands. The DAI is 78.3 for Mabels Pit, 27.8 for Elk Creek natural but less than 6 for West Branch and Libby sands.     

Determination of clay content in Canadian oil sands using x-ray florescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of ore processability

In this study, a simple and robust method based on the use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to measure potassium content as an indicator of illite in oil sands was proposed and tested. The XRF results of illite determination were compared with those determined using the conventional methylene blue titration (MBT) method. To test the suitability of the XRF method for determining illite content in various streams of oil sands processing as a diagnosis tool, a toluene-diluted-bitumen solution was used to contaminate solid surfaces prior to their analysis by the XRF and MBT methods. In order to remove the organic matter from the bitumen-contaminated solids for evaluating the XRF and MBT method, toluene washing and low temperature ashing were applied to the bitumen-contaminated solids prior to their analysis. The robustness of the XRF analysis in comparison with the MBT method was further confirmed by analyzing the solids extracted from bitumen froth and tailings stream. The results show that the XRF method was more tolerant to surface contamination and therefore more reliable in determining illite content in oil sands and relevant processing streams. It was also found that the potassium contents measured by the XRF method on solids from 10 ores show a strong correlation with the corresponding fines contents of these ores, indicating that the XRF method can potentially be used to determine the fines content of oil sands and related processing streams.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城油砂特征及水洗分离实验研究

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城地区油砂资源丰富,油砂含油率平均在10％以上,油砂品位较高,实验发现该区油砂适合水洗分离,分离过程中油砂沥青膜首先在表面活性剂的作用下,通过搅拌剪切力剥离作用而形成沥青液滴,从而使油-砂呈现分离状态,分离方式包括油-砂较完全分离方式和油-砂不完全分离方式,且2种方式同时存在,油砂分离主要受硅砂与沥青相互作用力和油砂粒径分布的影响,相同条件下,油砂粒径越大分离效果越好.     

油砂资源的开发和利用

油砂属非常规石油资源,其储量丰富。随着常规石油资源逐渐减少,油砂的开采和利用已引起人们的高度关注。其文论述了油砂资源的分布、开采方法和油砂的分离方法,可为我国油砂的开发和利用提供有益的信息,促进油砂开采及加工分离技术的发展。