Cr(Ⅲ)微胶囊的制备及其缓释性能

以三氯化铬为芯材、聚丙烯酰胺为壁材,利用反相悬浮聚合和溶剂蒸发法制备了缓释型Cr(Ⅲ)微胶囊,对Cr(Ⅲ)微胶囊的粒径分布进行了测定,并在模拟环境下对Cr(Ⅲ)微胶囊的缓释性能和成胶性能进行了评价。实验结果表明,经1,2,3次包裹的Cr(Ⅲ)微胶囊的粒径分布主要集中在500⁷00μm,最大释放率为78%;Cr(Ⅲ)交联剂经包裹后具有明显的缓释效果,与包裹前相比,部分水解聚丙烯酰胺溶液体系的成胶时间明显延长,可由包裹前的20 h延长至50 h;可以通过控制包裹次数和合成聚丙烯酰胺壁材所用交联剂的用量来调节成胶时间。     

聚丙烯酰胺-酚醛树脂复合交联体系的研究

以聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)为主体的交联体系是我国各大油田调堵水的常用方法。本文研究以聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)为主体 ,考察HPAM与间苯二酚 ,六次甲基四胺及强化剂氯化铵等复合形成交联体系的各项实验条件。通过对成胶时间和成胶强度的比较 ,得出最佳的复合聚丙烯酰胺交联体系的配方。     

诱导作用及其在W—1堵水剂中的应用

介绍了诱导作用的基本概念及其存在与否的判断模式。W - 1堵水剂由阳离子化聚丙烯酰胺 (CPAM)、硫代硫酸钠、重铬酸钠、硫脲等药剂共同组成 ,具有成胶时间可调 ( 6～ 2 1h)、凝胶强度高[( 15～ 2 0 )× 10 4 mPa·s]特点 ,在大庆油田使用后经济效益显著 ,投入产出比为 1:4 .4 1。室内对比评价实验结果表明 ,单独以重铬酸钠 /硫代硫酸钠或重铬酸钠 /硫脲氧化还原体系为交联剂时 ,堵水剂存在交联过速或交联过缓以及凝胶强度过低的问题 ,均无法满足堵水剂成胶性能的要求 ;而以重铬酸钠 /硫代硫酸钠 /硫脲复合体系为交联剂时 ,堵水剂成胶时间可调、凝胶强度较高 ,满足性能要求。通过实验判断模式及机理判断模式分析 ,均证实了诱导作用是W - 1堵水剂起延缓成胶作用的关键     

酸性条件下瓜尔胶交联体系研究

实施注二氧化碳气驱的低渗透油藏在多次压裂的过程中会出现地层酸化,导致瓜尔胶压裂液无法交联。针对这一问题,以羟丙基瓜尔胶HPG为主剂、HPAM为辅剂,采用甲醛预处理聚合物,在模拟酸性条件下对交联体系的交联剂种类进行了优选,通过研究交联剂、稠化剂用量、反应时间等因素对体系交联效果的影响研发了一种酸性条件下的交联体系,并考察了该交联体系的成胶性能和携砂性能。研究结果表明,在酸性(pH=3数5)条件下,交联体系的最佳配方为:HPG用量1.6%、HPAM用量0.2%、甲醛用量0.3%、间苯二酚0.5 g/L,甲醛预处理时间为3数5 h;该体系交联前的黏度为100 m Pa·s,流动性好,在65℃条件下交联反应5 h后的黏度高达2000m Pa·s,成胶性能良好;该体系具有良好的携砂性能,在65℃下支撑剂在交联前体系中的沉降速率是在交联后体系中的31倍。     

HPAM／柠檬酸铝弱凝胶体系的研制与成胶机理探讨

针对岔河集油田油藏条件,研制出低毒性HPAM／柠檬酸铝弱凝胶调驱体系。考察了聚合物HPAM浓度、交联剂柠檬酸铝浓度及稳定剂浓度对弱凝胶体系成胶性能的影响。结果表明,在聚合物HPAM浓度1500mg／L,交联剂浓度50mg／L,缓凝剂浓度450mg／L,除氧剂浓度100mg／L,稳定剂浓度200mg／L最佳配方条件下,体系成胶时间在3—15d可调,强度在100～1500mPa·s。并对这类弱凝胶配方体系的成胶反应机理和延缓交联机理进行了探讨。     

复合交联体系调堵剂配方的室内研究

通过室内实验研究,提出了HPAM/Cr3 /酚/醛复合交联体系的调堵剂配方,并对复合交联聚合物体系成胶性能及影响因素进行评价和分析。实验结果表明,HPAM/Cr3 /酚/醛复合交联体系配方中HPAM的用量为0.4%,聚铬比为20:1~25:1,复合醛为0.2~0.3%,多羟基酚的加量为0.002%~0.005%,60℃时成胶时间约为22h,形成的调堵剂其抗温性能、凝胶强度、封堵效果明显优于单一交联体系配方。     

HPAM/Cr(Ⅲ)凝胶体系控制交联技术

采用自制PAM吸水树脂颗粒,考察了在水介质中Cr（Ⅲ）从包裹交联剂颗粒中的释放规律,提出了Cr（Ⅲ）从包裹交联剂颗粒中释放的物理模型。研究了包裹交联剂颗粒为成胶剂的HPAM溶液的成胶性能,探索了HPAM凝胶控制交联的新技术。     

延缓型HPAM/Cr(Ⅲ)堵水调剖剂的研制及其机理

由乙酸铬交联剂、木质素磺酸钠作延缓增粘剂及HPAM研制了一种延缓型HPAM／Cr（Ⅲ）调剖堵水剂,考察了不同因素对成胶性能的影响,确定了调剖剂的最佳组成：0．3％-0．6％复合离子HPAM,0．12％～0．20％乙酸铬溶液,0．53％-0．80％延缓剂,0．08％-0．17％催化剂溶液。该调剖剂适应的温度为30—90℃,pH3-11,成胶时间3—15d（可调）,生成的凝胶粘度大,稳定性好,可用油田采出水配制。该体系可用于深部调剖且材料费用较低。     

HPAM/Cr^3＋弱凝胶调剖封堵性能研究

在室内研制了一种适用于较高温度、较高矿化度油藏深部调剖的HPAM/Cr^3＋弱凝胶调驱体系。研究了聚合物浓度、交联剂浓度、稳定剂浓度、温度以及pH值对成胶性能的影响。确定了HPAM/Cr^3＋弱凝胶体系的最佳形成条件：HPAM浓度为2000mg/L,K2Cr2O7浓度为900mg/L,Na2SO3浓度为3000mg/L,硫脲浓度为80mg/L,体系pH值为6～7,最佳使用温度范围为55～70℃。HPAM/Cr^3＋弱凝胶体系可实现成胶时间控制,凝胶强度可调。     

固体草酸双层微胶囊化制备方法及性能评价

针对氯化铵/亚硝酸盐化学生热压裂液破胶体系存在的羟丙基瓜尔胶用量大、粘度难提高(一般为100mPa·s)、应用范围窄、压裂成本过大的问题,提出采用化学物理方法--油相相分离法将草酸微胶囊化.通过微胶囊制备实验,确定乙基纤维素作第一层囊壁,芯材比为10:2,石蜡作第二层囊壁,芯材比为5:2.缓释实验结果表明,微胶囊具有较高的产率,按上述条件制成的微胶囊具有很好的缓释性能,pH值为8左右的水溶液在3 h以后pH值才下降为7.5,对压裂液粘度不会造成很大的影响,很好地解决了氯化铵/亚硝酸盐化学生热压裂液破胶体系存在的问题.     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.